scholarly journals Stress-Testing MQTT Brokers: A Comparative Analysis of Performance Measurements

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5817
Author(s):  
Biswajeeban Mishra ◽  
Biswaranjan Mishra ◽  
Attila Kertesz
Keyword(s):  
Stress Testing ◽  
Communication Model ◽  
Performance Measurements ◽  
Test Scenario ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
M2m Communication ◽  
Sustainable Environment ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Reduced Power Consumption ◽  
Analysis Of Performance

Presently, Internet of Things (IoT) protocols are at the heart of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication. Irrespective of the radio technologies used for deploying an IoT/M2M network, all independent data generated by IoT devices (sensors and actuators) rely heavily on the special messaging protocols used for M2M communication in IoT applications. As the demand for IoT services is growing, the need for reduced power consumption of IoT devices and services is also growing to ensure a sustainable environment for future generations. The Message-Queuing Telemetry Transport or in short MQTT is a widely used IoT protocol. It is a low-resource-consuming messaging solution based on the publish–subscribe type communication model. This paper aims to assess the performance of several MQTT broker implementations (also known as MQTT servers) using stress testing, and to analyze their relationship with system design. The evaluation of the brokers is performed by a realistic test scenario, and the analysis of the test results is done with three different metrics: CPU usage, latency, and message rate. As the main contribution of this work, we analyzed six MQTT brokers (Mosquitto, Active-MQ, Hivemq, Bevywise, VerneMQ, and EMQ X) in detail, and classified them using their main properties. Our results showed that Mosquitto outperforms the other considered solutions in most metrics; however, ActiveMQ is the best performing one in terms of scalability due to its multi-threaded implementation, while Bevywise has promising results for resource-constrained scenarios.

scholarly journals Machine Learning at the Network Edge: A Survey

2022 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
M. G. Sarwar Murshed ◽  
Christopher Murphy ◽  
Daqing Hou ◽  
Nazar Khan ◽  
Ganesh Ananthanarayanan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Learning Systems ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Computing Systems ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Cloud Servers ◽  
Typical Solution ◽  
Operational Aspects

Resource-constrained IoT devices, such as sensors and actuators, have become ubiquitous in recent years. This has led to the generation of large quantities of data in real-time, which is an appealing target for AI systems. However, deploying machine learning models on such end-devices is nearly impossible. A typical solution involves offloading data to external computing systems (such as cloud servers) for further processing but this worsens latency, leads to increased communication costs, and adds to privacy concerns. To address this issue, efforts have been made to place additional computing devices at the edge of the network, i.e., close to the IoT devices where the data is generated. Deploying machine learning systems on such edge computing devices alleviates the above issues by allowing computations to be performed close to the data sources. This survey describes major research efforts where machine learning systems have been deployed at the edge of computer networks, focusing on the operational aspects including compression techniques, tools, frameworks, and hardware used in successful applications of intelligent edge systems.

Machine-to-Machine Communications and Security Solution in Cellular Systems

2013 ◽  
pp. 133-142
Author(s):  
Mahdy Saedy ◽  
Vahideh Mojtahed
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Cellular Systems ◽  
Security Requirements ◽  
Communication Model ◽  
M2m Communication ◽  
Machine To Machine ◽  
Efficient Machine ◽  
Cluster A ◽  
Terminal Structure

This paper introduces an efficient machine-to-machine (M2M) communication model based on 4G cellular systems. M2M terminals are capable of establishing Ad Hoc clusters wherever they are close enough. It is also possible to extend the cellular coverage for M2M terminals through multi-hop Ad Hoc connections. The M2M terminal structure is proposed accordingly to meet the mass production and security requirements. The security becomes more critical in Ad Hoc mode as new nodes attach to the cluster. A simplified protocol stack is considered here, while key components are introduced to provide secure communications between M2M and the network and also amongst M2M terminals.

scholarly journals Practical Design of a WSN to Monitor the Crop and its Irrigation System

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura García ◽  
Lorena Parra ◽  
Jose M. Jimenez ◽  
Jaime Lloret ◽  
Pascal Lorenz
Keyword(s):  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Wireless Mesh Network ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Mesh Network ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Wireless Network Design ◽  
Wireless Mesh ◽  
Practical Design ◽  
Smart Agriculture ◽  
Iot Devices

Due to environmental problems, such as the lack of water for irrigation, each day it becomes more necessary to control crops. Therefore, the use of precision agriculture becomes more evident. When it comes to making decisions on crops, it is evident the need to apply the concept of Smart Agriculture, that focuses on utilizing different sensors and actuators. As the number of IoT devices used in agriculture grows exponentially, it is necessary to design the implemented network so that the data is transmitted without problems. The present work shows a wireless network design, in which we use the information collected by the sensors of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), and a Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) formed by Access Points (AP) to transmit the data to a network that monitors agriculture for smart irrigation. In addition, through simulations we have presented a proposal of the maximum number of nodes that must be connected to an AP so that the network is efficient.

Fog Computing to Serve the Internet of Things Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amjad Hudaib ◽  
Layla Albdour
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Fog Computing ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Low Latency ◽  
Performance Measurements ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Consumption Cost ◽  
Latency Response

Due to centralized nature for cloud computing and some other reasons, high mobility cannot be supported and low latency requirements for some applications such as Internet of Things (IoT) that require real time and mobility support. To satisfy such requirements new technologies, fog computing is a good solution, where we use edges of network for service provisioning instead of far datacenters allocated in clouds. Low latency response is the most attractive property for fog computing, which is very suitable for IoT multi-billion devices, sensors and actuators generates huge amount of data that need processing and analysis for smart decision generation. The main objective of this article is to show the super ability of fog computing over cloud-only computing. The authors present a patient monitoring system as a case study for simulation; they evaluated the performance of the system using: latency, network usage, power consumption, cost of execution and simulation execution time performance metrics. The results show that the Fog computing is superior over Cloud-only paradigm in all performance measurements.

scholarly journals Resource Management Based on OCF for Device Self-Registration and Status Detection in IoT Networks

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenquan Jin ◽  
Dohyeun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Management Platform ◽  
The Status ◽  
Hypertext Transfer Protocol ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Registration Scheme ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Recently, there are heterogeneous devices that connect to the Internet to provide ubiquitous and intelligent services based on sensors and actuators in the network of the Internet of Things (IoT). The resources of IoT represent the physical entities on the Internet to expose functions through services. Resource management is necessary to enable a massive amount of IoT-connected devices to be discoverable and accessible in the network of IoT. In this paper, we propose an IoT resource management to provide schemes of device self-registration and status detection for devices based on the Open Connectivity Foundation (OCF) standard. This device self-registration scheme is based on an agent that is proposed for registering devices itself which deployed in the OCF network. The devices host the OCF resources to provide IoT services such as sensing and controlling through the sensors and actuators. For a group of devices, an agent-based self-registration is proposed to register the resources. Through the proposed self-registration, the information of IoT devices is published using profile and saved in the management platform that enables the clients to discover the resources and access the services. For accessing the IoT resources in the OCF network, an interworking proxy is proposed to support the communications between web clients and devices over Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) based on OCF. Furthermore, through the interoperability of the resources using the registered information, a real-time monitoring scheme is proposed based on periodic request and response for the status detection of deployed devices.

scholarly journals NovaGenesis Applied to Information-Centric, Service-Defined, Trustable IoT/WSAN Control Plane and Spectrum Management

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 3160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antônio Alberti ◽  
Marília Bontempo ◽  
José dos Santos ◽  
Arismar Sodré ◽  
Rodrigo Righi
Keyword(s):  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Spectrum Management ◽  
Control Plane ◽  
Wireless Devices ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Radio System ◽  
Dynamic Spectrum Management ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Real Scenario ◽  
First Time

We integrate, for the first time in the literature, the following ingredients to deal with emerging dynamic spectrum management (DSM) problem in heterogeneous wireless sensors and actuators networks (WSANs), Internet of things (IoT) and Wi-Fi: (i) named-based routing to provide provenance and location-independent access to control plane; (ii) temporary storage of control data for efficient and cohesive control dissemination, as well as asynchronous communication between software-controllers and devices; (iii) contract-based control to improve trust-ability of actions; (iv) service-defined configuration of wireless devices, approximating their configurations to real services needs. The work is implemented using NovaGenesis architecture and a proof-of-concept is evaluated in a real scenario, demonstrating our approach to automate radio frequency channel optimization in Wi-Fi and IEEE 802.15.4 networks in the 2.4 GHz bands. An integrated cognitive radio system provides the dual-mode best channel indications for novel DSM services in NovaGenesis. By reconfiguring Wi-Fi/IoT devices to best channels, the proposed solution more than doubles the network throughput, when compared to the case of mutual interference. Therefore, environments equipped with the proposal provide enhanced performance to their users.

scholarly journals climify.org: an online solution for easy control and monitoring of the indoor environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 05006
Author(s):  
Davide Calì ◽  
Ekkart Kindler ◽  
Razgar Ebrahimy ◽  
Peder Bacher ◽  
Kevin Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Indoor Climate ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Open Communication ◽  
Iot Devices

Real energy performance of new and retrofitted buildings often consistently differs from expectations. While occupants might complain about poor indoor climate, the energy use in such buildings is often higher than expected, leading to the well-known phenomenon called “Energy Performance Gap”. In the past years, monitoring of buildings, both in terms of energy use and indoor climate conditions, was realised mostly for office buildings only, and at high financial costs. However, the exponential growth in availability of IoT devices, over the last years, opens now new scenarios for low-cost monitoring and control solutions of buildings. Yet, modern IoT devices are often only accessible online through the vendors’ software, although some devices make use of open communication protocols and can, therefore, be connected to open platforms such as openHAB. However, the use of open platforms is still connected to a big efforts for many final users. We, therefore, propose climify.org, an open platform for plug and play connection of IoT sensors and actuators, for easy monitoring and controlling of buildings and buildings’ HVAC systems. The platform climify.org offers, at time of writing, three main applications. The first application is an IoT device installation app, to be used on portable devices (e.g. mobile phones or tablets of system administrators): this app allows easily installing and locating a sensor or an actuator, within a building. The second application is an online service for data visualisation and HVAC control: while the monitoring data can be plotted, the service offers several data evaluation methods; moreover, the settings of the connected actuators can be modified and controlled. The third application can be installed on portable devices (mobile phones and tablets of buildings’ occupants) and allows occupants to provide feedback on their perception of the indoor climate through several questionnaires’ formats. Through the three applications developed within climify.org, we aim at providing the best indoor climate and the lowest energy use through a low-cost solution.

scholarly journals The Art of Designing Remote IoT Devices—Technologies and Strategies for a Long Battery Life

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 913
Author(s):  
Gilles Callebaut ◽  
Guus Leenders ◽  
Jarne Van Mulders ◽  
Geoffrey Ottoy ◽  
Lieven De Strycker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
Low Energy Consumption ◽  
Networking Technologies ◽  
Enhance Efficiency ◽  
Iot Devices

Long-range wireless connectivity technologies for sensors and actuators open the door for a variety of new Internet of Things (IoT) applications. These technologies can be deployed to establish new monitoring capabilities and enhance efficiency of services in a rich diversity of domains. Low energy consumption is essential to enable battery-powered IoT nodes with a long autonomy. This paper explains the challenges posed by combining low-power and long-range connectivity. An energy breakdown demonstrates the dominance of transmit and sleep energy. The principles for achieving both low-power and wide-area are outlined, and the landscape of available networking technologies that are suited to connect remote IoT nodes is sketched. The typical anatomy of such a node is presented, and the subsystems are zoomed into. The art of designing remote IoT devices requires an application-oriented approach, where a meticulous design and smart operation are essential to grant a long battery life. In particular we demonstrate the importance of strategies such as “think before you talk” and “race to sleep”. As maintenance of IoT nodes is often cumbersome due to being deployed at hard to reach places, extending the battery life of these devices is critical. Moreover, the environmental impact of batteries further demonstrates the need for a longer battery life in order to reduce the number of batteries used.

scholarly journals Automatic Key Update Mechanism for Lightweight M2M Communication and Enhancement of IoT Security: A Case Study of CoAP Using Libcoap Library

Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 340
Author(s):  
Wen-Chung Tsai ◽  
Tzu-Hsuan Tsai ◽  
Te-Jen Wang ◽  
Mao-Lun Chiang
Keyword(s):  
Information Exchange ◽  
Iot Security ◽  
M2m Communication ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Data Transfers ◽  
Key Update ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
One Time Password ◽  
Cloud Servers

The ecosystem for an Internet of Things (IoT) generally comprises endpoint clients, network devices, and cloud servers. Thus, data transfers within the network present multiple security concerns. The recent boom in IoT applications has accelerated the need for a network infrastructure that provides timely and safe information exchange services. A shortcoming of many existing networks is the use of static key authentication. To enable the use of automatic key update mechanisms in IoT devices and enhance security in lightweight machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, we propose a key update mechanism, namely, double OTP (D-OTP), which combines both one-time password (OTP) and one-time pad to achieve an IoT ecosystem with theoretically unbreakable security. The proposed D-OTP was implemented into the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) through the commonly used libcoap library. The experimental results revealed that an additional 8.93% latency overhead was required to obtain an unbreakable guarantee of data transfers in 100 CoAP communication sessions.

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