Defoliation by insects reduces the wood quality and cellulosic pulp production

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 489-495
Author(s):  
Antonio José Vinha Zanuncio ◽  
Amélia Guimarães Carvalho ◽  
Mariane Bueno de Camargo ◽  
Flaviana Reis Milagres ◽  
Vinícius Resende de Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Quality ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Extractive Content ◽  
Eucalyptus Saligna ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Cellulosic Pulp ◽  
G Ratio ◽  
Pulp Production

AbstractDefoliating insects damage forest plantations, but the estimation of their losses does not take into account wood quality changes. The objective was to evaluate the wood quality and pulp production of two clones of Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla (clone A) and Eucalyptus saligna (clone B) damaged or not by defoliating insects. Five healthy trees and five attacked by Gonipterus platensis Marelli (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were selected per clone. The wood volume per hectare in the affected settlements was at least 9% lower and damaged trees showed lower wood basic density, with at least 4.6%. The lignin and extractive content in the wood increased by at least 5.6 and 45%, respectively, while the syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio remained constant for clone A and increased 10% for clone B. For pulps, an increased effective alkali and decreased pulp yield were experienced for both clones while bleaching or pulp quality was not affected. In the stands affected by defoliating insects, productivity was 9 and 19% lower considering the wood volume per hectare and 15 and 24% considering the cellulose pulp production per hectare, respectively.

scholarly journals DAMAGE BY DEFOLIATING INSECTS AND ITS EFFECT ON THE QUALITY OF WOOD FOR CHARCOAL PRODUCTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 933-938
Author(s):  
ANTONIO JOSÉ VINHA ZANUNCIO ◽  
AMÉLIA GUIMARÃES CARVALHO ◽  
CARLOS MIGUEL SIMÕES DA SILVA ◽  
VINÍCIUS RESENDE DE CASTRO ◽  
ANGÉLICA DE CASSIA OLIVEIRA CARNEIRO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Quality ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Charcoal Production ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Eucalyptus Saligna ◽  
B Trees ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Holocellulose Content

The objective of the present work has been to evaluate the impact of damage caused by defoliating insects on wood quality and charcoal production, and to quantify the losses per hectare according to the charcoal produced. Seven-year-old Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla (clone A) and Eucalyptus saligna (clone B) trees, both in healthy condition and damaged by defoliating insects, were selected, with five trees to be used per treatment. Wood disks were removed from the trees at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the commercial height for analyzing the properties of the wood and for preparing and characterizing the charcoal. Damage by defoliating insects decreased the basic density of the trees at all axial positions by up to 23 kg m-3. Also, the extractives and lignin contents increased, while the holocellulose content decreased in the attacked plants. Changes in the wood characteristics led to increased fixed carbon content and gravimetric yield, and a decrease in density. The charcoal productivity from the plants damaged by defoliating insects was lower, mainly because of the decrease in volumetric production.

scholarly journals BIOMASS AND ENERGY PRODUCTION AT SHORT ROTATION Eucalyptus CLONAL PLANTATIONS DEPLOYED IN RIO GRANDE DO NORTE1

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maraísa Costa Ferreira ◽  
Rosimeire Cavalcante dos Santos ◽  
Renato Vinícius Oliveira Castro ◽  
Angélica de Cássia Oliveira Carneiro ◽  
Gualter Guenther Costa da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Volumetric Growth ◽  
Energy Productivity ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Calorific Power

ABSTRACT This study aimed to estimate the biomass and energy of a clonal planting short rotation experiment with hybrids of Eucalyptus urophylla ST Blake x Eucalyptus grandis (Hill) Maiden, deployed in 3 m x 3 m spacing, at the Academic Unit Specialized in Agricultural Sciences, Macaíba/RN. The analysis were performed at the Laboratory Panels and Wood Energy, Federal University of Viçosa, in which the following ratings on wood three cultivars (GG100 ; AEC0144 and AEC0224) were performed: determination of basic density, high calorific power, chemical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and subsequent calculations for estimating the mass production and energy were performed. The base (10 cm from the ground), the third and two thirds of commercial tree height: composed for analysis, taken from three points along the stem samples were used. The design of the experiment was a completely randomized. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey test (a= 0.05). The clone who excelled in the first year of planting was the GG100 with 11,805 kW.h.ha-1 of energy productivity, followed by clone AEC0224 (6,755 kW.h.ha-1) and AEC0144 (4,405 kW.h.ha-1). The performance of this clone was due to mainly the higher volumetric growth. The wood quality among clones showed little difference. It should stimulate the deployments of species of short rotation in the state of RN to supply the elevated energy demand of forest biomass in the region.

scholarly journals Potential of C. citriodora wood species for kraft pulp production

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Segura ◽  
Francides Da Silva, Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Wood Species ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Wood Fiber ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Fiber Morphology ◽  
Tissue Paper ◽  
Pulp Production

This work characterizes the wood from Corymbia citriodora for pulp production. We evaluated wood chip samples from an 8-year-old C. citriodora plantation. A sample of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla chips from a 7-year-old plantation was used as reference material. Wood fiber morphology and chemical composition were analyzed. A modified kraft pulping was carried out to achieve kappa 18 on brownstock pulps. After that, pulps were oxygen delignified, and then underwent elemental chlorine free (ECF) bleaching to achieve the target brightness of 90±0.5% ISO. The bleached pulps were refined in a PFI mill at 0, 750, 1500, and 3000 revolutions, and their physical-mechanical properties were analyzed. C. citriodora wood had a relatively high wood basic density (0.568 g/cm³), low lignin content (22.3%), and high holocellulose content (73.1%) compared with E. grandis x E. urophylla. The fibers of this species had 1.07 mm length, 16.1 μm width, and 66% wall fraction, which reflect its high basic density. For the same kappa number, C. citriodora and E. grandis x E. urophylla yields were similar – the main pulping highlight for this wood species is the low specific wood consumption – 2.93 m³/a.d. ton. C. citriodora pulp had a relatively lower kappa number after oxygen delignification and lower bleaching chemical demand than Eucalyptus pulp. C. citriodora pulp had a high specific volume and capillarity, and low water retention value. The physical properties of C. citriodora suggest that it might be suitable for use in tissue paper manufacturing.

scholarly journals Quality of wood and pulp from a clone of Eucalyptus grandis planted at three locations

CERNE ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudio Angeli Sansígolo ◽  
Éder da Silva Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Wood Quality ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Chemical Analyses

Eucalyptus grandis is one of the most popular species to use as raw material for pulp production in Brazil, as it provides excellent pulping, bleaching and papermaking results. The main objective of this study is to examine the quality of wood and pulp from a clone of Eucalyptus grandis, at age 4 years approximately, planted in three different soils, two of which being low fertility and one being a superior fertility soil, and their reflections on wood quality and pulping results. Chemical analyses of the soils followed guidelines developed by Raij et al. (2001), while physical and chemical properties of the wood followed ABTCP, TAPPI and ABNT standards. Chemical analyses of the soils pointed to lower fertility in Fazenda Limeira and Fazenda Tapera Queimada as opposed to higher fertility in Fazenda Mendes União. Results revealed stronger tendencies for the stand grown in the less fertile soils (Fazenda Limeira and Fazenda Tapera Queimada) in comparison to the stand grown in more fertile soil (Fazenda Mendes União) as to: higher wood and bark basic density, lower height and dry matter content, higher bark content, lower extractives content and higher holocellulose content, higher total and screened yields from pulping, lower specific wood consumption/t of pulp, and higher tear and tensile indices at low refining levels.

scholarly journals Wood and Pulping Properties Variation of Acacia crassicarpa A.Cunn. ex Benth. and Sampling Strategies for Accurate Phenotyping

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Salgado Martins ◽  
Muhammad Yuliarto ◽  
Rudine Antes ◽  
Sabki ◽  
Agung Prasetyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Acacia Crassicarpa ◽  
G Ratio ◽  
Whole Tree

Research Highlights: This study provides a comprehensive set of wood and pulping properties of Acacia crassicarpa A.Cunn. ex Benth. to assess variation and efficient sampling strategies for whole-tree level phenotyping. Background and Objectives: A. crassicarpa is an important tree species in Southeast Asia, with limited knowledge about its wood properties. The objective of this study was to characterize important wood properties and pulping performance of improved germplasm of the species. Furthermore, we investigated within-tree patterns of variation and evaluated the efficiency of phenotyping strategies. Materials and Methods: Second-generation progeny trials were studied, where forty 50-month-old trees were selected for destructive sampling and assessed for wood density, kraft pulp yield, α-cellulose, carbohydrate composition, and lignin content and composition (S/G ratio). We estimated the phenotypic correlations among traits determined within-tree longitudinal variation and its importance for whole-tree level phenotyping. Results: The mean whole-tree disc basic density was 481 kg/m3, and the screened kraft pulp yield was 53.8%. The reliabilities of each sampling position to predict whole-tree properties varied with different traits. For basic density, pulp yield, and glucose content, the ground-level sampling could reliably predict the whole-tree property. With near infrared reflectance spectroscopy predictions as an indirect measurement method for disc basic density, we verified reduced reliability values for breast height sampling but sufficiently correlated to allow accurate ranking and efficient selection of genotypes in a breeding program context. Conclusions: We demonstrated the quality of A. crassicarpa as a wood source for the pulping industry. The wood and pulping traits have high levels of phenotypic variation, and standing tree sampling strategies can be performed for both ranking and high-accuracy phenotyping purposes.

scholarly journals Mapping of QTLs related with wood quality and developmental characteristics in hybrids (Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla)

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Barros Rocha ◽  
Everaldo Gonçalves Barros ◽  
Cosme Damião Cruz ◽  
Antônio Marcos Rosado ◽  
Elza Fernandes de Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Composite Interval Mapping ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Phenotypic Selection ◽  
Interval Mapping ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Early Selection ◽  
Pulp Yield

The present work aimed to characterize and identify QTLs for wood quality and growth traits in E. grandis x E. urophylla hybrids. For this purpose a RAPD linkage map was developed for the hybrids (LOD=3 and r=0.40) containing 52 markers and 12 linkage groups. Traits related to wood quality and growth were evaluated in the QTL analyses. QTL analyses were performed using chi-square tests, single-marker, interval mapping and composite interval mapping analyses. All approaches led to the identification of similar QTLs associated with wood density, cellulose pulp yield and percentage of extractives, which were detected and confirmed by both the interval mapping and composite interval mapping methodologies. Some QTLs regions were confirmed only by the composite interval mapping methodology: percentage of soluble lignin, percentage of insoluble lignin, CBH and total height. Overlapping QTLs regions were detected, and these, can be the result of major genes involved in the regulation and control of the growth traits by epistatic interactions. In order to evaluate the effect of early selection using RAPD molecular data, molecular markers adjacent to QTLs were used genotype selection. The analysis of selection differential values suggests that for all the traits the phenotypic selection at seven years should generate larger genetic gains than early selection assisted by molecular markers and the combination of the strategies should elevate the selection efficiency.

scholarly journals CHEMICAL AND ENERGETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla CLONES SUBJECT TO WIND DAMAGE

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio José Vinha Zanuncio ◽  
Amélia Guimarães Carvalho ◽  
Angelica de Cassia Oliveira Carneiro ◽  
Jorge Luiz Colodette ◽  
Maria Fernanda Vieira Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Wind Damage ◽  
Eucalyptus Urophylla ◽  
Energetic Characterization ◽  
G Ratio

ABSTRACT Wind damages are common in forest plantations and the use of this wood can minimize losses. The objective was to evaluate the chemical composition and the energetic potential of wood and charcoal from trees subject to wind damage. Eight (A to H) two-years-old Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla clones were selected in a region where wind damage is frequent. The basic density, calorific value, chemical composition of wood and calorific value, immediate chemistry and gravimetric yield of charcoal were determined for all clones. Materials with high lignin content and low S/G ratio had higher gravimetric yield. The energy density of wood and charcoal showed high relationship with the basic and apparent relative density, respectively. All materials showed potential for bioenergy, but the clone E stood out with higher gravimetric yield and energy density.

Chemical, anatomical, and technology aspects of Eucalyptus benthamii and Eucalyptus dunii for use in an integrated pulp and paper mill

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
GISELY SAMISTRARO ◽  
PETER W. HART ◽  
JORGE LUIZ COLODETTE ◽  
RICARDO PAIM
Keyword(s):  
Energy Levels ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Physical Strength

Eucalyptus dunii has been commercially used in southern Brazil because of its relatively good frost tolerance and adequate productivity in the winter months. More recently, interest has grown in cultivating Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden & Cambage, which presents even superior frost tolerance compared to E. dunii and is highly productive as well. The quality of E. benthamii for pulp production is not yet proven. Thus, the chemical, anatomical, and technological aspects of pulp made from E. benthamii were compared with those of E. dunii for unbleached paper production. Samples of E. benthamii chips were obtained and analyzed for their basic density, chemical composition, higher heating value, trace elemental analysis, and chip size distribution. The chips were kraft cooked using conditions that produced a 74 ± 6 kappa number. The pulps were characterized for kappa number, yield, viscosity, and morphologic characteristics (e.g., length, wall thickness, and coarseness). Black liquor was analyzed for total solids, organics, inorganics, sodium sulfide, sodium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate. Brownstocks were beaten at five different energy levels in a Valley beater, and the physical strength properties of 120 g/m² handsheets were measured to develop a beater curve. The results of this study showed differences in delignification between the two woods and lower pulp yield for E. benthamii , which are related to their chemical compositions and basic densities. The E. benthamii studied in this work exhibited higher amounts of lignin and extractives, lower carbohydrate content, and lower basic density. However, cooking a blend of the two woods afforded good results in pulping and in physical pulp properties.

Genetic control of kraft pulp yield in Eucalyptus globulus

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 917-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desmond J. Stackpole ◽  
René E. Vaillancourt ◽  
Geoffrey M. Downes ◽  
Christopher E. Harwood ◽  
Brad M. Potts
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Narrow Sense Heritability ◽  
Selection Gradients ◽  
Economic Worth

Pulp yield is an important breeding objective for Eucalyptus globulus Labill., but evaluation of its genetic control and genetic correlations with other traits has been limited by its high assessment cost. We used near infrared spectroscopy to study genetic variation in pulp yield and other traits in a 16-year-old E. globulus trial. Pulp yield was predicted for 2165 trees from 467 open-pollinated families from 17 geographic subraces. Significant differences between subraces and between families within subraces were detected for all traits. The high pulp yield of southern Tasmanian subraces suggested that their economic worth was previously underestimated. The narrow-sense heritability of pulp yield was medium (0.40). The significant positive genetic correlation between pulp yield and diameter (0.52) was at odds with the generally neutral values reported. The average of the reported genetic correlations between pulp yield and basic density (0.50) was also at odds with our nonsignificant estimate. Pulp yield of the subraces increased with increasing latitude, producing a negative correlation with density (–0.58). The absence of genetic correlations within subraces between pulp yield and density suggests that the correlation may be an independent response of the two traits to the same or different selection gradients that vary with latitude.

Kraft pulping and bleaching of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (water hyacinth)

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 9243-9264
Author(s):  
Luis Fernando Pintor-Ibarra ◽  
José de Jesús Rivera-Prado ◽  
Sarai Ramos-Vargas ◽  
Teófilo Escoto-García ◽  
Nancy Eloisa Rodríguez-Olalde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Eichhornia Crassipes ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Inorganic Elements ◽  
Wood Fibers ◽  
Pulp Bleaching ◽  
Cellulosic Pulp ◽  
Unbleached Pulp

Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) was pulped by means of a kraft pulping process with reagent loads of 10 and 20% on a dry matter basis to determine yield, rejects, kappa number, and ash. Fiber classification, brightness, opacity, and viscosity were measured in the brown pulp. Bleaching was performed by means of an O1O2D1(PO)D2HD3 sequence. Yield, kappa number, pH, ash, brightness, opacity, and viscosity were evaluated in the bleached pulp. Finally, a microanalysis of inorganic elements was carried out in both the bleached and unbleached pulp ash. The highest kraft pulp yield was 26.4%, with a 10% reagent load at 120 °C and 30 minutes cooking. It was determined that E. crassipes cellulosic pulp contains large amounts of fines. Results of the bleaching sequence indicate low brightness (58.0 %) and low viscosity (6.43 cP). The most abundant inorganic elements in the ash of both bleached and unbleached pulp were Ca, Mg, P, and Si. These results suggest that E. crassipes biomass might complement cellulosic fibers in pulping processes of low yield, such as the wood fibers used to produce handmade paper.

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