scholarly journals Electromobility and Flexibility Management on a Non-Interconnected Island

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1337
Author(s):  
Enea Mele ◽  
Anastasios Natsis ◽  
Aphrodite Ktena ◽  
Christos Manasis ◽  
Nicholas Assimakis
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Markets ◽  
Distributed Storage ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electricity Demand ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Peak Shaving ◽  
Smart Charging ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Generating Capacity

The increasing penetration of electrical vehicles (EVs), on the way to decarbonizing the transportation sector, presents several challenges and opportunities for the end users, the distribution grid, and the electricity markets. Uncontrollable EV charging may increase peak demand and impact the grid stability and reliability, especially in the case of non-interconnected microgrids such as the distribution grids of small islands. On the other hand, if EVs are considered as flexible loads and distributed storage, they may offer Vehicle to Grid (V2G) services and contribute to demand-side management through smart charging and discharging. In this work, we present a study on the penetration of EVs and the flexibility they may offer for services to the grid, using a genetic algorithm for optimum valley filling and peak shaving for the case of a non-interconnected island where the electricity demand is several times higher during the summer due to the influx of tourists. Test cases have been developed for various charging/discharging strategies and mobility patterns. Their results are discussed with respect to the current generating capacity of the island as well as the future case where part of the electricity demand will have to be met by renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic plants, in order to minimize the island’s carbon footprint. Higher EV penetration, in the range of 20–25%, is enabled through smart charging strategies and V2G services, especially for load profiles with a large difference between the peak and low demands. However, the EV penetration and available flexibility is subject to the mobility needs and limited by the population and the size of the road network of the island itself rather than the grid needs and constraints. Limitations and challenges concerning efficient V2G services on a non-interconnected microgrid are identified. The results will be used in the design of a smart charging controller linked to the microgrid’s energy management system.

Battery Swapping Station

2022 ◽  
pp. 195-207
Author(s):  
Furkan Ahmad ◽  
Essam A. Al-Ammar ◽  
Ibrahim Alsaidan
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Storage ◽  
Spinning Reserve ◽  
Vehicle To Grid ◽  
Charging Station ◽  
Charging Time ◽  
Smart Charging ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Range Anxiety ◽  
Art Research ◽  
Ev Charging

State-of-the-art research to solve the grid congestion due to EVs is focused on smart charging and using (centralized, de-centralized, vehicle-to-grid) stationery energy storage as a buffer between times of peak and off-peak demand. On the other hand, the charging of EVs introduces new challenges and opportunities. This can prove to be beneficial for the EV aggregator as well as to consumers, regarding the economy. Also, EV as distributed storage makes the grid more steady, secure, and resilient by regulating frequency and the spinning reserve as backup power. However, the charging time and range anxiety lead to peak challenges for the use of EVs. In this chapter battery swapping station (BSS) as solution to the EV charging station is discussed.

Decentralised Electricity Markets and Proactive Customer Behaviour

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 781
Author(s):  
Jens Maiwald ◽  
Tino Schuette
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Markets ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Regional Energy ◽  
Base Scenario ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Grid Level ◽  
Level Running

The energy transition in Germany takes part in decentral structures. With the ongoing integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) into the electricity supply system, supply-side is therefore becoming increasingly decentral and volatile due to the specific generation characteristics. A rather inflexible demand-side, on the other hand, increases the effort to gain the necessary equilibrium between generation and consumption. This paper discusses how consumer behaviour can be influenced by real-time pricing to align demand with generation. Therefore, a combination of two different approaches is used, (I) The Cellular Approach (CA) and (II) Agent Based Modelling (ABM). A model is set up considering a regional energy market, where regional electricity products can be traded peer-to-peer regarding each consumer’s preferences. The observation is made for a whole distribution grid including all types of consumers. The investigations show that energy purchases can be stimulated individually by a flexible pricing mechanism and met preferences. Moreover, benefits occur for the whole region and potentials arise to smooth the exchange balance to the superordinate grid level. Running the model for one entire year in a conservative generation scenario, hours of oversupply could be reduced by 18% and the consumption of green electricity generated regionally could be increased by over 125 MWh within the region itself, in comparison to a base scenario.

scholarly journals Ancillary Services Market Design in Distribution Networks: Review and Identification of Barriers

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Oureilidis ◽  
Kyriaki-Nefeli Malamaki ◽  
Konstantinos Gallos ◽  
Achilleas Tsitsimelis ◽  
Christos Dikaiakos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Markets ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Transmission System ◽  
Ancillary Services ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Specific System ◽  
Support Functions ◽  
Grid Level

The high proliferation of converter-dominated Distributed Renewable Energy Sources (DRESs) at the distribution grid level has gradually replaced the conventional synchronous generators (SGs) of the transmission system, resulting in emerging stability and security challenges. The inherent characteristics of the SGs are currently used for providing ancillary services (ASs), following the instructions of the Transmission System Operator, while the DRESs are obliged to offer specific system support functions, without being remunerated for these functions, but only for the energy they inject. This changing environment has prompted the integration of energy storage systems as a solution for transfusing new characteristics and elaborating their business in the electricity markets, while the smart grid infrastructure and the upcoming microgrid architectures contribute to the transformation of the distribution grid. This review investigates the existing ASs in transmission system with the respective markets (emphasizing the DRESs’ participation in these markets) and proposes new ASs at distribution grid level, with emphasis to inertial response, active power ramp rate control, frequency response, voltage regulation, fault contribution and harmonic mitigation. The market tools and mechanisms for the procurement of these ASs are presented evolving the existing role of the Operators. Finally, potential barriers in the technical, regulatory, and financial framework have been identified and analyzed.

scholarly journals A Two-Step State Estimation Algorithm for Hybrid AC-DC Distribution Grids

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1967
Author(s):  
Gaurav Kumar Roy ◽  
Marco Pau ◽  
Ferdinanda Ponci ◽  
Antonello Monti
Keyword(s):  
State Estimation ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Estimation Algorithm ◽  
The State ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Dc Distribution ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Distribution Grids

Direct Current (DC) grids are considered an attractive option for integrating high shares of renewable energy sources in the electrical distribution grid. Hence, in the future, Alternating Current (AC) and DC systems could be interconnected to form hybrid AC-DC distribution grids. This paper presents a two-step state estimation formulation for the monitoring of hybrid AC-DC grids. In the first step, state estimation is executed independently for the AC and DC areas of the distribution system. The second step refines the estimation results by exchanging boundary quantities at the AC-DC converters. To this purpose, the modulation index and phase angle control of the AC-DC converters are integrated into the second step of the proposed state estimation formulation. This allows providing additional inputs to the state estimation algorithm, which eventually leads to improve the accuracy of the state estimation results. Simulations on a sample AC-DC distribution grid are performed to highlight the benefits resulting from the integration of these converter control parameters for the estimation of both the AC and DC grid quantities.

scholarly journals Prosumers’ Behavior under a Regulation That Encourages Strict Self-Sufficiency. The Case of Spanish Photovoltaic Micro-Generation

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1114
Author(s):  
Pere Mir-Artigues ◽  
Pablo del Río
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Markets ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Regulatory Limits ◽  
Regulatory Measures ◽  
Self Production ◽  
Municipal Level

The reduction of equipment costs encourages the diffusion of photovoltaic micro-generation, however, proper regulatory measures should be implemented to facilitate self-production dissemination and to promote the emergence of new electricity markets which integrate prosumers. The specific form of these markets will depend on the level of prosumers’ self-sufficiency and the type of grid to which they will be connected. Unfortunately, Spain has been an example of resistance to micro-generation deployment. However, some things have started to change recently, albeit only to a certain extent. This article explains the key elements of the latest regulation of photovoltaic micro-generation in Spain and, through a stylized model, describes the economic behavior of prosumers in such a regulatory framework. It is concluded that this regulation only encourages prosumer plants which are strictly focused on self-sufficiency because it discourages exports and limits capacities and this regulation discourages the smart renewal of the distribution grid because it prevents prosumers from participating in the electricity market. It is recommended that the aforementioned regulatory limits be removed and pilot experiences for the market participation of prosumers be promoted by creating the appropriate technical and regulatory conditions, for example, at the municipal level.

scholarly journals Electricity Markets during the Liberalization: The Case of a European Union Country

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4317
Author(s):  
Štefan Bojnec ◽  
Alan Križaj
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Markets ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Electricity Prices ◽  
Electricity Power

This paper analyzes electricity markets in Slovenia during the specific period of market deregulation and price liberalization. The drivers of electricity prices and electricity consumption are investigated. The Slovenian electricity markets are analyzed in relation with the European Energy Exchange (EEX) market. Associations between electricity prices on the one hand, and primary energy prices, variation in air temperature, daily maximum electricity power, and cross-border grid prices on the other hand, are analyzed separately for industrial and household consumers. Monthly data are used in a regression analysis during the period of Slovenia’s electricity market deregulation and price liberalization. Empirical results show that electricity prices achieved in the EEX market were significantly associated with primary energy prices. In Slovenia, the prices for daily maximum electricity power were significantly associated with electricity prices achieved on the EEX market. The increases in electricity prices for households, however, cannot be explained with developments in electricity prices on the EEX market. As the period analyzed is the stage of market deregulation and price liberalization, this can have important policy implications for the countries that still have regulated and monopolized electricity markets. Opening the electricity markets is expected to increase competition and reduce pressures for electricity price increases. However, the experiences and lessons learned among the countries following market deregulation and price liberalization are mixed. For industry, electricity prices affect cost competitiveness, while for households, electricity prices, through expenses, affect their welfare. A competitive and efficient electricity market should balance between suppliers’ and consumers’ market interests. With greening the energy markets and the development of the CO2 emission trading market, it is also important to encourage use of renewable energy sources.

scholarly journals Progresses in Analytical Design of Distribution Grids and Energy Storage

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4270
Author(s):  
Gianpiero Colangelo ◽  
Gianluigi Spirto ◽  
Marco Milanese ◽  
Arturo de Risi
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Power Generators ◽  
Bidirectional Power Flow ◽  
Distribution Grids

In the last years, a change in the power generation paradigm has been promoted by the increasing use of renewable energy sources combined with the need to reduce CO2 emissions. Small and distributed power generators are preferred to the classical centralized and sizeable ones. Accordingly, this fact led to a new way to think and design distributions grids. One of the challenges is to handle bidirectional power flow at the distribution substations transformer from and to the national transportation grid. The aim of this paper is to review and analyze the different mathematical methods to design the architecture of a distribution grid and the state of the art of the technologies used to produce and eventually store or convert, in different energy carriers, electricity produced by renewable energy sources, coping with the aleatory of these sources.

scholarly journals Modelling Stochastic Electricity Demand of Electric Vehicles Based on Traffic Surveys—The Case of Austria

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1577
Author(s):  
Albert Hiesl ◽  
Jasmine Ramsebner ◽  
Reinhard Haas
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Length Distribution ◽  
Electricity Demand ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Trip Purpose ◽  
Entire Country ◽  
Electricity Load ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Model Based Analysis

Battery-powered electric mobility is currently the most promising technology for the decarbonisation of the transport sector, alongside hydrogen-powered vehicles, provided that the electricity used comes 100% from renewable energy sources. To estimate its electricity demand both nationwide and in individual smaller communities, a calculation based assessment on driving profiles that are as realistic as possible is required. The developed model based analysis presented in this paper for the creation of driving and thus electricity load profiles makes it possible to build different compositions of driving profiles. The focus of this paper lies in the analysis of motorised private transport, which makes it possible to assess future charging and load control potentials in a subsequent analysis. We outline the differences in demand and driving profiles for weekdays as well as for Saturdays, Sundays and holidays in general. Furthermore, the modelling considers the length distribution of the individual trips per trip purpose and different start times. The developed method allows to create individual driving and electric vehicle (EV) demand profiles as well as averaged driving profiles, which can then be scaled up and analysed for an entire country.

scholarly journals Electric Vehicle Charging Strategy for Isolated Systems with High Penetration of Renewable Generation

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Michel Clairand ◽  
Javier Rodríguez-García ◽  
Carlos Álvarez-Bel
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
High Penetration ◽  
Smart Charging ◽  
Vehicle Charging ◽  
Installed Capacity ◽  
Charging Strategy

Inhabited islands depend primarily on fossil fuels for electricity generation and they also present frequently a vehicle fleet, which result in a significant environmental problem. To address this, several governments are investing in the integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) and Electric Vehicles (EVs), but the combined integration of them creates challenges to the operation of these isolated grid systems. Thus, the aim of this paper is to propose an Electric Vehicle charging strategy considering high penetration of RES. The methodology proposes taxing CO2 emissions based on high pricing when the electricity is mostly generated by fossil fuels, and low pricing when there is a RES power excess. The Smart charging methodology for EV optimizes the total costs. Nine scenarios with different installed capacity of solar and wind power generation are evaluated and compared to cases of uncoordinated charging. The methodology was simulated in the Galapagos Islands, which is an archipelago of Ecuador, and recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as both aWorld Heritage site and a biosphere reserve. Simulations results demonstrate that the EV aggregator could reduce costs: 7.9% for a case of 5 MW installed capacity (wind and PV each), and 7% for a case of 10 MW installed (wind and PV each). Moreover, the use of excess of RES power for EV charging will considerably reduce CO2 emissions

scholarly journals An Overview of Bidirectional AC-DC Grid Connected Converter Topologies for Low Voltage Battery Integration

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaspars Kroics ◽  
Oleksandr Husev ◽  
Kostiantyn Tytelmaier ◽  
Janis Zakis ◽  
Oleksandr Veligorskyi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Battery Energy Storage ◽  
Battery Energy Storage Systems ◽  
Converter Topologies ◽  
Battery Energy

<p>Battery energy storage systems are becoming more and more popular solution in the household applications, especially, in combination with renewable energy sources. The bidirectional AC-DC power electronic converter have great impact to the overall efficiency, size, mass and reliability of the storage system. This paper reviews the literature that deals with high efficiency converter technologies for connecting low voltage battery energy storage to an AC distribution grid. Due to low voltage of the battery isolated bidirectional AC-DC converter or a dedicated topology of the non isolated converter is required. Review on single stage, two stage power converters and integrated solutions are done in the paper.</p>

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