scholarly journals Growth Response of Sessile Oak and European Hornbeam to Traditional Coppice-with-Standards Management

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Kadavý ◽  
Zdeněk Adamec ◽  
Barbora Uherková ◽  
Michal Kneifl ◽  
Robert Knott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Traditional Management ◽  
Sessile Oak ◽  
Adult Trees ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Coppice With Standards

Research Highlights: The influence of litter raking and livestock grazing on the development of juvenile sessile oak and European hornbeam sprouts as well as on sessile oak standards were studied. Such experiments are very rare, especially in central Europe where these activities have been prohibited for several decades. Little is known on how these ancient management activities affect tree growth. Background and Objectives: Traditional management practices in coppice forests such as grazing and litter raking have been abandoned, but have recently been studied as to whether these practices can substantially contribute to an increase in the species diversity of coppices. The important question is, however, how these practices influence the growth of coppice-with-standards. Therefore, this study focused on the effect of grazing, litter raking, and their combination on both sprouts and adult trees in a coppice-with-standards system one year after harvest. Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out in the area of the Training Forest Enterprise Masaryk Forest Křtiny, Czech Republic, in a forest stand dominated by sessile oak and European hornbeam. We analyzed 132 oak polycormons, 132 hornbeam polycormons, and 163 oak standards. Results: The number of sprouts per stump was affected by the stump size and management practice: (A) coppice-with-standards, litter raking, and sheep grazing; (B) coppice-with-standards and sheep grazing; (C) coppice-with-standards and litter raking; and (D) coppice-with-standards), but not by tree species. The number of the sprouts as well as their height increased with the stump size. In contrast, grazing resulted in a smaller height of the sprouts while thinner sprouts were found under a combination of grazing and raking. When comparing the species, the oak sprouts were higher and thicker when compared to the hornbeam sprouts. The increment of standards increased after stand harvest. This, however, was not the result of grazing or raking, but the response to the reduction of tree number and thus of competition between neighboring trees. Conclusions: The results showed that there were rather negative impacts from the implemented traditional management practices on the growth of sprouts. This may lead to the question of whether ecological diversity resulting from the traditional practices may prevail their negative effect on the growth of the coppices.

scholarly journals IFRS ADOPTION AND EARNINGS MANAGEMENT PRACTICE: EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIA COMPANIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-239
Author(s):  
Vina Kholisa Dinuka
Keyword(s):  
Earnings Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Real Earnings Management ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Discretionary Accrual ◽  
Ifrs Adoption ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Ifrs Implementation

The purpose of this study is to verify IFRS contribution by examining the presence of Accrual Earnings Management (AEM) and Real Earnings Management (REM) in the period pre- and post- IFRS implementation in manufacturing companies in Indonesia. AEM is measured by absolute value of discretionary accrual, while REM is proxied by three measurements of REM, they are abnormal cash flow operation, abnormal production and abnormal discretionary expenses. The sample is taken from Indonesia stock exchange in 2009-2011 and 2013-2015. 2012 is Indonesia adoption period and it is excluded from the sample, because it is considerated as transitory year. This study uses regression analysis and Paired t-test to compare the presence of AEM and REM preceding and following IFRS implementation. The findings reveal that IFRS adoption has significantly negative effect towards AEM and REM. It indicates that the following IFRS implementation, AEM and REM are decrease. Therefore, IFRS is able to reduce earnings management practices in manufacturing companies in Indonesia both for AEM and REM.

scholarly journals Beliefs and practices of diabetic patients in Vhembe district of Limpopo Province

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilda Shilubane ◽  
Lizzy Netshikweta ◽  
Tshinyadzo Ralineba
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Vhembe District

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic condition affecting over 18 million people worldwide. It can lead to debilitating complications and premature death if not effectively controlled. South Africa, like any sub-Saharan countries and the world at large, is no exception. The prevalence of diabetes among South African adults has increased by 50% from 2009 to date, and an increase of some 11 million new diabetes diagnoses is expected by the year 2020.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the beliefs and management practices of patients with DM in Vhembe district, Limpopo province.Setting: The study was conducted at Vhembe district clinics. Methods: A probability, purposive sampling was used to sample 100 diabetic patients. Data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 19.0. Descriptive statistics, frequencies, and percentages were used to summarise the data from the study.Results: The majority of the respondents had poor management practice of feet care and annual eye examinations. Twenty four (24.0%) of the respondents believed that DM can be cured and 22 (22.0%) did not believe that diet helps in the management of DM.Conclusion: The belief that DM is curable can have a negative effect as patients can quit taking treatment once the disease is under control. This happens irrespective of the national guidelines for the management of DM. Therefore, some strategies should be sought that could enhance the implementation of the guidelines in order to combat the disease.

scholarly journals Tree rings reveal signs of Europe’s sustainable forest management long before the first historical evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Muigg ◽  
Georgios Skiadaresis ◽  
Willy Tegel ◽  
Franz Herzig ◽  
Paul J. Krusic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Coppice With Standards

AbstractTo satisfy the increasing demand for wood in central Europe during medieval times, a new system of forest management was developed, one far superior to simple coppicing. The adoption of a sophisticated, Coppice-with-Standards (CWS) management practice created a two-storey forest structure that could provide fuelwood as well as construction timber. Here we present a dendrochronological study of actively managed CWS forests in northern Bavaria to detect the radial growth response to cyclical understorey harvesting in overstorey oaks (Quercus sp.), so-called standards. All modern standards exhibit rapid growth releases every circa 30 years, most likely caused by regular understorey management. We further analyse tree-ring width patterns in 2120 oak timbers from historical buildings and archaeological excavations in southern Germany and north-eastern France, dating between 300 and 2015 CE, and succeeded in identifying CWS growth patterns throughout the medieval period. Several potential CWS standards even date to the first millennium CE, suggesting CWS management has been in practice long before its first mention in historical documents. Our dendrochronological approach should be expanded routinely to indentify the signature of past forest management practices in archaeological and historical oak wood.

scholarly journals Effects of Domestic and Wild Ungulate Management on Young Oak Size and Architecture

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7930
Author(s):  
Aida López-Sánchez ◽  
Sonia Roig ◽  
Rodolfo Dirzo ◽  
Ramón Perea
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Rangeland Management ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Management Schemes ◽  
System Sustainability ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Deer Grazing

Scattered oaks in traditional silvopastoral systems (i.e., “dehesas”) provide important ecological services. However, livestock intensification applied to these systems over the last century has affected the architecture of young oak plants. This unsuitable rangeland management practice jeopardizes the long-term system sustainability. Here we examine the alterations in architecture of regenerating oak plants in Mediterranean dehesas under three representative management regimes: (1) traditional management with extensive sheep grazing; (2) commercially driven management with extensive cattle grazing, and (3) native deer grazing at moderate stocking rates (<0.11 livestock units × ha-1). Plant architecture was considerably altered in cattle-grazed “dehesas”, finding a 50% reduction in plant height–diameter ratios, compared to sheep-grazed dehesas where plants with higher height–diameter ratios predominated. Young oak plants, however, showed less altered architecture and less probability of damage on shoot apex (0.20-fold difference) in areas with deer grazing at moderate stocking rates. In addition, those young oak plants with multi-stemmed individual architecture were more stunted (lower values of crown height–diameter ratio) in areas with livestock grazing than wildlife areas (0.78-fold difference). Shrub presence, under all management schemes, helped to increase in plant height, except when shrubs were located under tree canopies. Conversely, plants without shrub protection showed stunted architecture with well-developed basal diameters but short stature. Appropriate sustainable practices should include cattle stocking rate reduction, traditional sheep grazing promotion, nurse shrub preservation and fencing stunted individuals along with pruning basal sprouts. Our study indicates that management may have important consequences on dehesa regeneration via alterations of plant architecture and therefore on system sustainability.

Livestock grazing management and biodiversity conservation in Australian temperate grassy landscapes

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dorrough ◽  
A. Yen ◽  
V. Turner ◽  
S. G. Clark ◽  
J. Crosthwaite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Grazing Strategies

There is an increasing interest in the development of livestock grazing management strategies that achieve environmental sustainability and maintain or improve the long-term production capacity of commercial grazing systems. In temperate Australia, these strategies are generally focussed on reducing perennial pasture decline, soil loss, acidity, and salinity. An additional challenge facing land managers and researchers is developing grazing strategies that also maintain and enhance local and regional biodiversity. However, few studies have assessed the compatibility of management practices for maintaining long-term productivity and biodiversity conservation. We still have only a very basic understanding of the effects of different grazing strategies and pasture management on biodiversity and this is a major impediment to the development of appropriate and compatible best management practice. We argue that although there is an increasing desire to find management strategies that protect and enhance biodiversity without hindering long-term agricultural production, in many cases this may not be possible. Current knowledge suggests that compatibility is most likely to be achieved using low-input systems in low productivity (fragile) landscapes, whereas in highly productive (robust) landscapes there is less opportunity for integration of productive land-use and biodiversity conservation. There is an urgent need for improved communication and collaboration between agronomic and ecological researchers and research agencies to ensure that future programs consider sustainability in terms of biodiversity as well as pasture and livestock productivity and soil and water health.

scholarly journals Evaluation of cropping method for perennial ratoon rice: Adaptation of SALIBU to triple-cropping in Vietnam

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masato Oda ◽  
Huu Chiem Nguyen ◽  
Van Thao Huynh
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cultivation Condition ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Main Crop ◽  
Small Effect Size ◽  
Negative Effect

Background: Generally, the yield of ratoon rice is at most 50% of the main crop. However, a cropping method “SALIBU” achieved more yield than the main crop and enables the perennial cropping. Although the SALIBU method is implementing 10 additional management practices to conventional method in Indonesia, the effect of each management practice is unclear. Methodology: We evaluated the effect size using an L 16 orthogonal array design pot experiment in triple-cropping rice in Vietnam. The robustness was checked by duplicating the experiment under standard and poor conditions. Results and Discussion: Positive large effects were shown in the poor conditions only.  Cutting twice most affected the number of ratoon tillers. Importantly, the effect was positive under poor conditions but negative under standard conditions. Late irrigation had a robust negative effect. No treatment is effective in the triple-cropping of standard conditions. The SALIBU includes practices with unstable, negative, or minimal effects. The unstable effects show the interaction with the condition. The practices that have negative effects should exclude. Using practice on small effect size should depend on a cost-benefit analysis. Conclusions: No additional practice is effective for changing the triple-cropping to perennial ratoon cropping except harvesting near the ground. However, further work will be conducted to clarify the interaction between cutting twice and the cultivation condition.

scholarly journals Evaluation of cropping method for perennial ratoon rice: Adaptation of SALIBU to triple-cropping in Vietnam

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1825
Author(s):  
Masato Oda ◽  
Huu Chiem Nguyen ◽  
Van Thao Huynh
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cultivation Condition ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Main Crop ◽  
Small Effect Size ◽  
Negative Effect

Background: Generally, the yield of ratoon rice is at most 50% of the main crop. However, a cropping method “SALIBU” achieved more yield than the main crop and enables the perennial cropping. Although the SALIBU method is implementing 10 additional management practices to conventional method in Indonesia, the effect of each management practice is unclear. Methodology: We evaluated the effect size using an L 16 orthogonal array design pot experiment in triple-cropping rice in Vietnam. The robustness was checked by duplicating the experiment under standard and poor conditions. Results: Positive large effects were shown in the poor conditions only.  Cutting twice most affected the number of ratoon tillers. Importantly, the effect was positive under poor conditions but negative under standard conditions. Late irrigation had a robust negative effect. Discussion: No treatment is effective in the triple-cropping of standard conditions. The SALIBU includes practices with unstable, negative, or minimal effects. The unstable effects show the interaction with the condition. The practices that have negative effects should exclude. Using practice on small effect size should depend on a cost-benefit analysis. Conclusions: No additional practice is effective for changing the triple-cropping to perennial ratoon cropping except harvesting near the ground. However, further work will be conducted to clarify the interaction between cutting twice and the cultivation condition.

Impact of magnesium - sodium supplementation on liveweight gains of young sheep grazing dual-purpose cereal or canola crops

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Dove ◽  
W. M. Kelman ◽  
J. A. Kirkegaard ◽  
S. J. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Significant Response ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Crop Type ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Forage ◽  
First Time ◽  
Livestock Systems

Previous experiments have shown that liveweight gains of livestock grazing dual-purpose wheats were increased by 15–60%, by supplementing animals with a 1 : 1 mixture of Causmag (MgO) : salt (NaCl). The supplement appears to overcome both an Na deficiency in wheat forage, plus a reduced rumen Mg absorption due to a high forage (and thus rumen) K : Na ratio. In crop–livestock systems, there is also renewed interest in grazing forage oats and, more recently, barley and dual-purpose canola. The possible need for Mg–Na supplements for sheep grazing these last three crops was investigated in two experiments near Canberra, ACT. In Experiment 1, sheep grazing wheat, oats, barley and canola were either unsupplemented or received a Mg–Na supplement. There was no significant response to the supplement in sheep grazing oats. After adjustment by covariance for differences in sheep numbers per plot, the difference in weight gain/ha of supplemented and unsupplemented sheep grazing barley approached significance (P = 0.068). For the first time in our experience, in this experiment there was also no significant response in sheep grazing wheat. There was a significant interaction between crop type and supplement, because of a 20% depression in liveweight gain in supplemented sheep grazing canola. This negative effect of supplementation on canola was further investigated in Experiment 2, in which sheep grazing only canola were either supplemented or not supplemented. Supplementation in this case had no significant effect on liveweight gain. Our results suggest that there is no need to provide mineral supplements for sheep grazing dual-purpose oats; they also suggest supplementation may be contraindicated for sheep grazing canola. Further work is needed to confirm this and to clarify supplement responses in sheep grazing barley.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Different Best Management Practices for Erosion Control on Machine Operating Trails

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-326
Author(s):  
Ahmad Solgi ◽  
Ramin Naghdi ◽  
Eric R. Labelle ◽  
Farshad Keivan Behjou ◽  
Vahid Hemmati
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Erosion Control ◽  
Forest Operations ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Runoff And Soil Loss ◽  
Final Selection

Ground-based mechanized forest operations often lead to increased runoff and soil loss on unbound forest roads and machine operating trails, which in turn can impede the technical trafficability of machines and cause negative impacts on the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of three Best Management Practice (BMP) treatments used to control erosion occurring on machine operating trails. The treatments included water bar, water bar and hardwood brush (H-brush), and water bar and softwood brush (S-brush). For a more comprehensive assessment of both brush treatments, two levels of brush thickness were tested; 0.5 m and 1.0 m. Results indicate that the most effective BMP treatments were the water bar and softwood brush followed by the water bar and hardwood brush and finally the least effective was the water bar. The average runoff rates and soil loss from the machine operating trails with the water bar treatment (52.64 l per plot, 8.49 g m-2) were higher than runoff and soil loss at the trails protected with hardwood brush (23.75 l per plot, 4.5 g m-2), and the trails protected by the hardwood brush had higher runoff and soil loss compared to trails covered by softwood brush (15.83 l per plot, 2.98 g m-2). Furthermore, results of this study showed that regardless of the treatment, the amount of runoff and soil loss decreased consistently as the thickness of the brush mat increased. Overall, erosion control techniques similar to either H-brush or S-brush that provide direct soil coverage should be used for erosion control, and final selection should be based on costs, availability of material, or landowner objectives.

scholarly journals Evaluation of cropping method for perennial ratoon rice (SALIBU)

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1825
Author(s):  
Masato Oda ◽  
Huu Chiem Nguyen ◽  
Van Thao Huynh
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cultivation Condition ◽  
Main Crop ◽  
Small Effect Size ◽  
Negative Effect

Background: Generally, the yield of ratoon rice is at most 50% of the main crop. However, a cropping method “SALIBU” achieved more yield than the main crop and could be used for the cultivation of perennial cropping. Although the SALIBU method is implementing 10 additional management practices to conventional method, the effect of each management practice is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect size and the robustness of each management practice. Methodology: We evaluated the effect size using an L16 orthogonal array design pot experiment. For the robustness, we duplicated the experiment under both standard and checked whether the practice shows the same effect size. The bad conditions were low plant density, no fertilization, continuous flooding water management, and late harvesting. Results: The ratoon rice yield was proportional to the number of ratoon tillers used as in conventionally produced ratoon rice. Late cutting was most affected to the number of ratoon tillers. Importantly, this effect was reversed; the effect was positive under bad conditions, but was negative under standard conditions. Furthermore, late irrigation, a recommended management practice, had a robust negative effect on ratoon tillers and yield under both the conditions. Positive large effects were shown in the bad condition only. Discussion: Our results show that the SALIBU cropping method includes practices with unstable, negative, or minimal effects. The practices have unstable effects should be clarifying the interaction with the condition. The practices that have negative effects should exclude. Using practice on small effect size should depend on a cost-benefit analysis. Conclusions: SALIBU will be acceptable to the Mekong Delta triple cropping rice cultivation without the additional practice of original SALIBU cropping method. However, further work is needed to clarify the interaction between late cutting and the cultivation condition, and on the negative effect of late irrigation.

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