scholarly journals Clustering Techniques for Secondary Substations Siting

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1028
Author(s):  
Silvia Corigliano ◽  
Federico Rosato ◽  
Carla Ortiz Dominguez ◽  
Marco Merlo
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Agglomerative Clustering ◽  
Clustering Techniques ◽  
Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering ◽  
Efficient Planning ◽  
Target Set

The scientific community is active in developing new models and methods to help reach the ambitious target set by UN SDGs7: universal access to electricity by 2030. Efficient planning of distribution networks is a complex and multivariate task, which is usually split into multiple subproblems to reduce the number of variables. The present work addresses the problem of optimal secondary substation siting, by means of different clustering techniques. In contrast with the majority of approaches found in the literature, which are devoted to the planning of MV grids in already electrified urban areas, this work focuses on greenfield planning in rural areas. K-means algorithm, hierarchical agglomerative clustering, and a method based on optimal weighted tree partitioning are adapted to the problem and run on two real case studies, with different population densities. The algorithms are compared in terms of different indicators useful to assess the feasibility of the solutions found. The algorithms have proven to be effective in addressing some of the crucial aspects of substations siting and to constitute relevant improvements to the classic K-means approach found in the literature. However, it is found that it is very challenging to conjugate an acceptable geographical span of the area served by a single substation with a substation power high enough to justify the installation when the load density is very low. In other words, well known standards adopted in industrialized countries do not fit with developing countries’ requirements.

scholarly journals Rural–Urban Disparities in Access to Improved Sanitation in Indonesia: A Decomposition Approach

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 215824402110299
Author(s):  
Sri Irianti ◽  
Puguh Prasetyoputra
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Decomposition Approach ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
The Government

One of the targets in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is Target 6.2, aims to achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation. The Government of Indonesia targets universal access to improved sanitation in 2019. However, almost two out of five households in Indonesia are without access to improved sanitation. Moreover, access to improved sanitation is lower in rural areas than that in urban areas. Studies examining the drivers of the disparity in Indonesia are also limited. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the characteristics associated with the rural–urban disparity in access to improved sanitation facilities among households in Indonesia. We employed data from the 2016 Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) comprising 290,848 households. The analysis was twofold. First, we fitted multivariate probit regression models using average marginal effects as the measure of association. We then conducted a detailed non-linear decomposition of the rural–urban disparity attributable to all the explanatory variables. The multivariate regression analysis suggested that households living in rural areas were 11.35% (95% confidence interval = [10.97, 11.72]) less likely to have access to improved sanitation facilities than those residing in urban areas. The decomposition analysis suggested that 48.78% are attributable to spatial, demographic, housing, and socio-economic factors, which meant that almost half of the inequalities could be reduced by equalizing these factors. The results provide a decomposition of factors amenable to curtail urban–rural inequalities. Hence, equity-oriented approaches to increasing access to improved sanitation should be prioritized to achieve universal access in 2030 in line with SDG Target 6.2.

Descriptive Epidemiology of Hodgkin's Disease in the Province of Torino, 1965-1971

1979 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-423
Author(s):  
Paolo Vineis ◽  
Giovanni Aimone ◽  
Giuseppe Costa
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Hodgkin's Disease ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Hodgkin’S Disease ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Nonmetropolitan Area ◽  
Age Class ◽  
The City

Age-standardized incidence rates of Hodgkin's disease in the province of Torino in 1965-1971 were 2.81/100,000/year in males and 1.64 in females, i.e., somewhat lower than in urban areas of other industrialized countries. In the whole province, age-distribution for males was similar to previous findings elsewhere, with a young-adult peak at ages 25-34. However, in the city of Torino, males showed a first peak in the age-class 35-44, while in the rest of the province an infantile peak (0-14 years) was found. By dividing the latter area in suburbs and nonmetropolitan area, the infantile peak was confirmed only in the nonmetropolitan area. Females showed a different behavior: in the city of Torino there was a unimodal curve (peak in age-class 55-64), and in the rest of the province there was a bimodal curve with a first peak in age-class 15-24. These patterns have been analyzed in relation to the suggestion of a distribution by age of Hodgkin's disease following 3 types (nonindustrialized countries, urban areas of industrialized countries and rural areas of industrialized countries). No significant differences in the distribution of cases were found among the smallest geographical units considered (ULSs), in contrast with previous findings on cancer of the larynx and bladder, which showed marked geographical differences within the province of Torino.

scholarly journals Improving Data Integrity of Individual-based Bibliographic Repository Using Clustering Techniques

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Firdaus Firdaus
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Clustering ◽  
Data Center ◽  
Good Accuracy ◽  
Data Integrity ◽  
Agglomerative Clustering ◽  
Name Disambiguation ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Clustering Techniques ◽  
Publication Data ◽  
Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering

This paper presents a method to improve data integrity of individual-based bibliographic repository. Integrity improvement is done by comparing individual-based publication raw data with individual-based clustered publication data. Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering is used to cluster the publication data with similar author names. Clustering is done by two steps of clustering. The first clustering is based on the co-author relationship and the second is by title similarity and year difference. The two-step hierarchical clustering technique for name disambiguation has been applied to Universitas Sriwijaya Publication Data Center with good accuracy.

scholarly journals USIA MENARCHE PEREMPUAN INDONESIA SEMAKIN MUDA: HASIL ANALISIS RISKESDAS 2010

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-171
Author(s):  
Sudikno Sudikno ◽  
Sandjaja Sandjaja
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Secular Trend ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Downward Trend ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Age At Menarche ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background: A  downward  trend  in  age  at  menarche (AAM) has been  leveling-off in industrialized countries. However, downward trends were still observed in developing countries. Objective: The aim  was to verify secular trend of AAM among Indonesian women and its associated factors. Methods: Data used were from Baseline Health Research (Riskesdas) 2010, a cross-sectional nationwide survey. Samples included were 79,026 women aged 10-59 years. History of menarche, socio-demographic variables, weight, height were taken. Descriptive and bivariate analysis were applied to measure proportion, central tendency measures. Results: Among adolescent 10-19years, overall proportion of menarche was 78.6%, ranging from 42.8%, 96.2%, 99.6% at age 12, 15, 18 years respectively. The overall mean AAM was 12.96 years. AAM was significantly younger in urban than rural areas. BMI was significantly lower among adolescense not experienced menarche yet than experienced menarche. AAM was younger in urban areas, higher socio-economic status, and varied among seven regions. Conclusions: Nutritional status was a significant factor associated with AAM. A downward trend in AAM was observed in Indonesian women. Key words: menarche, secular trend, body mass index, Indonesian woman Abstrak Latar belakang: Tren penurunan usia pada menarche telah meningkat di negara-negara industri. Namun, tren penurunan masih diamati di negara-negara berkembang. Tujuan: untuk memverifikasi tren sekuler usia menarche di kalangan perempuan Indonesia dan faktor-faktor terkaitnya. Metode: Data yang digunakan berasal dari Riskesdas 2010, survei nasional dengan desain cross-sectional. Sampel yang dianalisis adalah 79.026 perempuan berumur 10-59 tahun. Variabel yang dikumpulkan meliputi: riwayat menarche, sosio-demografis, berat badan, tinggi badan. Analisis deskriptif dan bivariat digunakan untuk mengukur proporsi, ukuran kecenderungan sentral. Hasil: Di antara remaja 10-19 tahun, proporsi keseluruhan menarche adalah 78,6 persen, mulai dari 42,8 persen, 96,2 persen, 99,6 persen pada masing-masing umur 12, 15, dan 18 tahun. Rata-rata keseluruhan usia menarche adalah 12,96 tahun. Usia menarche secara signifikan lebih muda di daerah perkotaan daripada pedesaan. IMT secara signifikan lebih rendah di antara remaja yang belum mengalami menarche dibandingkan dengan remaja yang sudah mengalami menarche. Usia menarche lebih muda di daerah perkotaan, status sosial ekonomi yang lebih tinggi, dan bervariasi di antara tujuh daerah. Kesimpulan: Status gizi adalah faktor signifikan yang terkait dengan usia menarche. Terjadi Tren penurunan usia menarche pada perempuan di Indonesia.   Kata kunci: menarche, tren sekuler, indeks massa tubuh, perempuan Indonesia

scholarly journals Permanent Closed-Loop Operation as a Measure for Improving Power Supply Reliability in a Rural Medium Voltage Distribution Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 523-527
Author(s):  
G. Stumberger ◽  
◽  
M. Roser ◽  
B. Polajzer
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Voltage Distribution ◽  
Medium Voltage ◽  
Supply Reliability

Power supply reliability is one of the critical elements of power quality. Its improvement in medium voltage distribution systems in urban areas is typically achieved by cabling. Unfortunately, this approach is often too expensive to be applied in rural areas. One of the possible alternative solutions that can be used in rural medium voltage distribution networks is permanent closed-loop operation. It requires the introduction of additional reclosers with properly parametrized protection relays enabling directional protection. This paper focuses on the case study performed in the 20 kV rural distribution network of Elektro Celje d.d.. Two feeders, where the reliability of the power supply was low, were analyzed. Results of techno-economical evaluation eliminated cabling as a viable solution. The permanent closed-loop operation was selected and implemented after proper placement and parameterization of relays with directional protection functions. The results of two years operation in permanent closedloop arrangement of feeders show substantial improvement in the reliability of power supply.

An Epidemiological, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Study of Giardia lamblia in Anbar Province – Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Suad Shallal Shahatha
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Teucrium Polium L ◽  
Therapeutic Study

This study was carried out to investigate the epidemiology of Giardia lamblia parasites in patients who visited some of the hospitals in Anbar province, which included (Fallujah Teaching Hospital, Ramadi Teaching Hospital, Ramadi Teaching Hospital for Women and Children and Hit Hospital) during by examining 864 stool samples in a direct examination method, The results revealed the infection rate was 41.7 % and the percentage of infection among males 47.8% is higher than that of females 35.4% with significant differences (p≤0.05). The age groups (1-9) years recorded the highest rates 55.4% and the lowest rate 13.6% in the age group (40-49) years. The highest rate of infection was 62.5% during the month of June, while the month of October was the lowest rate 5% and significant differences. The incidence rate in rural areas was 50.6% higher than in the urban areas 32.5%. The study also included the effect of Teucrium polium L. on the parasite in the culture media HSP-1, the concentrations of 0.5-3 mg / mL significantly affected Giardia, it was noted whenever the greater the concentration, the greater the effect during different treatment periods (1-4) days, as the highest concentration 3 mg/ml killed all Giardia parasites on the fourth day of treatment.

A Study Of Expansion Of The Fmcg Market Across Rural Areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (8) ◽  
pp. 142-151
Author(s):  
Dr. Udayagiri Raghunath ◽  
Dr. V.Venkateswara Rao
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Customer Choice ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Rural Markets ◽  
Urban Markets ◽  
Tv Media ◽  
Rural Clients ◽  
Tv Watching

The corporate companies dealing with FMCG products have started focusing on rural markets as the urban markets have become saturated and highly competitive. Capturing the rural markets brings forth a whole new set of challenges as it is laborious to break in. This market presents the companies with gamut challenges on a new dimension which demand entirely different strategies as compared to the ones used in urban areas. Studying the rural markets for rural markets has become crucial more than ever. It is an objective learning, psychiatry of dispersion, impact of the FMCG in rural areas. This research uses diverse utensils, procedure toward analyze composed records. Several of the features used in analyzing the data are the consumer characteristics like educational qualifications, professions they are in, and the income levels. The role of TV media advertising is also analyzed. Many deals and promotions advertised on TV are investigated. The scope of authority wield by publicity happening customer choice production has looked into. The different levels of media exposure and preferable TV watching times and their favorite programs considered while analyzing the data. The spending prototype of rural clients on FMCG is examined and further categorized based on their income levels, educational qualifications, and legal awareness of consumer act. All the analyzed data, results, and suggestions presented in the visual formats.

TURNING FARMERS INTO SOCIAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURS FOR DISADVANTAGED PEOPLE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus Runcan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Development Programme ◽  
Rural And Urban

According to Romania’s National Rural Development Programme, the socio-economic situation of the rural environment has a large number of weaknesses – among which low access to financial resources for small entrepreneurs and new business initiatives in rural areas and poorly developed entrepreneurial culture, characterized by a lack of basic managerial knowledge – but also a large number of opportunities – among which access of the rural population to lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills development programmes and entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments. The population in rural areas depends mainly on agricultural activities which give them subsistence living conditions. The gap between rural and urban areas is due to low income levels and employment rates, hence the need to obtain additional income for the population employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, especially in the context of the depopulation trend. At the same time, the need to stimulate entrepreneurship in rural areas is high and is at a resonance with the need to increase the potential of rural communities from the perspective of landscape, culture, traditional activities and local resources. A solution could be to turn vegetal and / or animal farms into social farms – farms on which people with disabilities (but also adolescents and young people with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide, and alexithymia issues) might find a “foster” family, bed and meals in a natural, healthy environment, and share the farm’s activities with the farmer and the farmer’s family: “committing to a regular day / days and times for a mutually agreed period involves complying with any required health and safety practices (including use of protective clothing and equipment), engaging socially with the farm family members and other people working on and around the farm, and taking on tasks which would include working on the land, taking care of animals, or helping out with maintenance and other physical work”

Digital Entrepreneurship for Rural Youth: Entrepreneurial Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-76
Author(s):  
Wawan Dhewanto ◽  
Salma Azzahra ◽  
Vania NR Rhommadhonni ◽  
Fera Yunita
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Rural Youth ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Entrepreneurial Process ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
United Nation ◽  
Digital Entrepreneurship

The young generation has a very important role as the nation's next generation, so it needs special attention to make them strong and independent figures. The young age phase is also a determining gate for the future after completing education (United Nation, 2013). Unfortunately, in Indonesia the number of young unemployed reaches 22.48% (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2018). Under these conditions, one of the efforts that can be done to reduce the unemployment rate is through an entrepreneurial program (Fatoki, 2014). This is a challenge for all parties because Rahmatiah et al (2019) states that currently the young generation of Indonesia is still difficult to become entrepreneurs. Moreover, competition in the 4.0 industrial revolution era is getting tougher. For entrepreneurs in rural areas, the challenges faced are greater than those who live in urban areas (Azzahra & Dhewanto, 2017), however by utilizing digital technology and becoming digital entrepreneurs, rural residents are able to compete, minimize social inequalities and accelerate economic growth (Ratten, 2018 ). Only a few young people have the talent and interest to run a business (Ceptureanu & Ceptueanu, 2015). Therefore an in-depth study of the interests and entrepreneurial processes for rural youth to become a digital entrepreneur is needed. This research was conducted in order to have young digital entrepreneurs who came from rural areas to be able to compete in this 4.0 industry era. Thus, the research questions in this study are: (1). Why does rural youth want to be a digital entrepreneur? How is the entrepreneurial process of rural youth to become digital entrepreneurs? Keywords: Digital Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial Process, Rural Youth

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document