scholarly journals Main Trends and Criteria Adopted in Economic Feasibility Studies of Offshore Wind Energy: A Systematic Literature Review

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Arthur Leandro Guerra Pires ◽  
Paulo Rotella Junior ◽  
Sandra Naomi Morioka ◽  
Luiz Célio Souza Rocha ◽  
Ivan Bolis
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Feasibility Studies ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy

Offshore wind energy has been identified as one of the most promising and increasingly attractive sources of energy. This technology offers a long-term power-generation source, less environmental impact, and fewer physical restrictions. However, given the complexity of this technology, economic feasibility studies are essential. Thus, this study aims to identify the main trends and criteria or the methods used in the economic feasibility studies of offshore wind energy, providing a review of the state of the art in this literature. For this, a Systematic Literature Review was carried out. The article shows the growing interest in offshore wind power generation and highlights how recently the interest in the studies that assess the technical–economic feasibility of this source has grown; it presents the main milestones of the topic. Based on a structured literature review, this article identifies the main trends in this topic: (i) wind farms, (ii) risk, (iii) floating offshore wind farms, (iv) decommissioning and repowering, (v) net present value, (vi) life cycle cost, and (vii) multi-criteria decision-making; it provides a broad view of the methodological possibilities and specificities for investors and researchers interested in conducting studies on the economic feasibility of offshore wind generation. In addition, finally, a research agenda is proposed.

scholarly journals Accelerating deployment of offshore wind energy alter wind climate and reduce future power generation potentials

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveed Akhtar ◽  
Beate Geyer ◽  
Burkhardt Rockel ◽  
Philipp S. Sommer ◽  
Corinna Schrum
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea

AbstractThe European Union has set ambitious CO2 reduction targets, stimulating renewable energy production and accelerating deployment of offshore wind energy in northern European waters, mainly the North Sea. With increasing size and clustering, offshore wind farms (OWFs) wake effects, which alter wind conditions and decrease the power generation efficiency of wind farms downwind become more important. We use a high-resolution regional climate model with implemented wind farm parameterizations to explore offshore wind energy production limits in the North Sea. We simulate near future wind farm scenarios considering existing and planned OWFs in the North Sea and assess power generation losses and wind variations due to wind farm wake. The annual mean wind speed deficit within a wind farm can reach 2–2.5 ms−1 depending on the wind farm geometry. The mean deficit, which decreases with distance, can extend 35–40 km downwind during prevailing southwesterly winds. Wind speed deficits are highest during spring (mainly March–April) and lowest during November–December. The large-size of wind farms and their proximity affect not only the performance of its downwind turbines but also that of neighboring downwind farms, reducing the capacity factor by 20% or more, which increases energy production costs and economic losses. We conclude that wind energy can be a limited resource in the North Sea. The limits and potentials for optimization need to be considered in climate mitigation strategies and cross-national optimization of offshore energy production plans are inevitable.

scholarly journals Offshore Wind Energy Resource Assessment across the Territory of Oman: A Spatial-Temporal Data Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2862
Author(s):  
Amer Al-Hinai ◽  
Yassine Charabi ◽  
Seyed H. Aghay Kaboli
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Wind Data ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Offshore Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Potential

Despite the long shoreline of Oman, the wind energy industry is still confined to onshore due to the lack of knowledge about offshore wind potential. A spatial-temporal wind data analysis is performed in this research to find the locations in Oman’s territorial seas with the highest potential for offshore wind energy. Thus, wind data are statistically analyzed for assessing wind characteristics. Statistical analysis of wind data include the wind power density, and Weibull scale and shape factors. In addition, there is an estimation of the possible energy production and capacity factor by three commercial offshore wind turbines suitable for 80 up to a 110 m hub height. The findings show that offshore wind turbines can produce at least 1.34 times more energy than land-based and nearshore wind turbines. Additionally, offshore wind turbines generate more power in the Omani peak electricity demand during the summer. Thus, offshore wind turbines have great advantages over land-based wind turbines in Oman. Overall, this work provides guidance on the deployment and production of offshore wind energy in Oman. A thorough study using bankable wind data along with various logistical considerations would still be required to turn offshore wind potential into real wind farms in Oman.

scholarly journals Exploitation of the far-offshore wind energy resource by fleets of energy ships – Part 2: Updated ship design and cost of energy estimate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélien Babarit ◽  
Félix Gorintin ◽  
Pierrick de Belizal ◽  
Antoine Neau ◽  
Giovanni Bordogna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Ship Design ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Ocean Engineering ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms

Abstract. This paper deals with a new concept for the conversion of far-offshore wind energy into sustainable fuel. It relies on autonomous sailing energy ships and manned support tankers. Energy ships are wind-propelled ships that generate electricity using water turbines attached underneath their hull. Since energy ships are not grid-connected, they include onboard power-to-X plants for storage of the produced energy. In the present work, the energy vector X is methanol. In the first part of this study (Babarit et al., 2020), an energy ship design has been proposed and its energy performance has been assessed. In this second part, the aim is to estimate the energy and economic performance of such system. In collaboration with ocean engineering, marine renewable energy and wind-assisted propulsion’s experts, the energy ship design of the first part has been revised and updated. Based on this new design, a complete FARWIND energy system is proposed, and its costs (CAPEX and OPEX) are estimated. Results of the models show (i) that this FARWIND system could produce approximately 70,000 tonnes of methanol per annum (approximately 400 GWh per annum of chemical energy) at a cost in the range 1.2 to 3.6 €/kg, (ii) that this cost may be comparable to that of methanol produced by offshore wind farms in the long term, and (iii) that FARWIND-produced methanol (and offshore wind farms-produced methanol) could compete with gasoline on the EU transportation fuel market in the long term.

Offshore Wind Energy: Good Practice in Impact Assessment, Mitigation and Compensation

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (01) ◽  
pp. 1750005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Lüdeke
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms

Aiming towards good practice in the planning and approval of offshore wind farms suggestions are provided for the amendment of environmental impact assessment (EIA), an effective marine spatial planning and the establishment of marine compensation measure. The investigation is focused on the situation in Germany as a frontrunner in ecological research on offshore wind energy. After 10 years of research in Germany, it is timely to offer a synopsis of the results especially regarding the successful investigations of mitigation measures. The results are based on published data collected in Germany over the last 10 years, as well as international research. The outcomes of the research were validated by interviewing experts using the Delphi method. Key findings for good practice in impact assessment, mitigation and compensation: 1. EIAs should focus on decision-relevant subjects of protection (i.e. specific bird species and harbour porpoises). 2. There is a strong necessity for thresholds for the approval process. 3. Exclusion of OWFs in hotspots of sensitive species. 4. Application of state-of-the-art mitigation measures particularly against underwater noise to avoid damages of the hearing of porpoises. 5. The introduction of marine compensation measures is strongly suggested.

Analysis of offshore wind energy potential for power generation in three selected locations in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Mamman Rabiu Onoruoiza ◽  
Oyewole Adedipe ◽  
Sunday Albert Lawal ◽  
Oluwafemi Ayodeji Olugboji ◽  
Victor Chiagozie Nwachukwu
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Wind Energy Potential

scholarly journals The decarbonisation of Galicia using renewable marine energy

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
L. Castro-Santos ◽  
◽  
A. Filgueira-Vizoso ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wave Energy ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Technologies ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Marine Energy ◽  
Study Results

The objective of this paper is to examine the importance of independent arrays in the offshore renewable energy farms. In this context, several scenarios have been contemplated for a floating offshore renewable energy farm: a farm only using floating wave energy; a farm only using floating offshore wind energy; and a farm composed by floating wave energy and floating offshore wind energy installed in independent arrays. The article proposes a method to calculate the main economic parameters and decide their economic feasibility. A hypothetic offshore renewable energy farm located in the Galicia region (Spain) has been studied as case of study. Results show which of the scenarios has the best economic results. This method is worthwhile to compare different floating offshore renewable energy technologies in economic terms and help in the decision making of this new emerging sector that can help to rebuild Europe in the post-pandemic period.

scholarly journals Exploitation of the far-offshore wind energy resource by fleets of energy ships – Part 2: Updated ship design and cost of energy estimate

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1191-1204
Author(s):  
Aurélien Babarit ◽  
Félix Gorintin ◽  
Pierrick de Belizal ◽  
Antoine Neau ◽  
Giovanni Bordogna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Ship Design ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Ocean Engineering ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms

Abstract. This paper deals with a new concept for the conversion of far-offshore wind energy into sustainable fuel. It relies on autonomous sailing energy ships and manned support tankers. Energy ships are wind-propelled ships that generate electricity using water turbines attached underneath their hull. Since energy ships are not grid-connected, they include onboard power-to-X plants for storage of the produced energy. In the present work, the energy vector X is methanol. In the first part of this study, an energy ship design was proposed, and its energy performance was assessed. In this second part, the aim is to update the energy and economic performance of such a system based on design progression. In collaboration with ocean engineering, marine renewable energy and wind-assisted propulsion experts, the energy ship design of the first part has been revised. Based on this new design, a complete FARWIND energy system is proposed, and its costs (CAPEX and OPEX) are estimated. Results of the models show (i) that this FARWIND system could produce approximately 70 000 t of methanol per annum (approximately 400 GWh per annum of chemical energy) at a cost in the range EUR 1.2 to 3.6/kg, (ii) that this cost may be comparable to that of methanol produced by offshore wind farms in the long term and (iii) that FARWIND-produced methanol (and methanol produced by offshore wind farms) could compete with gasoline on the EU transportation fuel market in the long term.

Estimating offshore wind power potentials that account for the kinetic energy removal by wind turbines: the Kinetic Energy Budget of the Atmosphere (KEBA) approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Kleidon ◽  
Lee Miller
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Offshore Wind Power ◽  
Wind Speeds

<p>Offshore wind power is seen as a large renewable energy resource due to the high and continuous wind speeds over the ocean.However, as wind farms expand in scale, wind turbines increasingly remove kinetic energy from the atmospheric flow, reducing wind speeds and expected electricity yields.Here we show that this removal effect of large wind farms and the drop in yields can be estimated in a relatively simple way by considering the kinetic energy budget of the lower atmosphere, which we refer to as the KEBA approach.We first show that KEBA can reproduce the estimated, climatological yields of wind farms of different sizes and locations using previously published numerical model simulations with an explicit wind farm representation.<span>  </span>We then show the relevance of these reductions by evaluating the contribution of offshore wind energy in specific scenarios of Germany’s energy transition in the year 2050.Our estimates suggest that due to reduced wind speeds, mean capacity factors of wind farms are reduced to 33 - 39%, which is notably less than capacity factors above 50% that are commonly assumed in energy scenarios.This reduction is explained by KEBA by the depletion of the horizontal flow of kinetic energy by the wind farms and the low vertical renewal rate, which limits large-scale wind energy potentials to less than 1 W m<sup>-2</sup> of surface area.We conclude that wind speed reductions are likely to play a substantial role in the further expansion of offshore wind energy and need to be considered in the planning process.These reduced yields can be estimated by a comparatively simple approach based on budgeting the kinetic energy of the atmosphere surrounding the wind farms.</p>

scholarly journals Offshore Wind Farms

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
María Dolores Esteban ◽  
José-Santos López-Gutiérrez ◽  
Vicente Negro
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Editorial Team ◽  
Marine Science ◽  
Offshore Wind Energy ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms

In 2018, we were approached by the editorial team of the Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (MDPI editorial) to act as guest editors of a Special Issue related to offshore wind energy [...]

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