Modelling the Material Resistance of Wood—Part 1: Utilizing Durability Test Data Based on Different Reference Wood Species

To evaluate the performance of new wood-based products, reference wood species with known performances are included in laboratory and field trials. However, different wood species vary in their durability performance, and there will also be a within-species variation. The primary aim of this paper was to compare the material resistance against decay fungi and moisture performance of three European reference wood species, i.e., Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies), and European beech (Fagus sylvatica). Wood material was collected from 43 locations all over Europe and exposed to brown rot (Rhodonia placenta), white rot (Trametes versicolor) or soft rot fungi. In addition, five different moisture performance characteristics were analyzed. The main results were the two factors accounting for the wetting ability (kwa) and the inherent protective properties of wood (kinh), factors for conversion between Norway spruce vs. Scots pine sapwood or European beech for the three decay types and four moisture tests, and material resistance dose (DRd) per wood species. The data illustrate that the differences between the three European reference wood species were minor, both with regard to decay and moisture performance. The results also highlight the importance of defined boundaries for density and annual ring width when comparing materials within and between experiments. It was concluded that with the factors obtained, existing, and future test data, where only one or two of the mentioned reference species were used, can be transferred to models and prediction tools that use another of the reference species.

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Impacts of soil moisture on de novo monoterpene emissions from European beech, Holm oak, Scots pine, and Norway spruce

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-12-177-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 177-191 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

C. Wu ◽

I. Pullinen ◽

S. Andres ◽

G. Carriero ◽

S. Fares ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Norway Spruce ◽

Scots Pine ◽

De Novo ◽

European Beech ◽

Holm Oak ◽

Factorial Approach ◽

Moisture Dependence ◽

The Relationship ◽

Mild Drought

Abstract. Impacts of soil moisture on de novo monoterpene (MT) emissions from Holm oak, European beech, Scots pine, and Norway spruce were studied in laboratory experiments. The volumetric water content of the soil, Θ, was used as the reference quantity to parameterize the dependency of MT emissions on soil moisture and to characterize the severity of the drought. When Θ dropped from 0.4 m3 × m−3 to ~0.2 m3 × m−3 slight increases of de novo MT emissions were observed but with further progressing drought the emissions decreased to almost zero. In most cases the increases of MT emissions observed under conditions of mild drought were explainable by increases of leaf temperature due to lowered transpirational cooling. When Θ fell below certain thresholds, MT emissions decreased simultaneously with Θ and the relationship between Θ and MT emissions was approximately linear. The thresholds of Θ (0.044–0.19 m3 × m−3) were determined, as well as other parameters required to describe the soil moisture dependence of de novo MT emissions for application in the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature, MEGAN. A factorial approach was found appropriate to describe the impacts of Θ, temperature, and light. Temperature and Θ influenced the emissions largely independently from each other, and, in a similar manner, light intensity and Θ acted independently on de novo MT emissions. The use of Θ as the reference quantity in a factorial approach was tenable in predicting constitutive de novo MT emissions when Θ changed on a time scale of days. Empirical parameterization with Θ as a reference was only unsuccessful when soil moisture changed rapidly

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Decay resistance of sapwood and heartwood of untreated and thermally modified Scots pine and Norway spruce compared with some other wood species

Wood Material Science and Engineering ◽

10.1080/17480270903326140 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 4 (3-4) ◽

pp. 105-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Sini Metsä-Kortelainen ◽

Hannu Viitanen

Keyword(s):

Norway Spruce ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Wood Species ◽

Decay Resistance

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Changes in soil organic C and N stocks after forest transformation from Norway spruce and Scots pine into Douglas fir, Douglas fir/spruce, or European beech stands at different sites in Southern Germany

Forest Ecology and Management ◽

10.1016/j.foreco.2011.12.034 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 269 ◽

pp. 134-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Jörg Prietzel ◽

Sven Bachmann

Keyword(s):

Norway Spruce ◽

Scots Pine ◽

European Beech ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Soil Organic C ◽

Organic C ◽

Southern Germany ◽

Forest Transformation ◽

C And N

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Control of Nitrous Oxide Emissions in European Beech, Norway Spruce and Scots Pine Forests

Biogeochemistry ◽

10.1007/s10533-005-2901-8 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 76 (1) ◽

pp. 141-159 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

W. Borken ◽

F. Beese

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Norway Spruce ◽

Scots Pine ◽

European Beech ◽

Pine Forests ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Scots Pine Forests

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Radial growth of Scots pine and Norway spruce stands as an indicator of soil and environmental conditions

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/875/1/012074 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 875 (1) ◽

pp. 012074

Author(s):

B Aparin ◽

B Babikov ◽

D Zolotukhin ◽

E Mingareeva

Keyword(s):

Norway Spruce ◽

Tree Ring ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Radial Growth ◽

Ring Width ◽

Tree Ring Width ◽

Average Growth ◽

Cyclical Pattern ◽

Spruce Stands ◽

Successive Change

Abstract The study presents an analysis of radial growth of Scots pine and Norway spruce trees growing on drained soils formed on varved clays at the sample sites of the Lisino Experimental Forestry (Lisino). Based on dendrochronological studies in Lisino, it has been found that the radial growth of Scots pine and Norway spruce is a sensitive indicator of changes in the soil water regime, climate, and phytocenotic relationships. On the basis of the character of tree-ring width growth, the growth charts allowed distinguishing zones with close to average growth values, as well as with increased and decreased values of radial growth. The cyclical pattern of tree ring width is well expressed in the successive change of zones. The availability of dendrochronological research materials with precise spatial and temporal reference makes it possible to organize monitoring of radial growth of trees as an indicator of changes in climate and habitat conditions.

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Landscape-Scale Mixtures of Tree Species are More Effective than Stand-Scale Mixtures for Biodiversity of Vascular Plants, Bryophytes and Lichens

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10010073 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 73 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Steffi Heinrichs ◽

Christian Ammer ◽

Martina Mund ◽

Steffen Boch ◽

Sabine Budde ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Norway Spruce ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Tree Species ◽

Vascular Plants ◽

European Beech ◽

Landscape Scale ◽

Gamma Diversity ◽

Mixed Stands ◽

Scale Mixtures ◽

Species Mixtures

Tree species diversity can positively affect the multifunctionality of forests. This is why conifer monocultures of Scots pine and Norway spruce, widely promoted in Central Europe since the 18th and 19th century, are currently converted into mixed stands with naturally dominant European beech. Biodiversity is expected to benefit from these mixtures compared to pure conifer stands due to increased abiotic and biotic resource heterogeneity. Evidence for this assumption is, however, largely lacking. Here, we investigated the diversity of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens at the plot (alpha diversity) and at the landscape (gamma diversity) level in pure and mixed stands of European beech and conifer species (Scots pine, Norway spruce, Douglas fir) in four regions in Germany. We aimed to identify compositions of pure and mixed stands in a hypothetical forest landscape that can optimize gamma diversity of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens within regions. Results show that gamma diversity of the investigated groups is highest when a landscape comprises different pure stands rather than tree species mixtures at the stand scale. Species mainly associated with conifers rely on light regimes that are only provided in pure conifer forests, whereas mixtures of beech and conifers are more similar to beech stands. Combining pure beech and pure conifer stands at the landscape scale can increase landscape level biodiversity and conserve species assemblages of both stand types, while landscapes solely composed of stand scale tree species mixtures could lead to a biodiversity reduction of a combination of investigated groups of 7 up to 20%.

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Site and temporal variation of soil respiration in European beech, Norway spruce, and Scots pine forests

Global Change Biology ◽

10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00547.x ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 1205-1216 ◽

Cited By ~ 130

Author(s):

WERNER BORKEN ◽

YI-JUN XU ◽

ERIC A. DAVIDSON ◽

FRIEDRICH BEESE

Keyword(s):

Soil Respiration ◽

Temporal Variation ◽

Norway Spruce ◽

Scots Pine ◽

European Beech ◽

Pine Forests ◽

Scots Pine Forests

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Vertical gradients of potential enzyme activities in soil profiles of European beech, Norway spruce and Scots pine dominated forest sites

Pedobiologia ◽

10.1016/j.pedobi.2014.03.003 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 57 (3) ◽

pp. 181-189 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Nadine Herold ◽

Ingo Schöning ◽

Doreen Berner ◽

Heike Haslwimmer ◽

Ellen Kandeler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Norway Spruce ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Enzyme Activities ◽

European Beech ◽

Soil Profiles ◽

Forest Sites ◽

Vertical Gradients

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Effects of white rot and brown rot decay on the drilling resistance measurements in wood

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2017-0204 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 72 (10) ◽

pp. 905-913 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Evgenii Sharapov ◽

Christian Brischke ◽

Holger Militz ◽

Elena Smirnova

Keyword(s):

Scots Pine ◽

Free Water ◽

Brown Rot ◽

European Beech ◽

White Rot ◽

Drilling Tool ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Brown Rot Decay ◽

Drilling Resistance ◽

The Impact

AbstractAn IML-RESI PD 400 drilling tool and a standard spade drill bit (IML System GmbH, Wiesloch, Germany) were used to study the impact of white and brown rot decay on drilling resistance (DR) measurements in wood. In total, 720 drillings were made in specimens of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) heartwood and sapwood, European beech (Fagus sylvaticaL.) and English oak (Quercus roburL.), which were decayed byConiophora puteanaandTrametes versicolor. Drillings were made with specimens conditioned in normal climate (20°C/65% RH) and with specimens vacuum-impregnated in water. DR and feeding force (FF) were negatively correlated with mass loss (ML) due to fungal decay. The intensity of reduction was higher for DR than for FF with increasing ML for all decay types and moisture contents (MCs). A significant difference (at 95% confidence level) in DR was found between decay types using water-saturated (WS) Scots pine specimens (3–35% ML). In most cases, DR revealed a higher predictive power of the models for ML prediction than FF. Free water in decayed specimens significantly reduced the DR and FF. Hence, the effect of ML on DR and FF of decayed and WS wood was less prominent.

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