Genetic Admixture in the Population of Wild Apple (Malus sieversii) from the Tien Shan Mountains, Kazakhstan

There is growing attention given to gene flow between crops and the wild relatives as global landscapes have been rapidly converted into agricultural farm fields over the past century. Crop-to-wild introgression may advance the extinction risks of rare plants through demographic swamping and/or genetic swamping. Malus sieversii, the progenitor of the apple, is exclusively distributed along the Tien Shan mountains. Habitat fragmentation and hybridization between M. sieversii and the cultivated apples have been proposed to be the causal mechanism of the accelerated extinction risk. We examined the genetic diversity pattern of eleven wild and domesticated apple populations and assessed the gene flow between M. sieversii and the cultivated apples in Kazakhstan using thirteen nuclear microsatellite loci. On average, apple populations harbored fairly high within-population diversity, whereas population divergences were very low suggesting likely influence of human-mediated dispersal. Assignment results showed a split pattern between the cultivated and wild apples and frequent admixture among the apple populations. Coupled with the inflated contemporary migration rates, the admixture pattern might be the signature of increased human intervention within the recent past. Our study highlighted the prevalent crop to wild gene flow of apples occurring in Kazakhstan, proposing an accelerated risk of genetic swamping.

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Measuring and inferring the ice thickness distribution of four glaciers in the Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan

Journal of Glaciology ◽

10.1017/jog.2020.104 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Lander Van Tricht ◽

Philippe Huybrechts ◽

Jonas Van Breedam ◽

Johannes J. Fürst ◽

Oleg Rybak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cross Validation ◽

Thickness Distribution ◽

Tien Shan ◽

Ice Thickness ◽

Ice Volume ◽

In Situ Data ◽

Radio Echo Sounding ◽

Thickness Measurements ◽

Tien Shan Mountains

Abstract Glaciers in the Tien Shan mountains contribute considerably to the fresh water used for irrigation, households and energy supply in the dry lowland areas of Kyrgyzstan and its neighbouring countries. To date, reconstructions of the current ice volume and ice thickness distribution remain scarce, and accurate data are largely lacking at the local scale. Here, we present a detailed ice thickness distribution of Ashu-Tor, Bordu, Golubin and Kara-Batkak glaciers derived from radio-echo sounding measurements and modelling. All the ice thickness measurements are used to calibrate three individual models to estimate the ice thickness in inaccessible areas. A cross-validation between modelled and measured ice thickness for a subset of the data is performed to attribute a weight to every model and to assemble a final composite ice thickness distribution for every glacier. Results reveal the thickest ice on Ashu-Tor glacier with values up to 201 ± 12 m. The ice thickness measurements and distributions are also compared with estimates composed without the use of in situ data. These estimates approach the total ice volume well, but local ice thicknesses vary substantially.

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An outline of avalanches in the Tien Shan mountains

Annals of Glaciology ◽

10.3189/1992aog16-1-7-10 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

pp. 7-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hu Ruji ◽

Ma Hong ◽

Wang Guo

Keyword(s):

Snow Cover ◽

Basal Layer ◽

Liquid Water Content ◽

Snow Accumulation ◽

Tien Shan ◽

Large Temperature ◽

Snow Avalanches ◽

Climatic Variations ◽

Tien Shan Mountains ◽

Seasonal Snow Cover

The seasonal snow cover in the Tien Shan mountains is characterized by low density, low liquid-water content and low temperature. It is known as typical dry snow. Large temperature gradients in the basal layer of the snow cover exist throughout the entire period of snow accumulation, and depth hoar is therefore extremely well-developed. Full-depth depth-hoar avalanches, however, seldom occur. Avalanches in the Tien Shan mountains are mostly loose snow avalanches. Although normally not large in size, they are the most dangerous type. The occurrence of hazardous avalanches shows cycles of about ten years because of periodic climatic variations.

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Permafrost warming in the Tien Shan Mountains, Central Asia

Global and Planetary Change ◽

10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.023 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 56 (3-4) ◽

pp. 311-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 80

Author(s):

S.S. Marchenko ◽

A.P. Gorbunov ◽

V.E. Romanovsky

Keyword(s):

Central Asia ◽

Tien Shan ◽

Permafrost Warming ◽

Tien Shan Mountains

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The influence of roads on the fine-scale population genetic structure of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus)

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

10.1371/journal.pntd.0009139 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. e0009139

Author(s):

Maria Angenica F. Regilme ◽

Thaddeus M. Carvajal ◽

Ann–Christin Honnen ◽

Divina M. Amalin ◽

Kozo Watanabe

Keyword(s):

Gene Flow ◽

Genetic Structure ◽

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Spatial Scale ◽

Population Genetic Structure ◽

Population Genetic ◽

Mosquito Control ◽

Genetic Admixture ◽

Fine Spatial Scale ◽

The Road

Dengue is endemic in tropical and subtropical countries and is transmitted mainly by Aedes aegypti. Mosquito movement can be affected by human-made structures such as roads that can act as a barrier. Roads can influence the population genetic structure of Ae. aegypti. We investigated the genetic structure and gene flow of Ae. aegypti as influenced by a primary road, España Boulevard (EB) with 2000-meter-long stretch and 24-meters-wide in a very fine spatial scale. We hypothesized that Ae. aegypti populations separated by EB will be different due to the limited gene flow as caused by the barrier effect of the road. A total of 359 adults and 17 larvae Ae. aegypti were collected from June to September 2017 in 13 sites across EB. North (N1-N8) and South (S1-S5) comprised of 211 and 165 individuals, respectively. All mosquitoes were genotyped at 11 microsatellite loci. AMOVA FST indicated significant genetic differentiation across the road. The constructed UPGMA dendrogram found 3 genetic groups revealing the clear separation between North and South sites across the road. On the other hand, Bayesian cluster analysis showed four genetic clusters (K = 4) wherein each individual samples have no distinct genetic cluster thus genetic admixture. Our results suggest that human-made landscape features such as primary roads are potential barriers to mosquito movement thereby limiting its gene flow across the road. This information is valuable in designing an effective mosquito control program in a very fine spatial scale.

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Fertile Clones of Garlic(Allium sativum L.) Abundant around the Tien Shan Mountains.

Ikushugaku zasshi ◽

10.1270/jsbbs1951.46.349 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 46 (4) ◽

pp. 349-353 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chong-jian Hong ◽

Takeomi Etoh

Keyword(s):

Allium Sativum ◽

Tien Shan ◽

Tien Shan Mountains

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Deep‐seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD) and slow‐moving landslides in the southern Tien Shan Mountains: new insights from InSAR, tectonic and geomorphic analysis

Earth Surface Processes and Landforms ◽

10.1002/esp.4648 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 44 (12) ◽

pp. 2333-2348 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Kanayim Teshebaeva ◽

Helmut Echtler ◽

Bodo Bookhagen ◽

Manfred Strecker

Keyword(s):

Slope Deformation ◽

Tien Shan ◽

Slow Moving ◽

Tien Shan Mountains

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Flavonoid Diversity of Saussurea and Serratula Species in Tien Shan Mountains

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x0700201115 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 2 (11) ◽

pp. 1934578X0700201 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Katsumi Kusano ◽

Tsukasa Iwashina ◽

Junichi Kitajima ◽

Tamaki Mishio

Keyword(s):

Methyl Ether ◽

Spectroscopic Data ◽

Mass Spectrometric ◽

Tien Shan ◽

Adjacent Area ◽

Flavonoid Composition ◽

Tien Shan Mountains ◽

C Nmr

Nine Saussurea species, S. alberti, S. elegans, S. gnaphalodes, S. involucrata, S. konuroba, S. kuschakewiczii, S. leucophylla, S. schanginiana and S. sordida, and Serratula lyratifolia from the Tien Shan Mountains and adjacent area were chemically characterized for flavonoids. Thirty-one flavonoids and one hydroquinone were isolated from the leaves of these species and identified from mass spectrometric, UV, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data, by characterization of hydrolyzates, and direct TLC and HPLC comparisons with authentic samples as kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside (1), quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (2), isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside (3), quercetin 3-O-glucoside (4), quercetin 3-O-galactoside (5), kaempferol 5-O-glucoside (6), kaempferol 7-O-glucoside (7), quercetin 5-O-glucoside (8), quercetin 7-O-glucoside (9), isorhamnetin 5-O-glucoside (10), luteolin (11), hispidulin (12), nepetin (13), selagin 7-methyl ether (14), selagin (15), velutin (16), luteolin 7-methyl ether (17), jaceosidin (18), apigenin 7-O-rutinoside (19), apigenin 7-O-glucoside (20), luteolin 7-O-rutinoside (21), luteolin 7-O-glucoside (22), luteolin 7-O-galactoside (23), luteolin 7-O-glucuronide (24), hispidulin 7-O-glucoside (25), nepetin 7-O-glucoside (26), luteolin 5-O-glucoside (27), isovitexin (28), apigenin 6,8-di-C-glycoside (29), isoorientin (30), luteolin 8-C-glycoside (31), and arbutin (32). The nine surveyed Saussurea species differed in their flavonoid composition. It was shown that the genus is not only morphologically, but also chemically diversified.

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