Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Genistein-Loaded Zein/Carboxymethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles with Improved Water Dispersibility, Enhanced Antioxidant Activity, and Controlled Release Property

Genistein is one of major isoflavones derived from soybean products and it is believed to have beneficial effects on human health. However, its low water-solubility and poor oral bioavailability severely hamper its use as a functional food ingredient or for pharmaceutical industry. In this study, zein and zein/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) nanoparticles were prepared to encapsulate genistein using a combined liquid–liquid phase separation method. The physicochemical properties of fabricated nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results demonstrated that genistein encapsulated with zein nanoparticles significantly improved its water dispersibility, antioxidant activity in the aqueous phase, and photostability against UV light. Moreover, genistein encapsulated in zein nanoparticles showed a sustained release property. Furthermore, it was found that encapsulation efficiency of genistein was significantly enhanced after CMCS coating, and this effect was more pronounced after the complex nanoparticles cross-linked with calcium ions when compared with the use of zein as a single encapsulant. In addition, compared to zein nanoparticles without biopolymer coating, CMCS coating significantly enhanced the thermal and storage stability of the formed nanoparticles, and delayed the release of genistein. A schematic diagram of zein and zein/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) nanoparticles formation mechanism for encapsulation of genistein was proposed. According to the results of the current study, it could be concluded that encapsulation of genistein in zein/CMCS nanoparticles is a promising approach to improve its water dispersibility, antioxidant activity, photostability against UV light and provide controlled release for food/pharmaceutical applications.

Download Full-text

Encapsulation of indole-3-carbinol and 3,3′-diindolylmethane in zein/carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles with controlled release property and improved stability

Food Chemistry ◽

10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.113 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 139 (1-4) ◽

pp. 224-230 ◽

Cited By ~ 130

Author(s):

Yangchao Luo ◽

Thomas T.Y. Wang ◽

Zi Teng ◽

Pei Chen ◽

Jianghao Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽

Carboxymethyl Chitosan ◽

Release Property ◽

Improved Stability

Download Full-text

Effect of Agave Fructans as Carrier on the Encapsulation of Blue Corn Anthocyanins by Spray Drying

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods8070268 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 268 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Miguel Á. Sánchez-Madrigal ◽

Armando Quintero-Ramos ◽

Carlos A. Amaya-Guerra ◽

Carmen O. Meléndez-Pizarro ◽

Sandra L. Castillo-Hernández ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Spray Drying ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Wall Material ◽

Soluble Fiber ◽

Food Ingredient ◽

Total Polyphenol ◽

Total Anthocyanin ◽

Blue Corn

Effects of agave fructans as carrier agents on the encapsulation of blue corn anthocyanins using spray-drying were evaluated. Blue corn extract was mixed with 6%, 8%, 10%, and 12% (w/v) of agave fructans in duplicate and dried at 150 °C. The extract showed good contents of anthocyanins, polyphenols, and antioxidant activity. The increase of agave fructans in the encapsulated powders caused a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the humidity, water activity (aw), pH, bulk density, water solubility index (WSI), and color L* values. On the contrary, the agave fructan addition decreased the hygroscopicity, water absorption index (WAI), antioxidant activity, total anthocyanin, total polyphenol, and individual anthocyanin contents. The encapsulation of blue corn extract with 6% agave fructans (w/v) resulted in good physical, thermal, morphological, and high antioxidant properties. The results suggest that the use of agave fructans as wall material represents advantages in the conservation of anthocyanins and other bioactive compounds from blue corn extract during their encapsulation. The application of blue corn anthocyanin encapsulated powders as a food ingredient is promising for food pigmentation, representing additional advantages for their contribution as a soluble fiber that can benefit the health of consumers.

Download Full-text

Delivery of selenium using chitosan nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, and antioxidant and growth effects in Nile tilapia (Orechromis niloticus)

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0251786 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. e0251786

Author(s):

Juliana M. Araujo ◽

Rodrigo Fortes-Silva ◽

Cícero C. Pola ◽

Fernando Y. Yamamoto ◽

Delbert M. Gatlin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Controlled Release ◽

Feed Efficiency ◽

Nile Tilapia ◽

Sodium Selenite ◽

Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽

Whole Body ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Body Protein

This study aimed to elucidate the effects of selenium-loaded chitosan nanoparticles used as a dietary supplement on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) antioxidant and growth responses. First, chitosan-based nanoparticles containing selenium (Se) were synthesized using the ionotropic gelation method and their physicochemical characteristics, controlled release profile, and antioxidant activity properties were investigated. Thereafter, the effects on glutathione peroxidase and antioxidant activities (by radical scavenging activity), growth, and whole-body composition of Nile tilapia were evaluated when they were fed with Se-loaded chitosan nanoparticles and compared with other selenium dietary supplements. Se-loaded chitosan nanoparticles showed high entrapment efficiency (87%), spherical shape, smooth surface, and broad size distribution. The controlled release of Se consisted of an initial burst followed by a gradual release over 48 h. Se-loaded nanoparticles presented significantly higher antioxidant activity compared to free Se. A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to compare the effects of supplementing different dietary Se sources, including selenomethionine (as organic source), sodium selenite (as inorganic source), and Se-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (Se-Nano and Se-Nano x1.5) on antioxidant and growth responses of Nile tilapia. A basal diet without Se supplementation was used as the control. The dietary supplementations with different Se sources (free and encapsulated selenium) lead to significant improvements in final weight and feed efficiency of Nile tilapia fingerlings. However, dietary treatments did not affect whole-body protein and lipid content. Diets containing Se-Nano and Se-Nano x1.5 were more effective than sodium selenite and selenomethionine in preventing oxidative stress and improving antioxidant activity in Nile tilapia. Overall, Se-loaded nanoparticles presented a great potential as an efficient source for delivering dietary Se to Nile tilapia, directly affecting the growth performance, feed efficiency, oxidative stress, and antioxidant activity of this species.

Download Full-text

Effects of Different Drying Methods on the Characterization, Dissolution Rate and Antioxidant Activity of Ursolic Acid-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10102470 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 2470

Author(s):

Lujie Zhao ◽

Xu Duan ◽

Weiwei Cao ◽

Xing Ren ◽

Guangyue Ren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Particle Size ◽

Ursolic Acid ◽

Freeze Drying ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽

Simulated Gastric Fluid ◽

Drying Methods ◽

Drying Time

To improve the water solubility of ursolic acid (UA), UA-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were firstly prepared by the ionotropic gelation method and dried by freeze drying (FD), microwave freeze drying (MFD) and spray drying (SD). The characterization of UA-loaded chitosan nanoparticles was performed with particle size, drug loading (DL), scanning electron microscope (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dissolution studies and antioxidant activity. The results demonstrated that UA was successfully encapsulated into chitosan nanoparticles using sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a cross-linker, with a 79% encapsulation efficiency. The spray-dried, UA-loaded chitosan nanoparticles had the lowest drug loading (11.8%) and the highest particle size (496.9 ± 11.20 nm). The particle size of UA-loaded chitosan nanoparticles dried by MFD and FD was lower, at 240.8 ± 12.10 nm and 184.4 ± 10.62 nm, respectively, and their antioxidant activity was higher than those nanoparticles dried by SD. Moreover, the drying time and energy consumption of UA-loaded chitosan nanoparticles dried by MFD and SD were lower than that of FD. The dissolution rates of UA-loaded chitosan nanoparticles prepared by FD and MFD were 60.6% and 57.1%, respectively, in a simulated gastric fluid, which was a greater value than SD (55.9%). Therefore, the UA-loaded chitosan nanoparticles encapsulation method, combined with MFD technology, showed a promising potential to improve the water solubility of UA.

Download Full-text

Glutathione-Responsive Carboxymethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles for Controlled Release of Herbicides

Materials Sciences and Applications ◽

10.4236/msa.2015.66062 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 06 (06) ◽

pp. 591-604 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Zhiyan Yu ◽

Xin Sun ◽

Haixia Song ◽

Wenqian Wang ◽

Zhao Ye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽

Carboxymethyl Chitosan

Download Full-text

Chlorogenic acid loaded chitosan nanoparticles with sustained release property, retained antioxidant activity and enhanced bioavailability

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.1016/j.ajps.2014.09.005 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 203-211 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

Ilaiyaraja Nallamuthu ◽

Aishwarya Devi ◽

Farhath Khanum

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Sustained Release ◽

Chlorogenic Acid ◽

Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽

Release Property

Download Full-text

O-Carboxymethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles for Controlled Release of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Advanced Science Engineering and Medicine ◽

10.1166/asem.2014.1512 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. 522-530 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Dhanya Narayanan ◽

Neethu Ninan ◽

R. Jayakumar ◽

Shantikumar V. Nair ◽

Deepthy Menon

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽

Carboxymethyl Chitosan ◽

Inflammatory Drugs ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Download Full-text

Recent Advances in Astaxanthin Micro/Nanoencapsulation to Improve Its Stability and Functionality as a Food Ingredient

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md18080406 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (8) ◽

pp. 406 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Óscar Martínez-Álvarez ◽

Marta M. Calvo ◽

Joaquín Gómez-Estaca

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Acidic Ph ◽

Future Trends ◽

Food Ingredient ◽

Food Ingredients ◽

Recent Advances ◽

Red Color ◽

Wall Materials

Astaxanthin is a carotenoid produced by different organisms and microorganisms such as microalgae, bacteria, yeasts, protists, and plants, and it is also accumulated in aquatic animals such as fish and crustaceans. Astaxanthin and astaxanthin-containing lipid extracts obtained from these sources present an intense red color and a remarkable antioxidant activity, providing great potential to be employed as food ingredients with both technological and bioactive functions. However, their use is hindered by: their instability in the presence of high temperatures, acidic pH, oxygen or light; their low water solubility, bioaccessibility and bioavailability; their intense odor/flavor. The present paper reviews recent advances in the micro/nanoencapsulation of astaxanthin and astaxanthin-containing lipid extracts, developed to improve their stability, bioactivity and technological functionality for use as food ingredients. The use of diverse micro/nanoencapsulation techniques using wall materials of a different nature to improve water solubility and dispersibility in foods, masking undesirable odor and flavor, is firstly discussed, followed by a discussion of the importance of the encapsulation to retard astaxanthin release, protecting it from degradation in the gastrointestinal tract. The nanoencapsulation of astaxanthin to improve its bioaccessibility, bioavailability and bioactivity is further reviewed. Finally, the main limitations and future trends on the topic are discussed.

Download Full-text

The Application and Functional Progress of γ-Poly-Glutamic Acid in Food: A Mini-Review

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666200717090016 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (41) ◽

pp. 5347-5352

Author(s):

Guoliang Wang ◽

Qing Liu ◽

Ying Wang ◽

Jingyuan Li ◽

Yue Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glutamic Acid ◽

Food Industry ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Drug Carrier ◽

Physical Property ◽

Coating Material ◽

Vaccine Adjuvant ◽

Food Ingredient ◽

Naturally Occurring

γ-Poly-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a naturally occurring homo-polyamide produced by various strains of Bacillus. As a biopolymer substance, γ-PGA possesses a few predominant features containing good water solubility, biocompatibility, degradability and non-toxicity. Based on this, γ-PGA can be used in pharmaceutical, such as drug carrier/deliverer, vaccine adjuvant, and coating material for microencapsulation, etc. Moreover, it has also been applied in a broad range of industrial fields including food, medicine, bioremediation, cosmetics, and agriculture. Especially, γ-PGA is an extremely promising food ingredient. In this mini-review, our aim is to review the function and application progress of γ-PGA in the food industry: e.g., improving taste and flavor, enhancing physical property, and promoting health.

Download Full-text