scholarly journals Influence of Root Distribution on Preferential Flow in Deciduous and Coniferous Forest Soils

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziteng Luo ◽  
Jianzhi Niu ◽  
Baoyuan Xie ◽  
Linus Zhang ◽  
Xiongwen Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Root Distribution ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Rainfall Events

Root-induced channels are the primary controlling factors for rapid movement of water and solute in forest soils. To explore the effects of root distribution on preferential flow during rainfall events, deciduous (Quercus variabilis BI.) and coniferous forest (Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco) sites were selected to conduct dual-tracer experiments (Brilliant Blue FCF and Bromide [Br−]). Each plot (1.30 × 1.30 m) was divided into two subplots (0.65 × 1.30 m), and two rainfall simulations (40 mm, large rainfall and 70 mm, extreme rainfall) were conducted in these. Vertical soil profiles (1.00 m × 0.40 m) were excavated, and preferential flow path features were quantified based on digital image analysis. Root (fine and coarse) abundance and Br− concentration were investigated for each soil profile. In deciduous forest, accumulated roots in the upper soil layer induce larger lateral preferential flow as compared to the coniferous forest soil during large rainfall events. Compared with deciduous forest, coniferous forest soil, with higher (horizontal and vertical) spatial variability of preferential flow paths, promotes higher percolation and solute leaching to deeper soil layers during extreme rainfall events. Fine roots, accounting for a larger proportion of total roots (compared to coarse roots), facilitate preferential flow in the 0–40 cm forest soil layer. Overall, our results indicate that the root distribution pattern of different tree species can exert diverse effects on preferential flow in forest soils.

scholarly journals Does drought alter hydrological functions in forest soils?

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 1301-1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina F. Gimbel ◽  
Heike Puhlmann ◽  
Markus Weiler
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soils ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Water Drop ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽  
Dye Tracer ◽  
Infiltration Behavior ◽  
Tracer Experiments

Abstract. Climate change is expected to impact the water cycle and severely affect precipitation patterns across central Europe and in other parts of the world, leading to more frequent and severe droughts. Usually when projecting drought impacts on hydrological systems, it is assumed that system properties, like soil properties, remain stable and will not be affected by drought events. To study if this assumption is appropriate, we address the effects of drought on the infiltration behavior of forest soils using dye tracer experiments on six sites in three regions across Germany, which were forced into drought conditions. The sites cover clayey-, loamy- and sandy-textured soils. In each region, we compared a deciduous and a coniferous forest stand to address differences between the main tree species. The results of the dye tracer experiments show clear evidence for changes in infiltration behavior at the sites. The infiltration changed at the clayey plots from regular and homogeneous flow to fast preferential flow. Similar behavior was observed at the loamy plots, where large areas in the upper layers remained dry, displaying signs of strong water repellency. This was confirmed by water drop penetration time (WDPT) tests, which revealed, in all except one plot, moderate to severe water repellency. Water repellency was also accountable for the change of regular infiltration to fingered flow in the sandy soils. The results of this study suggest that the drought history or, more generally, the climatic conditions of a soil in the past are more important than the actual antecedent soil moisture status regarding hydrophobicity and infiltration behavior; furthermore, drought effects on infiltration need to be considered in hydrological models to obtain realistic predictions concerning water quality and quantity in runoff and groundwater recharge.

Methane uptake by various forest soils with and without litter

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Walkiewicz ◽  
Piotr Bulak ◽  
Bruce Osborne ◽  
Mohammad Ibrahim Khalil ◽  
Syed Faiz-ul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soils ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Atmospheric Methane ◽  
Litter Layer ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Dry Conditions

<p>Forest soils are often a sink for atmospheric methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and are thus worth special attention in the context of mitigation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and offset of agricultural GHG emissions at farm to national levels. The litter layer influences the exchange of GHGs between soil and atmosphere; however, most studies focus on the contribution of only soil to the CH<sub>4</sub> cycle. In order to improve the inventory of this gas, it is worth investigating how litter influences the exchange of GHGs. Its effect on CH<sub>4</sub> uptake may vary in deciduous and coniferous sites due to the different properties of litter. Field experiments were carried out to assess the CH<sub>4</sub> uptake capability in 5 different soil types (with and without litter) under different forest types (deciduous, coniferous, and mixed) in Poland. During summer 2019, the highest CH<sub>4</sub> uptake (about 2 mg C m<sup>-2</sup> day<sup>-1</sup>) in a variant without litter on the ground was detected in Dystric Cambisol (with the highest C/N ratio) under a 100-year-old coniferous forest and in Albic Luvisol under a 58-year-old mixed forest. The presence of the litter level reduced the CH<sub>4</sub> flux in the range of 6-27% in these locations. Methane consumption was the lowest in silty soils (~ 0.4 – 1 mg C m<sup>-2</sup> day<sup>-1</sup>) in the mixed forest and decreased by 13-29% when covered with the litter layer. The negative effect of the litter layer on CH<sub>4</sub> absorption was the lowest (~ 3-4%) in sandy Eutric Gleysol under a 75-year-old deciduous forest with 90% of oak and 10% of European hornbeam. The dry conditions in the summer 2019 (with total rainfall 163 mm during the tested months in the studied region) resulted in low moisture in both the litter and soil. However, even low-humidity litter (below 10%) reduced CH<sub>4</sub> consumption rates in the measured sites.</p><p>Research was partially conducted under the project financed by Polish National Centre for Research and Development within of ERA-NET CO-FUND ERA-GAS Programme (ERA-GAS/I/GHG-MANAGE/01/2018).</p>

Evidence for the involvement of the soil microbiota in the exclusion of Fusarium from coniferous forest soils

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Schisler ◽  
R. G. Linderman
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Propylene Oxide ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Nutritional Properties ◽  
Soil Microbiota ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Stimulation Of

Fusarium was recovered from only 1 of 14 Pacific Northwest coniferous forest soils but from all 7 nursery soils tested. Assays using high concentrations of Fusarium oxysporum macroconidia added to soil determined that forest soils stimulate macroconidial germination [Formula: see text] often followed by germ-tube lysis or the formation of stunted chlamydospores, while nursery soils support little macroconidial germination [Formula: see text]. Treatment of forest soils with aerated steam (minimum of 45 °C for 30 min), radiation, or propylene oxide reduced the amount of germination in forest soils, suggesting that the forest soil microbiota is involved in the stimulation of macroconidial germination. Bacteria isolated from F. oxysporum hyphae placed in forest, field, or nursery soils on nylon screens did not significantly influence germ-tube lysis when combined with macroconidia in a nutrient broth. Chemical, physical, and nutritional properties of forest soils likely affect the capacity of the forest soil microbiota to influence Fusarium macroconidial germination and germ-tube lysis.

Predicting water fluxes through forests from monthly precipitation and mean monthly air temperature records

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 864-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Arp ◽  
Xiwei Yin
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Water Fluxes ◽  
Temperature Records

A process-oriented computer model addressing all major water fluxes through forests is introduced. The model is driven by monthly mean air temperature, monthly precipitation, and mean snow fraction of that precipitation. Other data requirements are limited to latitude, proportions of coniferous and deciduous trees in the forest, thickness of each soil layer (forest floor, soil, and subsoil), and clay fraction (or texture) of each mineral soil layer. The number of parameters to be calibrated is kept at a minimum. Parameter calibration is applicable across sites without further modification unless warranted by outstanding physical differences. The model successfully reproduces available data on throughfall, snowpack, forest floor percolate, soil water content, and streamflow from a deciduous forest in Ontario (Turkey Lakes) and a coniferous forest in Quebec (Lake Laflamme).

Nitrosospira, an important ammonium-oxidizing bacterium in fertilized coniferous forest soil

1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pertti J. Martikainen ◽  
Eeva-Liisa Nurmiaho-Lassila
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Doubling Time ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Pure Cultures

Among ammonium-oxidizing autotrophic nitrifiers only Nitrosospira was found in two pine forest soils fertilized with urea or wood ash in southern Finland. A strain isolated from an ash-treated soil was partially characterized. The cells were spirals, mostly of one to three turns; they were either flagellated or not and pili were found. The strain grew best at 20–27 °C at Po2 of 0.21 (shortest doubling time, 29 h). Km(O2) at 27 °C was 0.20 mg/L. Activity per cell during exponential growth ranged from 0.0060 to 0.0085 pmol [Formula: see text] and growth yield from 2.53 × 106 to 3.60 × 106 cells/μmol [Formula: see text]. Pure cultures could not be isolated from urea-fertilized soils. Hyphomicrobium- and seliberia-like bacteria were frequent contaminants of enrichment cultures in these soils. Reasons for the persistence of Nitrosospira in forest soil were discussed.

ABSENCE OF PREFERENTIAL FLOW IN THE PERCOLATING WATERS OF A CONIFEROUS FOREST SOIL

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 575-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. RAWLINS ◽  
A. J. BAIRD ◽  
S. T. TRUDGILL ◽  
M. HORNUNG
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Coniferous Forest

Effects of clear-cutting on the composition of bacterial populations of northern spruce forest soil

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seppo Niemelä ◽  
Veronica Sundman
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Humus Layer

This paper concerns the microbiological part of an investigation, the goal of which is to describe the biological changes in coniferous forest soil upon clear-cutting in a northern (66°20′ N) moraine area where reforestation after clear-cutting had been met with difficulty. The zoological part of the work has been published elsewhere. Clear-cut sites of increasing age (4, 7, and 13 years) were investigated and compared with a forest area where no cutting of timber had been done for 120 years.A total of 684 random isolates of heterotrophic bacteria from pooled samples of the sites investigated were passed through 36 biochemical tests. The data were condensed by the aid of factor analysis, and a comparison of the populations was based on squared Euclidean distances between population centroids in a seven-dimensional factor space.The most marked population changes followed a course in which frequencies of some population characteristics became increasingly different until 7 years after clear-cutting, with regression towards the control clearly evident after 13 years. Disturbances of shorter duration were also relatively common, with maximal changes observed in the 4-year samples, and with a complete recovery after 7 years.The mineral soil populations seemed to undergo greater changes than the humus populations.The most distinct changes believed to be due to clear-cutting were the short-term relative increase of organisms producing acid from sucrose and dissolving CaHPO4, and a long-term increase of lipolytic and caseolytic, rhamnose-negative organisms; both in the mineral soil layer. In the humus layer, a short-term increase of lipolytic and of rhamnose-positive organisms seemed to take place.

Greenhouse gas fluxes from boreal forest soils during the snow-free period in Quebec, Canada

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 666-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Ullah ◽  
Rebeccah Frasier ◽  
Luc Pelletier ◽  
Tim R. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Wetland Soil ◽  
Spruce Forest ◽  
Soil N Mineralization ◽  
Aspen Forest

This paper presents soil fluxes of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2) from 12 sites located in four major forest types, black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP), jack pine ( Pinus banksiana Lamb.), aspen ( Populus spp.), and alder ( Alnus spp.) stands, in the Eastmain and Chibougamau regions of Quebec. Fluxes were determined with closed chambers during the snow-free period from May to October 2007. Well-drained black spruce, jack pine, and aspen forest soils were net sinks of atmospheric CH4 (–0.33 ± 0.11 mg·m–2·day–1), while alder-dominated wetland soils were sources of CH4 (0.45 ± 0.12 mg·m–2·day–1). The cut-over alder wetland soil produced 131 times more CH4 than the undisturbed wetland soil. Soil moisture and temperature mainly regulated CH4 fluxes. N2O fluxes from these forest soils were highly variable and smaller (1.6 ± 0.33 µg N·m–2·h–1) than those from deciduous forest soils. N2O emission from the cut-over black spruce forest soil was 2.7 times greater than that from the mature black spruce forest soil. Large C/N ratios (27 to 78) and slow soil N mineralization and nitrification rates in these forest soils may have led to small N2O fluxes. CO2 emissions from these forest soils, ranging from 0.20 to 2.7 g·m–2·day–1, were mainly controlled by soil temperature.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model Biome-BGCMuSo for Modelling Soil Organic Carbon under Different Land Uses

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 968
Author(s):  
Maša Zorana Ostrogović Ostrogović Sever ◽  
Zoltán Barcza ◽  
Dóra Hidy ◽  
Anikó Kern ◽  
Doroteja Dimoski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem Model

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a mandatory pool in national inventory reports on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals to the UNFCCC. Hence, its accurate assessment is important. Modelling SOC changes for national GHG reports is encouraged, but the uncertainty related to this pool still presents a significant challenge; thus, verifying modelling results with field observations is essential. We used the process-based model Biome-BGCMuSo and assessed its suitability for use in Croatia’s GHG reporting. We modelled SOC stocks in the top 30 cm of the mineral soil layer (SOC30) for four different land-use (LU) categories (Deciduous/Coniferous Forest, Grassland and Annual Cropland) distributed in three biogeographical regions (Alpine, Continental and Mediterranean) and compared them with results of a national soil survey. A total of 573 plot level simulations were undertaken and results were evaluated at three stratification levels (LU, LU × biogeographical region, and plot). The model reproduced the overall country mean of SOC30 with no overall bias, and showed good performance at the LU level with no significant (p < 0.05) difference for all LUs except Deciduous Forest (11% overestimation). At finer stratifications, the model performance considerably worsened. Further model calibration, improvement and testing, as well as repeated soil survey are needed in order to assess the changes in SOC30 and to evaluate the potential of the Biome-BGCMuSo model for use in GHG reporting.

scholarly journals Does drought alter hydrological functions in forest soils? An infiltration experiment

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 7689-7725 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Gimbel ◽  
H. Puhlmann ◽  
M. Weiler
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soils ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽  
Dye Tracer ◽  
Infiltration Behavior ◽  
Tracer Experiments

Abstract. The water cycle is expected to change in future and severely affect precipitation patterns across central Europe and in other parts of the world, leading to more frequent and severe droughts. Usually, it is assumed that system properties, like soil properties, remain stable and will not be affected by drought events. To study if this assumption is appropriate, we address the effects of drought on the infiltration behavior of forest soils using dye tracer experiments on six sites in three regions across Germany, which were forced into drought conditions. The sites cover clayey, loamy and sandy textured soils. In each region, we compared a deciduous and a coniferous forest stand to address differences between the main tree species. The results of the dye tracer experiments show clear evidence for changes in infiltration behavior at the sites. The infiltration changed at the clayey plots from regular and homogeneous flow to fast preferential flow. Similar behavior was observed at the loamy plots, where large areas in the upper layers remained dry, displaying signs of strong water repellency. This was confirmed by WDPT tests, which revealed, in all except one plot, moderate to severe water repellency. Water repellency was also accountable for the change of regular infiltration to fingered flow in the sandy soils. The results of this study suggest that the "drought-history" or generally the climatic conditions in the past of a soil are more important than the actual antecedent soil moisture status regarding hydrophobicity and infiltration behavior; and also, that drought effects on infiltration need to be considered in hydrological models to obtain realistic predictions concerning water quality and quantity in runoff and groundwater recharge.

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