A Thermal Model for Processing Data from Undergarment Sensors in Automatic Control of Actively Heated Clothing

Despite its recent growth in popularity, actively heated clothing still lacks the ability to cope with demanding user scenarios. As many of these deficiencies stem from an absence of automatic control, the authors propose a novel approach using a set of sensors embedded in the clothing to provide data about thermal comfort. Available sensors suffer from a lack of accuracy, as for practical reasons, they cannot be attached to the skin, whose temperature is usually used as a comfort indicator. To determine the magnitude of the problem, the authors conducted experiments, and a thermal model was proposed based on experimental findings; the output from the model was compared with the experimental reference data for three different upper body undergarments. The overall accuracy was found to be good: in most cases, the difference between the computed and reference skin temperatures did not exceed 0.5 °C. Furthermore, the model does not rely on unrealistic assumptions regarding the availability of parameters or measurement data. Our findings demonstrate that it is possible to create a thermal model that, when used for input data processing, allows undergarment temperature to be converted to skin temperature, allowing for automatic control of heating insets.

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Illocution and Interlocution

10.1093/oso/9780190873325.003.0005 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Richard Moran

Keyword(s):

Practical Reasons ◽

Normative Power ◽

The Difference

This chapter discusses the idea of a “second-personal stance” as developed by Darwall and others, and notes some differences with the notion of “addressing” developed here, particularly with respect to the difference between theoretical and practical reasons. Austin’s distinction between the “illocutionary” and the “perlocutionary” is discussed in connection with Joseph Raz’s idea of the exercise of a normative power. The particular sense of “act” that applies to the perlocutionary status of utterances is illuminated by Jennifer Hornsby’s development of the idea of “reciprocity” as the distinguishing mark of the illocutionary (and hence of acts like telling). The chapter ends with further comparison and contrast between acts of telling and promising.

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Application of Deep Reinforcement Learning to Predict Shaft Deformation Considering Hull Deformation of Medium-Sized Oil/Chemical Tanker

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering ◽

10.3390/jmse9070767 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 767

Author(s):

Shin-Pyo Choi ◽

Jae-Ung Lee ◽

Jun-Bum Park

Keyword(s):

Reinforcement Learning ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Measurement Data ◽

System Stability ◽

Main Bearing ◽

Shaft System ◽

Novel Approach ◽

Design Changes ◽

Prediction Techniques ◽

Shaft Deformation

The enlargement of ships has increased the relative hull deformation owing to draft changes. Moreover, design changes such as an increased propeller diameter and pitch changes have occurred to compensate for the reduction in the engine revolution and consequent ship speed. In terms of propulsion shaft alignment, as the load of the stern tube support bearing increases, an uneven load distribution occurs between the shaft support bearings, leading to stern accidents. To prevent such accidents and to ensure shaft system stability, a shaft system design technique is required in which the shaft deformation resulting from the hull deformation is considered. Based on the measurement data of a medium-sized oil/chemical tanker, this study presents a novel approach to predicting the shaft deformation following stern hull deformation through inverse analysis using deep reinforcement learning, as opposed to traditional prediction techniques. The main bearing reaction force, which was difficult to reflect in previous studies, was predicted with high accuracy by comparing it with the measured value, and reasonable shaft deformation could be derived according to the hull deformation. The deep reinforcement learning technique in this study is expected to be expandable for predicting the dynamic behavior of the shaft of an operating vessel.

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First-Principles Theory of Polarization in Ferroelectrics

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-291-647 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 291 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R. Resta ◽

M. Posternak ◽

A. Baldereschi

Keyword(s):

Spontaneous Polarization ◽

First Principles ◽

Ferroelectric Materials ◽

Recent Experimental Data ◽

Modern Theory ◽

Rigid Core ◽

Novel Approach ◽

Prototype Structure ◽

Effective Charges ◽

The Difference

ABSTRACTWe outline a modern theory of the spontaneous polarization P in pyroelectric and ferroelectric materials. Although P itself isnot an observable, the difference ΔP between two crystal states can indeed be measured and calculated. We define P as the difference between the polar structure and a suitably chosen nonpolar prototype structure. We previously proposed and implemented a supercell scheme in order to evaluate P in pyroelectric BeO; here we adopt an approach recently developed by King-Smith and Vanderbilt, where ΔP is obtained from the computation of Berry's phases, with no use of supercells. We apply this novel approach, which is numerically very convenient, in order to revisit our previous work on BeO. We then perform a first-principles investigation of the spontaneous polarization P of KNbO3 in its tetragonal phase, which is a well studied perovskite ferroelectric. Our calculated P value confirms the most recent experimental data. The polarization is linear in the ferroelectric distortion; the Born effective charges show strong variations from nominal ionic values, and a large inequivalence of the 0 ions. Only the highest nine valence-band states (O 2p) contribute to P, while all the other states behave as rigid core states.

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Development of Urban Driving Cycle with GPS Data Post Processing

PROMET - Traffic&Transportation ◽

10.7307/ptt.v28i4.1916 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 353-364 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Peter Lipar ◽

Irena Strnad ◽

Martin Česnik ◽

Tomaž Maher

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Urban Area ◽

Measurement Data ◽

Driving Cycle ◽

Gps Data ◽

Post Processing ◽

The Difference ◽

Large Random Sample ◽

Representative Area ◽

Development Methods

This paper presents GIS-based methodology for urban area driving cycle construction. The approach reaches beyond the frames of usual driving cycle development methods and takes into account another perspective of data collection. Rather than planning data collection, the approach is based on available in-vehicle measurement data post processing using Geographic Information Systems to manipulate the excessive database and extract only the representative and geographically limited individual trip data. With such data post processing the data was carefully adjusted to include only the data that describe representative driving in Ljubljana urban area. The selected method for the driving cycle development is based on searching for the best microtrips combination while minimizing the difference between two vectors; one based on generated cycle and the other on the database. Accounting for a large random sample of actual trip data, our approach enables more representative area-specific driving cycle development than the previously used techniques.

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Markerless Image Alignment Method for Pressure-Sensitive Paint Image

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s22020453 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 453

Author(s):

Kyosuke Suzuki ◽

Tomoki Inoue ◽

Takayuki Nagata ◽

Miku Kasai ◽

Taku Nonomura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computational Cost ◽

Measurement Data ◽

Image Alignment ◽

Feature Points ◽

Alignment Method ◽

Pressure Sensitive Paint ◽

Pressure Sensitive ◽

Difference Of Gaussian ◽

Tracing Algorithm ◽

The Difference

We propose a markerless image alignment method for pressure-sensitive paint measurement data replacing the time-consuming conventional alignment method in which the black markers are placed on the model and are detected manually. In the proposed method, feature points are detected by a boundary detection method, in which the PSP boundary is detected using the Moore-Neighbor tracing algorithm. The performance of the proposed method is compared with the conventional method based on black markers, the difference of Gaussian (DoG) detector, and the Hessian corner detector. The results by the proposed method and the DoG detector are equivalent to each other. On the other hand, the performances of the image alignment using the black marker and the Hessian corner detector are slightly worse compared with the DoG and the proposed method. The computational cost of the proposed method is half of that of the DoG method. The proposed method is a promising for the image alignment in the PSP application in the viewpoint of the alignment precision and computational cost.

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Low-Cost Force Sensors Embedded in Physical Human–Machine Interfaces: Concept, Exemplary Realization on Upper-Body Exoskeleton, and Validation

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s22020505 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 505

Author(s):

Niclas Hoffmann ◽

Samet Ersoysal ◽

Gilbert Prokop ◽

Matthias Hoefer ◽

Robert Weidner

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Measurement Data ◽

Upper Body ◽

Testing Environment ◽

Physical Support ◽

Pressure Distributions ◽

Human Machine Interfaces ◽

Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor ◽

Material Testing Machine

In modern times, the collaboration between humans and machines increasingly rises, combining their respective benefits. The direct physical support causes interaction forces in human–machine interfaces, whereas their form determines both the effectiveness and comfort of the collaboration. However, their correct detection requires various sensor characteristics and remains challenging. Thus, this paper presents a developed low-cost sensor pad working with a silicone capsule and a piezoresistive pressure sensor. Its measurement accuracy is validated in both an isolated testing environment and a laboratory study with four test subjects (gender-balanced), and an application integrated in interfaces of an active upper-body exoskeleton. In the material-testing machine, it becomes apparent that the sensor pad generally features the capability of reliably determining normal forces on its surface until a certain threshold. This is also proven in the real application, where the measurement data of three sensor pads spatially embedded in the exoskeletal interface are compared to the data of an installed multi-axis load cell and a high-resolution flexible pressure map. Here, the consideration of three sensor pads potentially enables detection of exoskeletal support on the upper arm as well as “poor” fit conditions such as uneven pressure distributions that recommend immediate system adjustments for ergonomic improvements.

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Comparison of the clinical and MRI features of patients with hepatic hemangioma, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, or angiosarcoma

10.21203/rs.2.16278/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Zhuangsheng Liu ◽

Lilei Yi ◽

Junhao Chen ◽

Ruqiong Li ◽

Keming Liang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vascular Endothelial Cell ◽

Measurement Data ◽

Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma ◽

Vascular Tumors ◽

Hepatic Hemangioma ◽

Mri Findings ◽

Mri Features ◽

Rim Enhancement ◽

The Difference ◽

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Abstract Background Comparisons of hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (HEHE), hepatic hemangioma, and hepatic angiosarcoma (HAS) have rarely been reported. The purpose of our study was to analyze the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of these conditions.Methods A total of 57 patients (25 with hemangioma, 13 with HEHE, and 19 with HAS) provided hepatic vascular endothelial cell data between June 2006 and May 2017. The measurement data were represented as means±SDs. Between-group comparisons were performed using independent-samples t-tests. Count data were represented as frequencies or rates, and χ2- or Fisher’s exact tests were performed.Results The proportions of cases with circumscribed margins were 88% (22/25), 84.6% (11/3), and 31.6% (6/19) for hemangioma, HEHE, and HAS, respectively (P<0.001). HAS lesions were less likely to have circumscribed margins. The proportions of lesions with hemorrhaging were 4% (1/25), 44.4% (4/13), and 36.8% (7/13) for hemangioma, HEHE, and HAS, respectively (P=0.014). HEHE and HAS cases were more likely to show heterogeneous signals on T1-weighted (T1WI) MRI. HEHE and HAS cases were more likely to show heterogeneous signals on T2-weighted (T2WI) MRI. Centripetal enhancement was the most common pattern in vascular tumors, with proportions of 100%, 46.2% (6/13), and 68.4% (13/19) for hemangioma, HEHE, and HAS, respectively. The difference in enhancement pattern between HEHE and HAS was not significant, but rim enhancement was more common for HEHE (46.2%, 6/13).Conclusions Our study revealed clinical and imaging differences between HEHE and HAS. The platelet count (PLT) and coagulation function of the HAS group decreased, whereas the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level increased. The 5-year survival rate for HAS was significantly lower than that of HEHE. A higher malignancy degree indicated a more blurred lesion margin, easier occurrence of hemorrhaging, and more heterogeneous plain T1WI and T2WI signals.

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Representative Stress Correlation of Global Scratch Quantities at Scratch Testing: Experimental Verification

Crystals ◽

10.3390/cryst9030154 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 154

Author(s):

Per-Lennart Larsson

Keyword(s):

Polymeric Materials ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Scratch Testing ◽

Rigid Plastic ◽

Viscoelastic Effects ◽

Elasto Plasticity ◽

The Difference ◽

Von Mises ◽

Experimental Findings ◽

Static Conditions

Evaluation and correlation of global quantities, i.e., normal and tangential hardness, at scratch testing in the context of a representative stress description was investigated. In particular, verification based on experimental results is at issue. It has been shown previously that within the framework of classical von Mises elasto-plasticity and quasi-static conditions, correlation can be achieved by using a combination of stresses at different levels of plastic strains to define representative quantities at scratching, accounting for the difference in mechanical behavior at elasto-plastic and rigid plastic scratching. However, verification from experimental results is required, which has been attempted in this study. Predictions based on previous theoretical results were compared with experimental findings for polymeric materials, as well as for different metals. Good agreement was found between the two sets of results, particularly so for the case of polymers modelled by von Mises elasto-plasticity. Accordingly, these results are of direct practical, accurate, and novel relevance for semi-crystalline polymers where viscoelastic effects are negligible.

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Joint Pedestrian and Body Part Detection via Semantic Relationship Learning

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app9040752 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 752 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Junhua Gu ◽

Chuanxin Lan ◽

Wenbai Chen ◽

Hu Han

Keyword(s):

Pedestrian Detection ◽

Body Part ◽

Upper Body ◽

Whole Body ◽

Body Parts ◽

Semantic Relationship ◽

The Public ◽

Novel Approach ◽

In The Wild ◽

Person Search

While remarkable progress has been made to pedestrian detection in recent years, robust pedestrian detection in the wild e.g., under surveillance scenarios with occlusions, remains a challenging problem. In this paper, we present a novel approach for joint pedestrian and body part detection via semantic relationship learning under unconstrained scenarios. Specifically, we propose a Body Part Indexed Feature (BPIF) representation to encode the semantic relationship between individual body parts (i.e., head, head-shoulder, upper body, and whole body) and highlight per body part features, providing robustness against partial occlusions to the whole body. We also propose an Adaptive Joint Non-Maximum Suppression (AJ-NMS) to replace the original NMS algorithm widely used in object detection, leading to higher precision and recall for detecting overlapped pedestrians. Experimental results on the public-domain CUHK-SYSU Person Search Dataset show that the proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art methods for joint pedestrian and body part detection in the wild.

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Estimation of Surface Concentrations of Black Carbon from Long-Term Measurements at Aeronet Sites over Korea

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12233904 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (23) ◽

pp. 3904

Author(s):

Yongjoo Choi ◽

Young Sung Ghim ◽

Ying Zhang ◽

Seung-Myung Park ◽

In-ho Song

Keyword(s):

Black Carbon ◽

Measurement Data ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Mixing Rule ◽

Range Transport ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Fine Mode ◽

The Difference ◽

Mlr Model

We estimated fine-mode black carbon (BC) concentrations at the surface using AERONET data from five AERONET sites in Korea, representing urban, rural, and background. We first obtained the columnar BC concentrations by separating the refractive index (RI) for fine-mode aerosols from AERONET data and minimizing the difference between separated RIs and calculated RIs using a mixing rule that can represent a real aerosol mixture (Maxwell Garnett for water-insoluble components and volume average for water-soluble components). Next, we acquired the surface BC concentrations by establishing a multiple linear regression (MLR) between in-situ BC concentrations from co-located or adjacent measurement sites, and columnar BC concentrations, by linearly adding meteorological parameters, month, and land-use type as the independent variables. The columnar BC concentrations estimated from AERONET data using a mixing rule well reproduced site-specific monthly variations of the in-situ measurement data, such as increases due to heating and/or biomass burning and long-range transport associated with prevailing westerlies in the spring and winter, and decreases due to wet scavenging in the summer. The MLR model exhibited a better correlation between measured and predicted BC concentrations than those based on columnar concentrations only, with a correlation coefficient of 0.64. The performance of our MLR model for BC was comparable to that reported in previous studies on the relationship between aerosol optical depth and particulate matter concentration in Korea. This study suggests that the MLR model with properly selected parameters is useful for estimating the surface BC concentration from AERONET data during the daytime, at sites where BC monitoring is not available.

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