scholarly journals Quercus rotundifolia Bark as a Source of Polar Extracts: Structural and Chemical Characterization

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1160
Author(s):  
Vicelina Sousa ◽  
Joana P. A. Ferreira ◽  
Isabel Miranda ◽  
Teresa Quilhó ◽  
Helena Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Content ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Polar Extracts ◽  
Antioxidant Characteristics ◽  
Quercus Rotundifolia

Quercus rotundifolia bark was studied regarding anatomical, chemical, and antioxidant properties from trees in two sites in southern Portugal and are here reported for the first time. The general structure and anatomy of Q. rotundifolia bark showed a rhytidome with sequential undulated and anastomosed periderms with a small proportion of cork, while the phloem included broad rays with strong cell sclerification, groups of sclereids with embed large prismatic crystals, and abundant druses in parenchyma cells. The mean chemical composition was 15.5% ash, 1.6% dichloromethane extractives, 6.4% ethanol and 9.3% water extractives, 3.0% suberin, 30.5% total lignin, and 33.8% carbohydrates. Carbohydrates included mainly glucose (50.7% of total monomers) and xylose (23.8%), with uronic (3.0%) and acetic acids (1.0%). Suberin was mainly composed of ω-hydroxyacids (48.0% of all compounds) and α,ω-diacids (19.5%). The main compounds found in the lipophilic extracts were triterpenes (43.6%–56.2% of all compounds) and alkanoic acids (32.7%–41.7%). Phenolic content was high especially in the ethanol extracts, ranging from 219.5–572.9 mg GAE/g extract and comprising 162.5–247.5 CE/g extract of flavonoids and 41.2–294.1 CE/g extract of condensed tannins. The extracts revealed very good antioxidant properties with IC50 values of 4.4 µg ethanol extract/mL and 4.7 µg water extract/mL. Similar anatomical, chemical, and antioxidant characteristics were found in the bark from both sites. The high phenolic content and excellent antioxidant characteristics of polar extracts showed holm oak barks to be a promising natural source of antioxidants with possible use in industry and pharmaceutical/medical areas.

Phytochemical and antioxidant properties of Algerian Medicago Sativa L. Water, Ethenol and Chloroform extract

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
Hanane Megdad ◽  
Samuel Chiomokhare ◽  
Ahmed M’Hamedi ◽  
Paul L Chazot
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

Plant natural products have a long history of being a rich source of neuroactive drugs.The total phenolic and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of ethanol, chloroform and aqueous extracts of AlgerianMedicagoSativaL, leaves were measured to discover new potential sources of Algerian natural antioxidants and neuroactives. All extracts were non-neurotoxic up to 1 mg/ ml for 24 h exposure. The total phenolcontent of M.Sativa extracts ranged between 38 and 69 mg GAE per g extracts. All of the extracts displayed antioxidant capacityassessed by two methods, but at different levels depending on the concentration and the extraction solvent used. The overall antioxidant potency was in the order water > chloroform> ethanol extracts, and the phenolic content exhibited a positive correlation with the antioxidant activity of M. Sativa extracts.Despite a weaker antioxidant activity, the ethanol extract elicited a calcium spike and suppressed the KCl-induced depolarisation response in neurons, indicating effect on ligand-and/or voltage gated calcium channels. In contrast, the chloroform and water extractsdisplayed no apparent direct functional effects. In conclusion, the antioxidant and functional properties related to phenolic content of Algerian Medicago Sativa L. in water and ethanol extracts, respectively.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Teknik dan Pelarut Ekstraksi Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan dari Empat Jenis Ekstrak Daun Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 014-019
Author(s):  
Ari Sri Windyaswari ◽  
Yenni Karlina ◽  
Amalia` Junita
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Hibiscus Sabdariffa ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Radical Method ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Infusion Method

Tanaman rosella merupakan tanaman asli dari benua Asia (India hingga Malaysia) dan benua Afrika. Kultivasi bagian bunga, daun, dan biji dari tanaman rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) telah lama digunakan oleh masyarakat sebagai bahan makanan dan pengobatan empiris. Hasil penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan tanaman rosella memiliki aktivitas farmakologi sebagai antikanker, antibakteri dan antioksidan. Telah dilaporkan bahwa bagian daun dan akar rosella dilaporkan mengandung senyawa fenolik terbanyak dibandingkan dengan bagian lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh teknik dan pelarut ekstraksi terhadap aktivitas antioksidan dari empat jenis ekstrak daun rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Teknik ekstraksi yang dilakukan adalah maserasi, infus dan refluk menggunakan pelarut air dan pelarut etanol. Aktivitas peredaman radikal bebas DPPH teridentifikasi pada pola kromatogram lapis tipis dengan penampak bercak DPPH 0,2% dari seluruh ekstrak daun rosella. Pengujian aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode peredaman radikal bebas DPPH dilakukan terhadap seluruh ekstrak daun rosella, yaitu ekstrak air teknik maserasi (AM), ekstrak air teknik infus (AI), ekstrak etanol teknik maserasi (EM), serta ekstrak etanol teknik refluk (ER). Nilai IC50 ekstrak AM, AI, EM dan ER berturut-turut adalah: 0,00056 ppm (sangat kuat); 0,00057 (sangat kuat); 0,00044 ppm (sangat kuat); 0,00092 ppm (sangat kuat). Metode penyarian metabolit sekunder optimal untuk aktivitas antioksidan pada daun rosella adalah teknik ekstraksi maserasi dengan pelarut etanol (ER).   Rosella is one of a native plant from Asia (India to Malaysia) and Africa. The Flowers, leaves, and seeds cultivated from rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) have been used in folk medicine as food and empirical treatment.  The previous study reported the pharmacological activities of rosella as anti-cancer, anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant.  It has been reported that leaf and root of rosella found to have phenolic compounds as the major components. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of extraction technique and solvent on the anti-oxidant activity of four extracts of rosella leaves (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). The extraction techniques include maceration, infusion and reflux with water and ethanol. Scavenging activities of DPPF free radical of all rosella leaves extracts were identified by thin layer chromatography, indicated by DPPH 0,2% reagent. The evaluation of antioxidant activity using scavenging DPPH free radical method was performed to all rosella leaves extract, including water extract by maceration method (AM), water extract by infusion method (AI), ethanol extract by maceration method (EM), ethanol extract by reflux method (ER).  The IC50 values of AM, AI, EM and ER were 0,00056 ppm (very strong); 0,00057 (very strong); 0,00044 ppm (very strong); 0,00092 ppm (very strong). The most optimum method to extract secondary metabolite with anti-oxidant properties was maceration with ethanol (ER).

scholarly journals Scientific Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of Macrotyloma uniflorum seeds extracts

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽  
pp. 1883-1888
Author(s):  
Anandarajagopal K ◽  
Abdullah Khan ◽  
Sugalia S ◽  
Bama Menon ◽  
Tan Ching Siang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Leguminous Plant ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Reference Drug ◽  
Macrotyloma Uniflorum ◽  
Phenolic Constituents ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Phytochemicals possessing the antioxidant properties naturally present in food attract a greater interest to healthcare researchers due to their desirable health effects on human health as they can be explored for protection against oxidative deterioration. Macrtotyloma uniflorum is a leguminous plant belonging to the family Fabaceae and commonly known as Horse gram. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of seeds of Macrotyloma uniflorum were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory effects using the scientific protocol on experimental rats. Extraction was carried out using the cold maceration method, and the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using a digital plethysmometer in the experimental rats injected with carrageenan to produce paw edema. Preliminary phytochemical studies confirmed the presence of various bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids, terpenoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds in both extracts while flavonoids were found only in ethanol extract. Both extracts of M. uniflorum seeds (200 mg/ml) significantly (p<0.01) reduced the paw edema volume induced by carrageenan. The ethanol extract of M. uniflorum seeds exhibited more potent anti-inflammatory activity than water extract, that might be due to the presence of flavonoids in ethanol extract. The activity of the extracts was compared with diclofenac sodium (10mg/kg b.wt.) as a reference drug. From the results, it may be suggested that the antioxidative potential of phenolic constituents and flavonoids is the primary factors for the anti-inflammatory activity of M. uniflorum seeds extracts.

Functional Effects of Pomegranate Peel Extracts on Milk: Antibacterial Measurements, Antioxidant Activities, and Photochemical Characterizations

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 571-579
Author(s):  
Rokayya Sami ◽  
Ebtihal Khojah ◽  
Mona Alharbi ◽  
Amina A. M. Al-Mushhin ◽  
Mohammed Saeed Alkaltham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Pomegranate Peel ◽  
Bacteria Growth ◽  
Wonderful Variety ◽  
Ic50 Values

Consumers are interested in antimicrobial by-products from natural sources. The present study aims to estimate the antibacterial effects of different concentrations and solvent extracts such as methanol, ethanol, and water extract of pomegranate peels with the milk quality application in-vitro. Listeria monocytogens, E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus were used as bacteria growth indicators in two pomegranate varieties (i.e., Wonderful and Francis). Besides, evaluating somephysical characterization, antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Results showed that the highest inhibition zone of 18.88 mm was observed with 90% ethanol extract of Wonderful variety against Listeria monocytogens, at 0, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/mL concentrations, while the lowest inhibition zone of 11.29 mm was observed with 90% methanol extract of Francis variety, at 12.5 mg/mL concentration. The milk treated with WPE of Wonderful variety maintained the bacterial growth from 1.19 ±0.29 x 109 to 1.43 x 1011 CFU/mL at 4 °C. Punicalagin was the most abundant polyphenolic compound (165.05–190.43 µg/mL) followed by gallic acid (153.08–177.65 µg/mL), and p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (91.29–92.5 mg/mL). Acetaldehyde (23.09–27.15 PPM), followed by acetoin (9.65–15.33 PPM) were the most predominant volatile compounds. The WPE treated milk maintained the sensory evaluations such as taste, color, texture, and overall acceptance longer time longer time (i.e., 144 h) than FPE treated milk (i.e., 168 h) at 4°C. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging of capacity (IC50 values) of FPE treated milk were found to be lower than WPE treated milk (i.e., 159.65 µg/mL and 131.87 µg/mL), respectively. While, FPE treated milk reported a higher viscosity content than WPE treated milk (13.11 cP). In conclusion, pomegranate peel extracts especially Wonderful variety may be used to prolong the shelf-life of milk in dairy products manufacturers.

scholarly journals AMINO ACID COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF FIVE EDIBLE MUSHROOM SPECIES FROM KASTAMONU, TURKEY

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Temel kan Bakır ◽  
Mansor Boufars ◽  
Mertcan Karadeniz ◽  
Sabri Ünal
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Edible Mushroom ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Mushroom Species ◽  
Boletus Edulis ◽  
Ic50 Values

Background: Hydnum repandum, Cantharellus cibarius, Ramaria fennica, Boletus edulis, and Craterellus cornucopioides are all wild edible mushroom species from the Kastamonu province. The aim of this study was to investigate antioxidant properties and amino acid contents of these mushrooms. Materials and Methods: The mushrooms were analyzed for their free amino acid compositions using a high performance Amino Acid analyzer (Biochrom 30). Also, antioxidant activity and total phenolic concentrations of five different mushroom species were studied by using spectrophotometric methods. Results: The mushrooms contained 17 amino acids (g/100 g): Glutamic acid (2.56–1.11), Alanine (1.49–0.54), Arginine (1.62–6.77), Aspartic acid (1.45–0.81), Leucine (1.08–0.64), Methionine (1.05–0.06), Valine (1.05–0.66), Lysine (1.01–0.57), Serine (0.68–0.38), Cysteine (0.88–0.11), Isoleucine (0.61–0.39), Glycine (0.82–0.35), Threonine (0.82–0.44), Phenylalanine (0.66–0.42), Proline (0.60–0.47), Tyrosine (0.58–0.38), and Histidine (0.48–0.22). The total free amino acid (TAA) contents ranged from 169.2 mg/g in Boletus edulis to 89.1 mg/g in Hydnum repandum. These five different mushroom species contain eight essential amino acid species except tryptophan. The antioxidant activity of mushroom extracts was expressed as the percentage of DPPH radical inhibition and IC50 values (mg/mL). The percentage of inhibition ranged from 2.38% to 88.05% and IC50 values ranged from 0.03 to 13.98 mg/mL. The total phenolic content ranged from 0.66 to 7.74 mg/g of dry mushroom extract, expressed as gallic acid equivalents. Conclusion: Methanolic extract of Boletus edulis showed the highest phenolic content and strong antioxidant activity. As a result, the significant linear correlation between the values for the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of mushroom extracts was corroborated in all of the investigated mushroom species, with the exception of Craterellus cornucopioides.

scholarly journals In-vitro antioxidant potential of the flavonoid glycosides from Cassia tora linn. Leaves

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
A. Vijayalakshmi ◽  
S. Jayakumari ◽  
K. Masilamani
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Total Phenolic Content ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Flavonoid Glycosides ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
Cassia Tora ◽  
Ic50 Values

The present study aimed to study the anti-oxidant potential of isolated flavonoids from the ethanol extract (70%v/v) of Cassia tora leaves. Three flavonoids were isolated viz Luteolin-7-O-β-glucopyranoside (I), quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucuronide (II) and Formononetin-7-O-β-D-Glucoside (III) from the ethanol extract (70%v/v) of Cassia tora leaves in the previous study. A comprehensive study on the phytochemical contents - total phenolic content and flavonoid content was accessed using Folin-Denis and AlCl3 method respectively. The antioxidant potential of the samples was evaluated using inhibition of hydroxyl radical, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and nitric oxide scavenging methods. The total phenolic content and flavonoid content was found to be 18.60 % w/w and 9.5% w/w respectively. The IC50 values of ethanol extract against hydroxyl, DPPH and nitric oxide radical were found to be 270 µg/mL, 190 µg/mL and 130 µg/mL respectively. The radical scavenging activity of the isolated flavonoids decreased in the following order: quercetin (IC50 values 15, 14, 18 µg/mL) >formononetin (IC50 values 19, 21, 14 µg/mL) > luteolin (IC50 values 20, 23, 18 µg/mL) respectively.

scholarly journals Edible mycorrhizal species Lactarius controversus Pers. 1800 as a source of antioxidant and cytotoxic agents

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Novakovic ◽  
Maja Karaman ◽  
Ivan Milovanovic ◽  
Miona Belovic ◽  
Milena Raseta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Cytotoxic Agents ◽  
Breast Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Mushroom Species ◽  
Reducing Ability

The aim of this work was to study chemical profile and antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of ethanol and water extracts of Lactarius controversus (Pers.) 1800 mushroom species growing in eastern Serbia. The chemical characterization of phenolic compounds performed by HPLC-MS/MS demonstrated the presence of quinic acid among others. Determination of antioxidant activity, including radical scavenging effects on DPPH?, NO?, OH? and SOA radicals and ferric reducing ability was investigated. The highest DPPH radical scavenging effect was obtained for water extract (LcAq) while ethanol extract (LcEtOH) demonstrated the highest FRAP activity. Hexane extract applied in antibacterial assay against three pathogenic strains demonstrated antibacterial effect only against S. aureus ATCC25922. Anti-proliferative properties against estrogen dependent MCF 7 breast cancer cell lines using MTT showed higher activity for ethanolic extract.

scholarly journals Chemical profiling, in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic assessment of flavonoids from the ethanol extract of Hermannia geniculata root

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
L.A. Adeniran ◽  
C.P. Palanisamy ◽  
A.O.T. Ashafa
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Inhibition ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Retention Factor ◽  
Chemical Profiling ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Inhibitory Potential

Determination of the in vitro antioxidant and the inhibitory potential of flavonoids from Hermannia geniculata (FHG) roots on diabetes-linked enzymes was carried out. The chemical profiling of FHG roots extract was investigated using High Pressure Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprint analysis. The reactive oxygen scavenging potential of the extract was analyzed. Starch solution (1%) was reacted with different concentrations of FHG extract to determine the α-amylase inhibitory potential of the extract while α- glucosidase inhibition assay was carried out through incubation of different concentrations of the extract followed by addition of p-ntrophenyl-α-Dglucopyranoside solution. HPTLC results indicated the presence of flavonoids/ phenolcarboxylic acid, and Kaemferol (Rf 0.80) were detected in the extract with retention factor Rf. ranging from 0.08 to 0.95. FHG extract showed commendable antioxidant properties with IC50 values (3.07± 0.12, 2.13± 0.67) µg/mL for 1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2-azino-bis (3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic) acid (ABTS) radicals which were lower and significantly different (p<0.05) compared to standard silymarin with IC50: (3.55± 0.10, 2.77± 0.75) µg/mL for DPPH and ABTS respectively. The results indicated mild inhibition of α-amylase with IC50: (5.55± 0.37) µg/mL which was higher and significantly different (p<0.05) from acarbose with IC50: (3.81± 0.29) µg/mL. Moreover, the extract showed 73% inhibition of α-glucosidase. Kinetic studies of FHG extract revealed competitive and mixed non-competitive inhibition of α- amylase and α-glucosidase respectively. This study indicated FHG capabilities of scavenging reactive oxygen species and reducing hydrolysis of starch responsible for post-prandial hyperglyceamia seen in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Flavonoids, Hermannia geniculate, HPTLC

scholarly journals Bekul Fruit, Potential Pharmafood from Northern Region of Bali Island, Indonesia: Selected Phytochemical Analyses and Antioxidant Activity of Its Ethanol Extract.

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 477-483
Author(s):  
Agung Nova Mahendra ◽  
I Nyoman Tri Pramartha
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Tannin Content ◽  
Dpph Assay ◽  
Gallic Acid Equivalent

Background: Bekulfruit from Northern region (Buleleng regency), Bali, Indonesia, is commonly consumed fresh in the island of Bali or processed as local delicacy and used as part of religious offerings. Up to date, there is no data regarding the taxonomy, phytochemical composition, and antioxidant properties of this Balinese fruit.This study was aimed to investigate total phenolic content, tannin content and antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of bekul fruit obtained from Banjar district, Buleleng regency, Bali. Methods: Total phenolic compound was quantified in terms of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) by using Folin-Ciocalteu method, mean while tannin content was determined in terms of tannic acid equivalent (TAE). IC50of the extract was determined using DPPH assay, and subsequently used in the calculation of antioxidant activity index (AAI) using the formula of Scherer and Godoy (2009). Results: Bekul plant was revealed as Ziziphusjujuba Mill. Total phenolic and tannin content of the extract was 29.48 mg/100 g GAE and 91.06 mg/100 g TAE, respectively. Thevalue of IC50was 77.40 mg/ml, with antioxidant activity index (AAI) of 50.94. Conclusion:Ethanol extract of bekul (Ziziphusjujuba Mill.) fruit contains phenolic and tannin compounds. This extract is found to scavenge free radicals and possess very strong antioxidant activityin vitro. Taken together, these findings lead to the notion that bekul fruit from Northern region of Bali, Indonesia, is a promising pharma food

scholarly journals In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Biofilm, and Solar Protection Activities of Melocactus zehntneri (Britton & Rose) Pulp Extract

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aquino-Martins ◽  
Melo ◽  
Silva ◽  
Targino de Lima ◽  
Fernandes Queiroz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
H2o2 Treatment ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Polar Extracts ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Cactaceae plants are important due to their nutritional and therapeutic values. This study aimed to identify the phytochemical profile and biological activities of six Melocactus zehntneri pulp extracts: hexane extract (HE), chloroform extract (CE), ethanol extract (EE), methanol extract (ME), final water extract (FWE), and water extract (WE). Sugar, phenolic compounds, and protein content of the extracts were determined. Then thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed to detect the presence of terpenes (ursolic and oleanolic acids), saponins, sugars, and glycoproteins. These extracts were analyzed for antioxidant activity via in vitro assay. HE showed 75% ferric chelating activity. All extracts showed 80–100% superoxide and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activities, respectively. Further, all extracts at 25 µg/mL showed 60% activity against DPPH. Moreover, in the 3T3 cells lines, no cytotoxicity was observed; however, therapeutic activity against the effects of the H2O2 treatment was exhibited. Finally, the polar extracts (EE, ME, FWE, and WE), particularly WE, elicited activity against the biofilms of Staphylococcus epidermidis, and HE and CE expressed a capacity for solar protection.

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