scholarly journals Mechanical Disintegration and Particle Size Sieving of Chondrus crispus (Irish Moss) Gametophytes and Their Effect on Carrageenan and Phycoerythrin Extraction

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2928
Author(s):  
Adiguna Bahari ◽  
Katlijn Moelants ◽  
Marie Kloeck ◽  
Joel Wallecan ◽  
Gino Mangiante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Selective Extraction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chondrus Crispus ◽  
Size Fractions ◽  
Mechanical Disintegration ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Irish Moss

To better understand the migration properties of hybrid carrageenan from the seaweed tissue during carrageenan extraction, the effect of increasing the seaweed surface area by the mechanical disintegration of gametophyte Chondrus crispus chips was studied under various temperature and time extraction conditions. Dried Chondrus crispus seaweed chips were milled by a rotor beater mill and classified into eight different size fractions by sieving with varying mesh sizes from 50 to 2000 μm. During extraction at 22 °C, the red color of the filtrate increased significantly with the decreasing particle size of the fraction, correlating with the increasing phycoerythrin concentration (from 0.26 mg PE/g dry seaweed in the >2000 μm size fraction to 2.30 mg PE/g dry seaweed in the <50 μm size fraction). On the other hand, under the same extraction conditions, only a small increase in carrageenan precipitate was obtained with the decreasing size fractions (from no recovery in the >2000 μm size fraction to 2.1 ± 0.1 g/kg filtrate in the <50 μm size fraction). This yield was significantly lower than the ones from extractions at 45 °C (5.4 ± 0.1 g/kg) or at 90 °C (9.9 ± 2.1 g/kg) for the same particle size and time conditions. It could be concluded that hybrid carrageenan extraction is not surface area dependent, while phycoerythrin is. Therefore, it seems that phycoerythrin and carrageenan extraction follow different mechanisms. This creates potential for the selective extraction of each of those two compounds.

scholarly journals Long term trends in fertility of soils under continuous cultivation and cereal cropping in southern Queensland. III. Distribution and kinetics of soil organic carbon in particle size fractions

Soil Research ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Dalal ◽  
RJ Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Size Fractions ◽  
Particle Size Fractions ◽  
Clay Size Fraction ◽  
Sand Size

Distribution of soil organic carbon in sand-, silt- and clay-size fractions during cultivation for periods ranging from 20 to 70 years was studied in six major soils used for cereal cropping in southern Queensland. Particle-size fractions were obtained by dispersion in water using cation exchange resin, sieving and sedimentation. In the soils' virgin state no single particle-size fraction was found to be consistently enriched as compared to the whole soil in organic C in all six soils, although the largest proportion (48%) of organic C was in the clay-size fraction; silt and sand-size fractions contained remaining organic C in equal amounts. Upon cultivation, the amounts of organic C declined from all particle-size fractions in most soils, although the loss rates differed considerably among different fractions and from the whole soil. The proportion of the sand-size fraction declined rapidly (from 26% to 12% overall), whereas that of the clay-size fraction increased from 48% to 61% overall. The proportion of silt-size organic C was least affected by cultivation in most soils. It was inferred, therefore, that the sand-size organic matter is rapidly lost from soil, through mineralization as well as disintegration into silt-size and clay-size fractions, and that the clay fraction provides protection for the soil organic matter against microbial and enzymic degradation.

CHARACTERIZATION OF FLY ASH FROM COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT AND THEIR PROPERTIES OF MERCURY RETENTION

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (02) ◽  
pp. 1550018 ◽  
Author(s):  
PING HE ◽  
XIUMIN JIANG ◽  
JIANG WU ◽  
WEIGUO PAN ◽  
JIANXING REN
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Elemental Mercury ◽  
Unburned Carbon ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Size Fractions ◽  
X Ray

Recent research has shown that fly ash may catalyze the oxidation of elemental mercury and facilitate its removal. However, the nature of mercury-fly ash interaction is still unknown, and the mechanism of mercury retention in fly ash needs to be investigated more thoroughly. In this work, a fly ash from a coal-fired power plant is used to characterize the inorganic and organic constituents and then evaluate its mercury retention capacities. The as-received fly ash sample is mechanically sieved to obtain five size fractions. Their characteristics are examined by loss on ignition (LOI), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray detector (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectra. The results show that the unburned carbon (UBC) content and UBC structural ordering decrease with a decreasing particle size for the five ashes. The morphologies of different size fractions of as-received fly ash change from the glass microspheres to irregular shapes as the particle size increases, but there is no correlation between particle size and mineralogical compositions in each size fraction. The adsorption experimental studies show that the mercury-retention capacity of fly ash depends on the particle size, UBC, and the type of inorganic constituents. Mercury retention of the types of sp2 carbon is similar to that of sp3 carbon.

X-ray diffraction measurement of the quartz content of clay and silt fractions in soils

Clay Minerals ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Diffraction Measurement ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Quartz Content ◽  
Size Fractions ◽  
Particle Size Fractions ◽  
Calibration Curves ◽  
Fine Quartz

AbstractAn XRD method for measurement of quartz content using ZnO as the internal standard was tested on different particle sizes between 0 and 20 µm. Calibration curves showed a good correlation coefficient for particle-size fractions up to 20 µm; the slope increased for the fractions from 0·7 to 5 µm and was relatively constant for coarser particle sizes. Fine quartz fractions were etched with hydrofluoric acid to remove the surface layer damaged during dry grinding. The use of such etched quartz increased the slopes of the calibration curves for small particle-size fractions and approximated the natural fine quartz fraction much better than the original dry-ground material. The mean of six measurements gave good accuracy provided that the slope of the calibration curve was adjusted for the particular particle-size fraction. This method was used on 0–2 µm, 0–0·2µm and 0·2–2 µm fractions of French silty soils and the results are in agreement with the data from chemical analysis and with the mineralogical interpretation.

ÉTUDE COMPARATIVE DE L'AGRÉGATION ET DE LA MATIÈRE ORGANIQUE ASSOCIÉE AUX FRACTIONS GRANULOMÉTRIQUES DE SEPT SOLS SOUS CULTURE DE MAÏS OU EN PRAIRIE

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. ELUSTONDO ◽  
M. R. LAVERDIÈRE ◽  
D. A. ANGERS ◽  
A. N'DAYEGAMIYE
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Size Fractions ◽  
Particle Size Fractions ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Water Stable Aggregates ◽  
Continuous Corn

Water-stable aggregation and organic matter associated with particle-size fractions were compared for seven pairs of soils that were either under meadow or continuous corn cropping for more than 5 yr. Soils that have remained under meadow contained 25 and 29% more carbon and nitrogen than those under continuous corn. Carbon contents of the sand- and silt-size fractions were also 61 and 15% higher, respectively, under meadow than under continuous corn. The cropping system had no significant effect on the carbon and nitrogen contents of the clay-size fractions. The amount of water-stable aggregates (> 1 mm) was on average 34% higher in soils under meadow than in soils under corn cropping. Significant correlations were found between water-stable aggregates and total C (r = 0.77) and C in sand-size fraction (r = 0.79). The results also indicate that the beneficial effect of meadow over continuous corn on soil aggregation increases as soil clay content increases. Key words: Aggregation, organic matter, particle-size fractions, corn, meadow

Size characteristics of soils and sediments with special reference to clay fractions

Soil Research ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
PH Walker ◽  
J Hutka
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Size Fractions ◽  
Soils And Sediments ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Fine Clay ◽  
Lake Floor ◽  
Log Normal

Soils and sediments from south-eastern Australia were examined to determine whether texture B horizons had distinctive and unique particle-size characteristics. Most texture B horizons had higher contents of fine clay (<0.2 �m) than coarse clay (0.2-2 �m), whereas coarse clay was the dominant clay-size fraction in A and C horizons. Sequences of soils in alluvium showed a systematic increase in particle-size differentiation with increasing stratigraphic age and corresponding increases in the proportion of fine clay in their B horizons. Pedologically unmodified, clay-rich sediments generally had lower contents of fine clay and higher contents of silt than B horizons. However, sediments of a lake floor and samples of argillans had clay-size fractions similar to B horizons. The distribution of fine clay in soils, determined here by centrifugal sedimentation, was poorly related to illuviated clay determined microscopically. Detailed particle-size data showed that texture B horizons were more enriched than adjacent horizons by a fraction with upper size limits between 0.25 and 0.5 �m. The greater the profile texture contrast, the more pronounced this enrichment became. The enriched clay-size fractions of these B horizons had the particle-size characteristics of log normal distributions. Within the clay-size range of texture B horizons, the fraction < 0.5 �m was the most directly related to surface area measurements made on dry soil samples. Sediments of a lake floor and samples of argillans had similar clay-size characteristics to soil B horizons. It was concluded that particle-size differentiation in these soils was related mainly to pedogenetic processes within the profile. However, the particle-size characteristics of texture B horizons are not unique. Criteria other than those based on particle-size analysis are therefore required to determine the relative importance of translocation and weathering.

Potential for using soil particle-size data to infer geological parent material in the Sydney Region

Soil Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret R. Donald ◽  
Pamela A. Hazelton ◽  
AnneMarie Clements
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Soil Sample ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Compositional Data ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Size Fractions ◽  
Particle Size Fractions ◽  
Statistical Classifiers

Ecological communities are more than assemblages of species. In assessing the presence of many ecological communities, interpretation of soil properties and associated parent material has become a definitive component under environmental legislation worldwide, and particularly in Australia. The hypothesis tested here is that the geological parent material of a soil sample can be determined from particle size fraction data of the Marshall soil texture diagram. Supervised statistical classifiers were built from data for four particle-size fractions from four soil landscape publications. These methods were modified by taking into account possible autocorrelation between samples from the same site. The soil samples could not be classified with certainty as being derived from Wianamatta Group Shale or Hawkesbury Sandstone parent material. The classification of alluvial/fluvial-derived soils was no better than chance alone. A good classifier using four-fraction compositional data could not be built to determine geological parent material. Hence, the three size fractions of the Marshall soil texture diagram are insufficient to determine the geological parent material of a soil sample.

scholarly journals Effect of Mineralogy on the Beneficiation of REE from Heavy Mineral Sands: The Case of Nea Peramos, Kavala, Northern Greece

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Stouraiti ◽  
Vassiliki Angelatou ◽  
Sofia Petushok ◽  
Konstantinos Soukis ◽  
Demetrios Eliopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Magnetic Separation ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Heavy Mineral ◽  
Magnetic Fraction ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
Size Fractions ◽  
Particle Size Fractions ◽  
Icp Ms

Beneficiation of a rare earth element (REE) ore from heavy mineral (HM) sands by particle size classification in conjunction with high-intensity magnetic separation (HIMS) was investigated. The HM sands of Nea Peramos, Kavala, Northern Greece, contain high concentrations of REE accommodated mainly in silicate minerals, such as allanite. However, the potential of the Northern Greek placer for REE exploitation has not been fully evaluated due to limited on-shore and off-shore exploration drilling data. Characterization of the magnetic separation fractions using XRD and bulk ICP-MS chemical analysis showed that the magnetic products at high intensities were strongly enriched in the light REE (LREE), relative to the non-magnetic fraction. Allanite and titanite are the major host mineral for REE in the magnetic products but mainly allanite controls the REE budget due its high concentration in LREE. SEM/EDS and ICP-MS analysis of the different particle size fractions showed LREE enrichment in the fractions −0.425 + 0.212 mm, and a maximum enrichment in the −0.425 + 0.300 mm. The maximum enrichment is achieved after magnetic separation of the particle size fractions. Mass balance calculations showed that the maximum REE recovery is achieved after magnetic separation of each particle size fraction separately, i.e., 92 wt.% La, 91 wt.% Ce, and 87 wt.% Nd. This new information can contribute to the optimization of beneficiation process to be applied for REE recovery from HM black sands.

scholarly journals Effects of processing whole oats on the analysis and fate of mycotoxins and ergosterol

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Tittlemier ◽  
R. Blagden ◽  
J. Chan ◽  
T.L. McMillan ◽  
K. Pleskach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Plant Transformation ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Transformation Product ◽  
The Other ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Particle Size Fraction ◽  
Fraction Distribution ◽  
Mycotoxin Analysis ◽  
Sample Heterogeneity

Grinding and dividing equipment were evaluated for their ability to comminute and divide ground oats in preparation for mycotoxin analysis. Four different grinders, using various settings, were evaluated for their ability to comminute oats and produce small particle sizes. Rotor beater type grinders produced the more desirable finer ground samples as compared to burr type mills. Four different division methods (manual scooping, rotary sample division, and two designs of gravity-fed dividers) were assessed for their ability to produce sub-samples with consistent particle size fraction distributions. No practical differences were observed on the particle size fraction distribution of test portions of finely ground oats produced using the four different division methods; therefore, no effects on mycotoxin analysis were anticipated. The effects of processing naturally contaminated whole oats on mycotoxin concentrations was also assessed. Laboratory scale dehulling, steaming, and kilning were examined. Dehulling showed the greatest impact and removed 60-100% of various Fusarium- and Alternaria-produced mycotoxins, as well as ergosterol, present on the naturally contaminated whole oats. Different from the other analytes studied, only 48% of the mycotoxin plant transformation product deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside was present in hulls and removed during dehulling. Steaming and kilning appeared to increase ergosterol in groats, as well as decrease deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3- glucoside. The observed inconsistent changes in concentrations of tentoxin after heat treatment of groats appeared to be due to sample heterogeneity.

NATURAL ABUNDANCES AND MINERALOGICAL PARTITIONING OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN SELECTED ALBERTA SOILS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. DUDAS ◽  
S. PAWLUK
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Particle Size Fraction ◽  
Background Levels ◽  
Copper And Zinc ◽  
Cu And Zn ◽  
Specific Particle

Background levels of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, and Zn in Chernozemic and Luvisolic soils from Alberta were established and are similar to the average terrestrial abundances in shale and granite. Redistribution of As, Cd, Co, Cu, and Zn within the solum was more pronounced in Luvisolic soils than in Chernozems. Partitioning of the six trace elements, determined by analysis of particle size separates, was unique for each element. Copper and zinc were more uniformly enriched in clay separates than were the other four trace elements. Differences in the content of trace elements within and among soils arise not only from textural variation, but also from large variations in the quantity of trace elements within a specific particle size fraction.

Long-term fertilization effects on carbon and nitrogen in particle-size fractions of a Chinese Mollisol

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Yan ◽  
H. He ◽  
X. Zhang ◽  
Y. Chen ◽  
H. Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Size Fractions ◽  
Particle Size Fractions ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Synthetic Fertilizers ◽  
Fertilization Effects

Yan, Y., He, H., Zhang, X., Chen, Y., Xie, H., Bai, Z., Zhu, P., Ren, J. and Wang, L. 2012. Long-term fertilization effects on carbon and nitrogen in particle-size fractions of a Chinese Mollisol. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 509–519. The response of soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics to long-term fertilization may be deduced from changes in the accumulation and distribution of different soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) pools. The SOC and N in particle-size fractions were therefore measured to assess the influences of pig manure and synthetic fertilizer application on the characteristics of these pools. A long-term fertilization experiment, established in 1979 in the Mollisol area (Gongzhuling, China) was used for this study. Composite soil samples (0–20cm) were collected in 2005 from 12 treatment plots that had received annual applications of pig manure, synthetic fertilizers or combinations of both. Soils were fractionated into fine clay (<0.2 µm), coarse clay (0.2–2 µm), silt (2–50 µm), fine sand (50–250 µm) and coarse sand (250–2000 µm) and then SOC and N contents in each particle-size fraction were measured. Although most of the SOC and N were associated with clay and silt fractions, the large proportion of silt in the soil mass played a key role in the retention of SOC and N. The application of pig manure alone increased accumulation of SOC and N in each particle-size fraction, but preferential enrichment was found in the coarse sand fraction. This indicates that pig manure is efficient in restoring SOM in the temperate Chinese Mollisol under a tilled maize (Zea mays L.) monocropping system and having a long frozen period in winter. The application of synthetic fertilizers had no clear effect on SOC and N accumulation or their distribution in particle-size fractions. However, the combined application of pig manure and synthetic fertilizers enhanced the accumulation of SOC and N in all particle-size fractions, and led to a shift of SOC and N from fine to coarse particles. We extended the hierarchy model for SOC protection to consider a shift in SOC accumulation from fine to coarse particles, depending on the initial SOC content of the specific soil. The findings reveal a clear positive interaction between pig manure and synthetic fertilizers that may improve the quantity of SOM in the temperate Chinese Mollisol.

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