scholarly journals Energy Efficiency Concerns and Trends in Future 5G Network Infrastructures

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 5392
Author(s):  
Ioannis P. Chochliouros ◽  
Michail-Alexandros Kourtis ◽  
Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou ◽  
Pavlos Lazaridis ◽  
Zaharias Zaharis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Design Constraint ◽  
Important Concern ◽  
5G Network ◽  
Near Future

Energy efficiency is a huge opportunity for both the developed and the developing world, and ICT will be the key enabler towards realising this challenge, in a huge variety of ways across the full range of industries. In the telecommunications space in particular, power consumption and the resulting energy-related pollution are becoming major operational and economical concerns. The exponential increases in network traffic and the number of connected devices both make energy efficiency an increasingly important concern for the mobile networks of the (near) future. More specifically, as 5G is being deployed at a time when energy efficiency appears as a significant matter for the network ability to take into account and to serve societal and environmental issues, this can play a major role in helping industries to achieve sustainability goals. Within this scope, energy efficiency has recently gained its own role as a performance measure and design constraint for 5G communication networks and this has identified new challenges for the future. In particular, the inclusion of AI/ML techniques will further enhance 5G’s capabilities to achieve lower power consumption and, most importantly, dynamic adaption of the network elements to any sort of energy requirements, to ensure effective functioning.

scholarly journals How Trend of Increasing Data Volume Affects the Energy Efficiency of 5G Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Josip Lorincz ◽  
Zonimir Klarin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Density Class ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
The Impact

As the rapid growth of mobile users and Internet-of-Everything devices will continue in the upcoming decade, more and more network capacity will be needed to accommodate such a constant increase in data volumes (DVs). To satisfy such a vast DV increase, the implementation of the fifth-generation (5G) and future sixth-generation (6G) mobile networks will be based on heterogeneous networks (HetNets) composed of macro base stations (BSs) dedicated to ensuring basic signal coverage and capacity, and small BSs dedicated to satisfying capacity for increased DVs at locations of traffic hotspots. An approach that can accommodate constantly increasing DVs is based on adding additional capacity in the network through the deployment of new BSs as DV increases. Such an approach represents an implementation challenge to mobile network operators (MNOs), which is reflected in the increased power consumption of the radio access part of the mobile network and degradation of network energy efficiency (EE). In this study, the impact of the expected increase of DVs through the 2020s on the EE of the 5G radio access network (RAN) was analyzed by using standardized data and coverage EE metrics. An analysis was performed for five different macro and small 5G BS implementation and operation scenarios and for rural, urban, dense-urban and indoor-hotspot device density classes (areas). The results of analyses reveal a strong influence of increasing DV trends on standardized data and coverage EE metrics of 5G HetNets. For every device density class characterized with increased DVs, we here elaborate on the process of achieving the best and worse combination of data and coverage EE metrics for each of the analyzed 5G BSs deployment and operation approaches. This elaboration is further extended on the analyses of the impact of 5G RAN instant power consumption and 5G RAN yearly energy consumption on values of standardized EE metrics. The presented analyses can serve as a reference in the selection of the most appropriate 5G BS deployment and operation approach, which will simultaneously ensure the transfer of permanently increasing DVs in a specific device density class and the highest possible levels of data and coverage EE metrics.

Automated Fault Management in Wireless Networks

2011 ◽  
pp. 742-759
Author(s):  
Raquel Barco ◽  
Pedro Lázaro
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Mobile Communication ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Fault Management ◽  
Wireless Systems ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Mobile Communication Networks ◽  
Near Future

In the near future, several radio access technologies will coexist in Beyond 3G mobile networks (B3G) and they will be eventually transformed into one seamless global communication infrastructure. Selfmanaging systems (i.e. those that self-configure, self-protect, self-heal and self-optimize) are the solution to tackle the high complexity inherent to these networks. In this context, this chapter proposes a system for automated fault management in the Radio Access Network (RAN) of wireless systems. The chapter presents some basic definitions and describes how fault management is performed in current mobile communication networks. Some methods proposed for auto-diagnosis, which is the most complex task in fault management, are also discussed in this chapter. The presented systems incorporate Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to identify the cause of the network malfunction.

Improving Energy Efficiency in Internet of Things using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sivaram ◽  
V. Porkodi ◽  
Amin Salih Mohammed ◽  
S. Anbu Karuppusamy
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Artificial Bee Colony ◽  
Trust Model ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Bee Colony ◽  
Important Concern ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Iot Devices

Background: With the advent of IoT, the deployment of batteries with a limited lifetime in remote areas is a major concern. In certain conditions, the network lifetime gets restricted due to limited battery constraints. Subsequently, the collaborative approaches for key facilities help to reduce the constraint demands of the current security protocols. Aim: This work covers and combines a wide range of concepts linked by IoT based on security and energy efficiency. Specifically, this study examines the WSN energy efficiency problem in IoT and security for the management of threats in IoT through collaborative approaches and finally outlines the future. The concept of energy-efficient key protocols which clearly cover heterogeneous IoT communications among peers with different resources has been developed. Because of the low capacity of sensor nodes, energy efficiency in WSNs has been an important concern. Methods: Hence, in this paper, we present an algorithm for Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) which reviews security and energy consumption to discuss their constraints in the IoT scenarios. Results: The results of a detailed experimental assessment are analyzed in terms of communication cost, energy consumption and security, which prove the relevance of a proposed ABC approach and a key establishment. Conclusion: The validation of DTLS-ABC consists of designing an inter-node cooperation trust model for the creation of a trusted community of elements that are mutually supportive. Initial attempts to design the key methods for management are appropriate individual IoT devices. This gives the system designers, an option that considers the question of scalability.

Drivers of Investment in Commercial Real Estate Sustainability: 2006–2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-155
Author(s):  
Michael Brooks ◽  
J.J. McArthur
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Business Case ◽  
Commercial Real Estate ◽  
Building Energy Efficiency ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Asset Managers

We investigate the factors (“drivers”) that motivated investment in energy efficiency in commercial real estate office buildings over the 2006–2011 and 2012–2017 period, and looking forward from 2018 in the context of growing concern over carbon emissions around the world. These insights were collected from large Canadian asset managers through interviews conducted in 2017 and 2018. Key findings were that (1) organizations noted an increasing number of factors driving investment decisions over the three periods; (2) cost drivers (payback period and anticipated financial returns) were the top two drivers in 2006–2017; (3) public relations factors became significantly more important looking forward, with brand (reputational impact) as the top-ranked driver and tenant attraction tied for third place; and (4) mitigation against risks such as resilience and anticipated compliance consistently increased in importance. This study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of past, present, and near-future sustainable real estate investment priorities, changing owner behaviors, and the perceived business case for building energy efficiency investments.

scholarly journals Power and Performance Evaluation of Memory-Intensive Applications

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4089
Author(s):  
Kaiqiang Zhang ◽  
Dongyang Ou ◽  
Congfeng Jiang ◽  
Yeliang Qiu ◽  
Longchuan Yan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Job Scheduling ◽  
Memory System ◽  
Processor Core ◽  
Memory Efficiency ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Reasonable Use ◽  
Server System

In terms of power and energy consumption, DRAMs play a key role in a modern server system as well as processors. Although power-aware scheduling is based on the proportion of energy between DRAM and other components, when running memory-intensive applications, the energy consumption of the whole server system will be significantly affected by the non-energy proportion of DRAM. Furthermore, modern servers usually use NUMA architecture to replace the original SMP architecture to increase its memory bandwidth. It is of great significance to study the energy efficiency of these two different memory architectures. Therefore, in order to explore the power consumption characteristics of servers under memory-intensive workload, this paper evaluates the power consumption and performance of memory-intensive applications in different generations of real rack servers. Through analysis, we find that: (1) Workload intensity and concurrent execution threads affects server power consumption, but a fully utilized memory system may not necessarily bring good energy efficiency indicators. (2) Even if the memory system is not fully utilized, the memory capacity of each processor core has a significant impact on application performance and server power consumption. (3) When running memory-intensive applications, memory utilization is not always a good indicator of server power consumption. (4) The reasonable use of the NUMA architecture will improve the memory energy efficiency significantly. The experimental results show that reasonable use of NUMA architecture can improve memory efficiency by 16% compared with SMP architecture, while unreasonable use of NUMA architecture reduces memory efficiency by 13%. The findings we present in this paper provide useful insights and guidance for system designers and data center operators to help them in energy-efficiency-aware job scheduling and energy conservation.

scholarly journals Measuring Key Quality Indicators in Cloud Gaming: Framework and Assessment Over Wireless Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1387
Author(s):  
Oswaldo Sebastian Peñaherrera-Pulla ◽  
Carlos Baena ◽  
Sergio Fortes ◽  
Eduardo Baena ◽  
Raquel Barco
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Know How ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Graphics Rendering ◽  
The Impact

Cloud Gaming is a cutting-edge paradigm in the video game provision where the graphics rendering and logic are computed in the cloud. This allows a user’s thin client systems with much more limited capabilities to offer a comparable experience with traditional local and online gaming but using reduced hardware requirements. In contrast, this approach stresses the communication networks between the client and the cloud. In this context, it is necessary to know how to configure the network in order to provide service with the best quality. To that end, the present work defines a novel framework for Cloud Gaming performance evaluation. This system is implemented in a real testbed and evaluates the Cloud Gaming approach for different transport networks (Ethernet, WiFi, and LTE (Long Term Evolution)) and scenarios, automating the acquisition of the gaming metrics. From this, the impact on the overall gaming experience is analyzed identifying the main parameters involved in its performance. Hence, the future lines for Cloud Gaming QoE-based (Quality of Experience) optimization are established, this way being of configuration, a trendy paradigm in the new-generation networks, such as 4G and 5G (Fourth and Fifth Generation of Mobile Networks).

Markov paths on the Poisson-Delaunay graph with applications to routeing in mobile networks

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Baccelli ◽  
K. Tchoumatchenko ◽  
S. Zuyev
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Path Length ◽  
Euclidean Distance ◽  
Voronoi Tessellation ◽  
Voronoi Cells ◽  
Ergodic Properties ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mobile Communication Networks

Consider the Delaunay graph and the Voronoi tessellation constructed with respect to a Poisson point process. The sequence of nuclei of the Voronoi cells that are crossed by a line defines a path on the Delaunay graph. We show that the evolution of this path is governed by a Markov chain. We study the ergodic properties of the chain and find its stationary distribution. As a corollary, we obtain the ratio of the mean path length to the Euclidean distance between the end points, and hence a bound for the mean asymptotic length of the shortest path. We apply these results to define a family of simple incremental algorithms for constructing short paths on the Delaunay graph and discuss potential applications to routeing in mobile communication networks.

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