scholarly journals A Reference Genome of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus Provides New Resources for Revealing Its Displacement by Pinewood Nematode

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 570
Author(s):  
Shuangyang Wu ◽  
Shenghan Gao ◽  
Sen Wang ◽  
Jie Meng ◽  
Jacob Wickham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Reference Genome ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Competitive Displacement ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Mucronatus

The Bursaphelenchus mucronatus, which was highly similar with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in terms of morphological characteristics and biological properties—but had weaker pathogenicity to forests—was a native species often displaced by B. xylophilus when occupying the same niche. Since the draft genome of the invasive B. xylophilus has been published, the absence of a reference genome of B. mucronatus still prevents us from understanding the molecular evidences behind competitive displacement. In this study, we employed Single Molecule, Real-Time (SMRT) sequencing and a Hi-C scaffolding approach to yield a near chromosome-level assembly of B. mucronatus, including six pseudo-chromosomes. The assembly size is 73 Mb, with scaffold N50 of 11.50 Mb and contig N50 of 1.48 Mb. Comparative genomics results showed high similarity between B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus. However, the losing of orphan genes and species-specific orthologous genes in B. mucronatus may indicate weaker adaptability to the environment. The gene family contractions of GPCRs (G Protein-Coupled Receptors) and cellulases in B. mucronatus may jointly contribute to its displacement by B. xylophilus. Overall, we introduced a valuable genomic resource for molecular and evolutionary studies of B. mucronatus, especially for studying the competitive displacement by the pinewood nematode, which could help us control the pathogenicity of pine wilt diseases.

scholarly journals A draft genome sequence for the Ixodes scapularis cell line, ISE6

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason R. Miller ◽  
Sergey Koren ◽  
Kari A. Dilley ◽  
Derek M. Harkins ◽  
Timothy B. Stockwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Line ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Reference Genome ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Draft Assembly ◽  
Long Read

Background:The tick cell line ISE6, derived fromIxodes scapularis, is commonly used for amplification and detection of arboviruses in environmental or clinical samples.Methods:To assist with sequence-based assays, we sequenced the ISE6 genome with single-molecule, long-read technology.Results:The draft assembly appears near complete based on gene content analysis, though it appears to lack some instances of repeats in this highly repetitive genome. The assembly appears to have separated the haplotypes at many loci. DNA short read pairs, used for validation only, mapped to the cell line assembly at a higher rate than they mapped to theIxodes scapularisreference genome sequence.Conclusions:The assembly could be useful for filtering host genome sequence from sequence data obtained from cells infected with pathogens.

scholarly journals Diversity and Distribution of Xylophagous Beetles from Pinus thunbergii Parl. and Pinus massoniana Lamb. Infected by Pine Wood Nematode

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1549
Author(s):  
Xu Chu ◽  
Qiuyu Ma ◽  
Meijiao Yang ◽  
Guoqiang Li ◽  
Jinyan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pinus Massoniana ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Spatial Niche ◽  
Pinus Massoniana Lamb

The vectors of pinewood nematode of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Bührer, 1934) are mainly known as xylophagous beetles. Understanding the composition and distribution of these xylophagous beetles in host pine trees infected by PWN is critical to control the spread of PWN. In this study, we investigated the community structures of the xylophagous beetles in two main host trees in Fujian and Shandong, Pinus massoniana Lamb. and Pinus thunbergia Parl., in different stages of infection. All beetles were collected by dissecting the whole pine trees and then identified by their morphological characteristics and COI genes. The results showed that the diversity of xylophagous beetles was different not only between the two host pine trees but also among the different infection stages. The diversity of P. massoniana xylophagous beetles was significantly higher than that of P. thunbergii, and there were also significant differences in the different stages of PWN infection. In total, Scolytinae was the most common (53.70%), followed by Curculionidae (18.26%), Cerambycidae (16.31%), and Cleridae (6.04%). Monochamus alternatus, the most important vector of PWN, occupied a large niche and showed different aggregation positions during the three infection stages in both host trees. This result might be related to the resistance of bark beetles to host trees and competition with other xylophagous beetles. The community diversity of xylophagous beetles was jointly affected by both the infection stages of PWN and the spatial niche of xylophagous beetles. Knowledge of the diversity and competitive relationships among xylophagous beetles might help regulate the population dynamics of these beetles.

scholarly journals Bxy‐fuca encoding α‐L‐fucosidase plays crucial roles in development and reproduction of the pathogenic pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Tang ◽  
Ruoqing Ma ◽  
Najie Zhu ◽  
Kai Guo ◽  
Yiqing Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Pinewood Nematode

scholarly journals Genetic characteristics of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus third-stage dispersal juveniles

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiaoli Chen ◽  
Ruizhi Zhang ◽  
Danlei Li ◽  
Feng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Homologous Genes ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Oil Red O Staining ◽  
Oil Red O

AbstractThe third-stage dispersal juvenile (DJ3) of pinewood nematode (PWN) is highly associated with low-temperature survival and spread of the nematode. Oil-Red-O staining showed that its lipid content was significantly higher compared with other PWN stages. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis identified that genes in the pink module were highly related to DJ3 induced in the laboratory (DJ3-lab). These genes were arranged according to their gene significance (GS) to DJ3-lab. Of the top 30 genes with the highest GS, seven were found to be highly homologous to the cysteine protease family cathepsin 1 (CATH1). The top 30 genes with the highest weight value to each of the seven genes in the pink module were selected, and finally 35 genes were obtained. Between these seven CATH1 homologous genes and their 35 highly related genes, 15 were related to fat metabolism or autophagy. These autophagy-related genes were also found to be highly correlated with other genes in the pink module, suggesting that autophagy might be involved in the mechanism of longevity in DJ3 and the formation of DJ3 by regulating genes related to fat metabolism.

scholarly journals Chitosan increases Pinus pinaster tolerance to the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) by promoting plant antioxidative metabolism

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Nunes da Silva ◽  
Carla S. Santos ◽  
Ana Cruz ◽  
Adrián López-Villamor ◽  
Marta W. Vasconcelos
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Pinus Pinaster ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Nematode Population ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
The Moment

AbstractThe pine wilt disease (PWD), for which no effective treatment is available at the moment, is a constant threat to Pinus spp. plantations worldwide, being responsible for significant economic and environmental losses every year. It has been demonstrated that elicitation with chitosan increases plant tolerance to the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of the PWD, but the biochemical and genetic aspects underlying this response have not been explored. To understand the influence of chitosan in Pinus pinaster tolerance against PWN, a low-molecular-weight (327 kDa) chitosan was applied to mock- and PWN-inoculated plants. Nematode population, malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase, carotenoids, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, lignin and gene expression related to oxidative stress (thioredoxin 1, TRX) and plant defence (defensin, DEF, and a-farnesene synthase, AFS), were analysed at 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post-inoculation (dpi). At 28 dpi, PWN-infected plants elicited with chitosan showed a sixfold lower nematode population when compared to non-elicited plants. Higher levels of MDA, catalase, carotenoids, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, and lignin were detected in chitosan-elicited plants following infection. The expression levels of DEF gene were higher in elicited plants, while TRX and AFS expression was lower, possibly due to the disease containment-effect of chitosan. Combined, we conclude that chitosan induces pine defences against PWD via modulation of metabolic and transcriptomic mechanisms related with plant antioxidant system.

scholarly journals In Silico Screening of Agonist and Antagonist Natural Compounds from Reported Essential Oils against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Jorge M. S. Faria ◽  
Ana Margarida Rodrigues ◽  
Pedro Barbosa ◽  
Manuel Mota
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Bibliographic Data ◽  
Agonist And Antagonist ◽  
Containment Strategy ◽  
Detailed Chemical

Chemical control has been the most effective and reliable containment strategy in integrated pest management of pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Yet, large spectrum nematicides can be dangerous to human health and the environment. Essential oils (EOs) are safer sustainable alternatives, being composed of highly active natural compounds. A survey of bibliographic data on the detailed chemical composition and activity of the EOs used against the PWN allowed pinpointing monoterpenes as the main source of structures with agonist or antagonist properties. Transversal EO data treatment can identify potential highly active anti-PWN compounds.

scholarly journals Satellite DNA as a target for TaqMan real-time PCR detection of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 803-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
CECILE FRANÇOIS ◽  
CHANTAL CASTAGNONE ◽  
NEIL BOONHAM ◽  
JENNY TOMLINSON ◽  
REBECCA LAWSON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Satellite Dna ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Pcr Detection ◽  
Pinewood Nematode

scholarly journals Molecular and biochemical characterization of an endo-β-1,3-glucanase from the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus acquired by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria

2005 ◽  
Vol 389 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taisei KIKUCHI ◽  
Hajime SHIBUYA ◽  
John T. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Horizontal Gene Transfer ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Glycosyl Hydrolase ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Sequence Comparisons

We report the cloning and functional characterization of an endo-β-1,3-glucanase from the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus acquired by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria. This is the first gene of this type from any nematode species. We show that a similar cDNA is also present in another closely related species B. mucronatus, but that similar sequences are not present in any other nematode studied to date. The B. xylophilus gene is expressed solely in the oesophageal gland cells of the nematode and the protein is present in the nematode's secretions. The deduced amino acid sequence of the gene is very similar to glycosyl hydrolase family 16 proteins. The recombinant protein, expressed in Escherichia coli, preferentially hydrolysed the β-1,3-glucan laminarin, and had very low levels of activity on β-1,3-1,4-glucan, lichenan and barley β-glucan. Laminarin was degraded in an endoglucanase mode by the enzyme. The optimal temperature and pH for activity of the recombinant enzyme were 65 °C and pH 4.9. The protein is probably important in allowing the nematodes to feed on fungi. Sequence comparisons suggest that the gene encoding the endo-β-1,3-glucanase was acquired by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria. B. xylophilus therefore contains genes that have been acquired by this process from both bacteria and fungi. These findings support the idea that multiple independent horizontal gene transfer events have helped in shaping the evolution of several different life strategies in nematodes.

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