scholarly journals Microgrid and Distributed Energy Resources Standards and Guidelines Review: Grid Connection and Operation Technical Requirements

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 523
Author(s):  
David Rebollal ◽  
Miguel Carpintero-Rentería ◽  
David Santos-Martín ◽  
Mónica Chinchilla
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
International Standards ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Distributed Energy Resources ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Grid Connection ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Common Framework

In this review, the state of the art of 23 distributed generation and microgrids standards has been analyzed. Among these standards, 18 correspond mainly to distributed generation while five of them introduce the concept of microgrid. The following topics have been considered: interconnection criteria, operating conditions, control capabilities, power quality, protection functions and reference variables. The revised national standards cover ten countries on four continents, which represents 80% of the countries with the largest installed renewable capacities. In addition, eight other relevant international standards have been analyzed, finding IEEE 1547 as the most comprehensive standard. It is identified a clear need to define a common framework for distributed energy resources (DERs) and microgrid standards in the future, wherein topics, terminology, and values are expressed in a manner that may widely cover the entire diversity in a way similar to how it has already been expressed at the network transport level by the ENTSO-E codes.

scholarly journals Development of technical requirements for generating units of distributed energy resources in the conditions of electric power systems transformation

2020 ◽  
Vol 216 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Pavel Ilyushin ◽  
Sergey Filippov
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Mass Scale ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Distributed Energy Resources ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Systems Transformation

The paper describes the prospects for commissioning distributed energy resources (DER) in Russia and considers the historical features, as well as the consequences of structural, qualitative, and quantitative changes in Russia’s UES. The main short and long-term transformational changes, as well as current and future challenges, are described. The main changes in the circuit and operating conditions when integrating DERs into distribution grids in the mass scale are shown. The authors justify the need for making changes in the existing technical requirements for power equipment, relay protection, and automation instruments. Technical requirements for the distributed generation plants and new types of equipment (energy storage systems, devices with power converters, etc.) should be developed. The paper proposes a new approach to the development of the DER-based power distribution schemes considering the specifics of modern generating units and loads. It is noted that solving these issues will ensure reliable DER functioning as part of power systems.

scholarly journals VIRTUS Project: A Scalable Aggregation Platform for the Intelligent Virtual Management of Distributed Energy Resources

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3663
Author(s):  
Stefano Bianchi ◽  
Allegra De Filippo ◽  
Sandro Magnani ◽  
Gabriele Mosaico ◽  
Federico Silvestro
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Markets ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Distributed Energy Resources ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Virtual Management ◽  
Optimization And Simulation

The VIRTUS project aims to create a Virtual Power Plant (VPP) prototype coordinating the Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) of the power system and providing services to the system operators and the various players of the electricity markets, with a particular focus on the industrial sector agents. The VPP will be able to manage a significant number of DERs and simulate realistic plants, components, and market data to study different operating conditions and the future impact of the policy changes of the Balancing Markets (BM). This paper describes the project’s aim, the general structure of the proposed framework, and its optimization and simulation modules. Then, we assess the scalability of the optimization module, designed to provide the maximum possible flexibility to the system operators, exploiting the simulation module of the VPP.

scholarly journals DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND SMART GRID

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kostiantyn Kartalapov
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Electric Power Systems ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Distributed Energy Resources ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
The Future

The articles analyze the problems of building electric power systems of the future on the basis of Smart Grid concepts and taking into account the introduction of electrical installations of distributed energy resources. The problems of introduction of certain technologies into the Unified Energy System of Ukraine are considered and the ways of their solution are offered.

scholarly journals A Demand Response Approach to Scheduling Constrained Load Shifting

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Faria ◽  
Zita Vale
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Demand Response ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Distributed Energy Resources ◽  
Virtual Power ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Load Shifting ◽  
Operation Costs ◽  
The Impact

Demand response (DR) and its advantages are nowadays unquestionable due to the success of several recent implementations of DR programs. Improved methodologies and approaches are needed for the adequate consumers’ schedule in DR events, taking the consumers’ behaviour and preferences into account. In this paper, a virtual power player manages DR programs, minimizing operation costs, respecting the consumption shifting constraints. The impact of the consumption shifting in the target periods is taken into consideration. The advantages of the DR use in comparison with distributed generation (DG) are evaluated. Two scenarios based on 218 consumers in a frame of 96 periods have been implemented. It is demonstrated the advantages of DR in the operation of distributed energy resources, namely when considering the lack of supply.

scholarly journals Investigations of AC Microgrid Energy Management Systems Using Distributed Energy Resources and Plug-in Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 2834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umashankar Subramaniam ◽  
Swaminathan Ganesan ◽  
Mahajan Sagar Bhaskar ◽  
Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban ◽  
Frede Blaabjerg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storage System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Distributed Energy Resources ◽  
Diesel Generator ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Generator System ◽  
The World ◽  
Uninterruptible Power ◽  
Electrical Generation

The world has witnessed a rapid transformation in the field of electrical generation, transmission and distribution. We have been constantly developing and upgrading our technology to make the system more economically efficient. Currently, the industry faces an acute shortage of energy resources due to overconsumption by industries worldwide. This has compelled experts to look for alternatives to fossil fuels and other conventional sources of energy to produce energy in a more sustainable manner. The microgrid concept has gained popularity over the years and has become a common sight all over the world because of the ability of a microgrid to provide power to a localized section without being dependent on conventional resources. This paper focuses on development of such an AC hybrid microgrid, which receives power from distributed energy resources (DERs) such as a PV array alongside a battery storage system, and also uses an emergency diesel generator system and an online uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system to provide power to predefined loads under different conditions. This paper also addresses on the power flow to the loads under two main modes of operation—on grid and off grid—and investigates the microgrid in different states and sub-states. The final objective is to design an efficient microgrid model such that it can sustain the multiple loads simultaneously under all operating conditions.

scholarly journals Demand Side Management Studies on Distributed Energy Resources: A Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-31
Author(s):  
S. Dhivya ◽  
R. Arul
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Demand Side Management ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Distributed Energy Resources ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Power Network ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Operating Methods

The number of distributed environmentally friendly energy sources and generators necessitates new operating methods and a power network board to preserve or even increase the efficiency and quality of the power supply. Similarly, the growth of matriculates promotes the formation of new institutional systems, in which power and power exchanges become increasingly essential. Because of how an inactive entity traditionally organizes distribution systems, the DG’s connection inevitably changes the system’s qualifications to which it is connected. As a consequence of the Distributed Generation, this presumption is currently legal and non-existent. This article glides on demand side management and analysis on distributed energy resources. Investigation of DSM along with zonal wise classification has been carried out in this survey. Its merits and applications are also presented.

scholarly journals A Master/Slave Approach to Power Flow and Overvoltage Control in Low-Voltage Microgrids

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 2760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Cavraro ◽  
Tommaso Caldognetto ◽  
Ruggero Carli ◽  
Paolo Tenti
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Distributed Energy Resources ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Systematic Analysis

This paper proposes a technique to control distributed energy resources in low-voltage microgrids aiming at (i) allowing power flow control at the point of connection with the upstream grid, (ii) keeping voltage profiles within the operational limits. The first feature is crucial in smart low-voltage power systems. In fact, it enables both demand-responses, which is extremely valuable from the point of view of distribution system operators and for energy trading, and the autonomous operation of the microgrid. The latter can be achieved by regulating to zero the power exchanged with the main grid. The second feature allows to limit voltage increases due to active power injection by distributed energy resources and, thus, to limit stresses on the electrical infrastructure and the served loads, which is a concrete issue as renewables become widely deployed in the low-voltage scenario. The proposed approach is firstly described in detail, then a systematic analysis of its local and global properties is reported. All the obtained results are verified considering the IEEE 37 test feeder in realistic operating conditions.

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