scholarly journals Physicochemical Properties of Sago Ozone Oxidation: The Effect of Reaction Time, Acidity, and Concentration of Starch

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1309
Author(s):  
Siswo Sumardiono ◽  
Bakti Jos ◽  
Isti Pudjihastuti ◽  
Arvin M. Yafiz ◽  
Megaria Rachmasari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Modified Starch ◽  
Sago Starch ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Carboxyl Content ◽  
Starch Concentration ◽  
Native Starch ◽  
Granule Morphology ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Spectral Patterns

The disadvantageous properties of sago starch has limited its application in food and industrial processes. The properties of sago starch can be improved by changing its physicochemical and rheological characteristics. This study examined the influence of reaction time, acidity, and starch concentration on the oxidation of sago starch with ozone, a strong oxidant. Swelling, solubility, carbonyl, carboxyl, granule morphology, thermal profile, and functional groups are comprehensively observed parameters. With starch concentrations of 10–30% (v/w) and more prolonged oxidation, sago starch was most soluble at pH 10. The swelling power decreased with a longer reaction time, reaching the lowest pH 10. In contrast, the carbonyl and carboxyl content exhibited the same pattern as solubility. A more alkaline environment tended to create modified starch with more favorable properties. Over time, oxidation shows more significant characteristics, indicating a superb product of this reaction. At the starch concentration of 20%, modified sago starch with the most favorable properties was created. When compared to modified starch, native starch is generally shaped in a more oval and irregular manner. Additionally, native starch and modified starch had similar spectral patterns and identical X-ray diffraction patterns. Meanwhile, oxidized starch had different gelatinization and retrogradation temperatures to those of the native starch.

scholarly journals Synthesis, Structural and Optical Investigations of (Pb, Bi)TiO3 Borosilicate Glasses

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandkiram Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Borosilicate Glasses ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Raman Spectroscopic ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Prepared Glass ◽  
Infrared And Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Uv Visible ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Spectral Patterns

A new series of lead bismuth titanate borosilicate glasses with addition of one percent lanthanum oxide have been synthesized using melt-quench technique. X-ray diffraction patterns have been recorded to confirm the amorphous nature of the prepared glass samples. The synthesized glasses have been characterized by using various spectroscopic techniques such as UV-visible, infrared, and Raman spectroscopy. UV-visible measurements were recorded in the wavelength range from 200 to 1100 nm whereas IR and Raman spectroscopic measurements were recorded over a continuous wavenumber range from 400 to 5000 cm−1 and 1000 to 2000 cm−1 respectively. The different absorption peaks/bands were formed in IR spectral patterns. The spectral bands appear towards the lower wavenumber sides due to the Bi and Pb, content while the bands appear towards the higher wavenumber sides due to the formation of diborate and triborate network units.

Solvothermal Growth of Flower-Like Morphology from Nanorods of Copper Sulfides

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1523-1527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poulomi Roy ◽  
Suneel Kumar Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Copper Sulfide ◽  
Solvothermal Synthesis ◽  
Stoichiometric Composition ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Reaction Duration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Copper Sulfides ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

The present work reports the effect of reaction time on solvothermal synthesis of copper sulfides from CuCl2·2H2O and thiourea with various compositions and morphologies using ethylenediamine as solvent at 120 °C. X-ray diffraction patterns of the products at different durations shows the development of different stoichiometric composition of copper sulfides in where Cu:S ratio increases from 1.39 to 1.79 indicating transformation of Cu39S28 to Cu7S4. As inferred by EDX and XPS studies of the final products. SEM shows the growth of bundles of nanorods of length ≈1 μm and diameter in nanometer range are observed after 6 h. On increasing the reaction duration to 9 h, nanorods tends to combines with each other and growth occurs in six directions and after 12 h leads to the formation of flower-like morphology of copper sulfide. The optical properties of these products also have been studied.

scholarly journals Properties and Characterization of Starch as a Natural Binder: A Brief Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-121
Author(s):  
N.A. Mohd ◽  
M.H.M. Amini ◽  
M.N. Masri
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Modified Starch ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Relative Crystallinity ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Native Starch ◽  
Properties And Characterization

This paper was reviewed about the properties and characterization of starch as a natural binders. Starch is one of the most abundant organic compounds and applied as a binder. The efficiency of binder are affected by the characteristic and properties of starch. The characteristics of starch are determined by the biological origin. Starch is composed of D-glucose in polysaccharides and it was isolated from leaves, stems, tubers, seeds, and roots of higher plants where it serves as an energy reserve. This review concentrates the several types of characterization which are structural properties, morphology properties, viscosity and functional group of starch. The X-ray diffraction result shows that the relative crystallinity decreased for modified starch compared with native starch while scanning electron microscope shows the modified starch slightly has rough surface compared with native starch. Nowadays, the concern on eco-environmental issues is increasing and this review has shown that starch is eco-environmental friendly binder that can be used in various application.

Preparation and Electrospinning of Acidified-Oxidized Potato Starch

2012 ◽  
Vol 535-537 ◽  
pp. 2340-2344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Jie Wang ◽  
Xin Jin ◽  
Wen Yu Wang ◽  
Chang Fa Xiao ◽  
Lin Tong
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Ammonium Persulfate ◽  
Modified Starch ◽  
Oxidizing Agent ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Native Starch ◽  
Optimum Reaction

This paper investigates the preparation and electrospinning of acidified-oxidized potato starch. In this article, acidified-oxidized potato starch was prepared by adding ammonium persulfate as an oxidizing agent and hydrochloric acid as a catalyst. The effect of reaction time, temperature, the concentration of hydrochloric acid and the content of ammonium persulfate on the viscosity and content of carboxyl were discussed. The optimum reaction conditions were as follows: 1.5 hours ,50°C, 0.5mol/l HCl, 2.5% (NH4)2S2O8. And then, the acidified-oxidized potato starch prepared at the optimum condition was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to be electrospinned by contrast to native starch. Electrospinning of 5wt%-21wt% of modified starch in DMSO produced beads, beaded fibers, and smooth fibers, depending on the concentration range. Smooth fibers were observed until the concentration reached 19wt%, while native starch was 5wt%.

Formation Pathway of CuInSe2 through Solvothermal Route

2014 ◽  
Vol 915-916 ◽  
pp. 593-596
Author(s):  
Jian Fei Zhang ◽  
Xiao Li Peng ◽  
Wen Bin Guo ◽  
Shu Zhang ◽  
Yong Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Thin Film Solar Cell ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Formation Pathway ◽  
Solvothermal Route ◽  
Important Intermediate ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Optimal Reaction

CuInSe2(CIS) is a promising material for thin film solar cell applications. In this work, CIS powders have been synthesized by solvothermal route at different reaction time. X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectra of the products reveal that the optimal reaction time is 36 h at 200 °C in order to obtain pure CIS phase. SEM images show an irregular morphology of synthesized CIS material. The formation pathway of CIS has also been studied. Cu-Se compounds are formed at the beginning of the reaction, which act as an important intermediate for the formation of CIS products. This result is not consistent with the reported mechanism.

Evaluation of Freezing Methods by Low Temperature X-Ray Diffraction

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 330-333
Author(s):  
T. Gulik-Krzywicki ◽  
M.J. Costello
Keyword(s):  
Biological Materials ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Glass Capillary ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Set Up

Freeze-etching electron microscopy is currently one of the best methods for studying molecular organization of biological materials. Its application, however, is still limited by our imprecise knowledge about the perturbations of the original organization which may occur during quenching and fracturing of the samples and during the replication of fractured surfaces. Although it is well known that the preservation of the molecular organization of biological materials is critically dependent on the rate of freezing of the samples, little information is presently available concerning the nature and the extent of freezing-rate dependent perturbations of the original organizations. In order to obtain this information, we have developed a method based on the comparison of x-ray diffraction patterns of samples before and after freezing, prior to fracturing and replication.Our experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 1. The sample to be quenched is placed on its holder which is then mounted on a small metal holder (O) fixed on a glass capillary (p), whose position is controlled by a micromanipulator.

Examination of Rabbit Fc Crystals

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 140-141
Author(s):  
J. P. Robinson ◽  
P. G. Lenhert
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Flat Plate ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Asymmetric Unit ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Neutral Ph ◽  
Small Crystals ◽  
Carbon Coated ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

Crystallographic studies of rabbit Fc using X-ray diffraction patterns were recently reported. The unit cell constants were reported to be a = 69. 2 A°, b = 73. 1 A°, c = 60. 6 A°, B = 104° 30', space group P21, monoclinic, volume of asymmetric unit V = 148, 000 A°3. The molecular weight of the fragment was determined to be 55, 000 ± 2000 which is in agreement with earlier determinations by other methods.Fc crystals were formed in water or dilute phosphate buffer at neutral pH. The resulting crystal was a flat plate as previously described. Preparations of small crystals were negatively stained by mixing the suspension with equal volumes of 2% silicotungstate at neutral pH. A drop of the mixture was placed on a carbon coated grid and allowed to stand for a few minutes. The excess liquid was removed and the grid was immediately put in the microscope.

Quantitative Electron Microscope with imaging plate

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 408-409
Author(s):  
D. Shindo
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Imaging Plate ◽  
Crystal Thickness ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Electron Intensity ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

Imaging plate has good properties, i.e., a wide dynamic range and good linearity for the electron intensity. Thus the digital data (2048x1536 pixels, 4096 gray levels in log scale) obtained with the imaging plate can be used for quantification in electron microscopy. By using the image processing system (PIXsysTEM) combined with a main frame (ACOS3900), quantitative analysis of electron diffraction patterns and high-resolution electron microscope (HREM) images has been successfully carried out.In the analysis of HREM images observed with the imaging plate, quantitative comparison between observed intensity and calculated intensity can be carried out by taking into account the experimental parameters such as crystal thickness and defocus value. An example of HREM images of quenched Tl2Ba2Cu1Oy (Tc = 70K) observed with the imaging plate is shown in Figs. 1(b) - (d) comparing with a structure model proposed by x-ray diffraction study of Fig. 1 (a). The image was observed with a JEM-4000EX electron microscope (Cs =1.0 mm).

Control of the phase composition of advanced calcium phosphates using an x-ray diffractometer with a curved position-sensitive detector

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
V. P. Sirotinkin ◽  
O. V. Baranov ◽  
A. Yu. Fedotov ◽  
S. M. Barinov
Keyword(s):  
Phase Composition ◽  
Calcium Phosphates ◽  
Position Sensitive Detector ◽  
Sensitive Detector ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Impurity Phases ◽  
Position Sensitive ◽  
Diffraction Peaks ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

The results of studying the phase composition of advanced calcium phosphates Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, β-Ca3(PO4)2, α-Ca3(PO4)2, CaHPO4 · 2H2O, Ca8(HPO4)2(PO4)4 · 5H2O using an x-ray diffractometer with a curved position-sensitive detector are presented. Optimal experimental conditions (angular positions of the x-ray tube and detector, size of the slits, exposure time) were determined with allowance for possible formation of the impurity phases during synthesis. The construction features of diffractometers with a position-sensitive detector affecting the profile characteristics of x-ray diffraction peaks are considered. The composition for calibration of the diffractometer (a mixture of sodium acetate and yttrium oxide) was determined. Theoretical x-ray diffraction patterns for corresponding calcium phosphates are constructed on the basis of the literature data. These x-ray diffraction patterns were used to determine the phase composition of the advanced calcium phosphates. The features of advanced calcium phosphates, which should be taken into account during the phase analysis, are indicated. The powder of high-temperature form of tricalcium phosphate strongly adsorbs water from the environment. A strong texture is observed on the x-ray diffraction spectra of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate. A rather specific x-ray diffraction pattern of octacalcium phosphate pentahydrate revealed the only one strong peak at small angles. In all cases, significant deviations are observed for the recorded angular positions and relative intensity of the diffraction peaks. The results of the study of experimentally obtained mixtures of calcium phosphate are presented. It is shown that the graphic comparison of experimental x-ray diffraction spectra and pre-recorded spectra of the reference calcium phosphates and possible impurity phases is the most effective method. In this case, there is no need for calibration. When using this method, the total time for analysis of one sample is no more than 10 min.

Infrared spectroscopic study of the YPO4-YCrO4 system

1985 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 2139-2145
Author(s):  
Alexander Muck ◽  
Eva Šantavá ◽  
Bohumil Hájek
Keyword(s):  
Spectroscopic Study ◽  
Infrared Spectra ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Mixed Crystals ◽  
Crystal Symmetry ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopic Study ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopic ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

The infrared spectra and powder X-ray diffraction patterns of polycrystalline YPO4-YCrO4 samples are studied from the point of view of their crystal symmetry. Mixed crystals of the D4h19 symmetry are formed over the region of 0-30 mol.% YPO4 in YCrO4. The Td → D2d → D2 or C2v(GS eff) correlation is appropriate for both PO43- and CrO43- anions.

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