scholarly journals Integrated Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Differential Expression of Chicken Lung Tissue in Response to NDV Infection during Heat Stress

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perot Saelao ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Ganrea Chanthavixay ◽  
Vivian Yu ◽  
Rodrigo A. Gallardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Disease Response ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Interesting Candidate ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Global Food

: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a devastating worldwide poultry pathogen with major implications for global food security. In this study, two highly inbred and genetically distinct chicken lines, Fayoumis and Leghorns, were exposed to a lentogenic strain of NDV, while under the effects of heat stress, in order to understand the genetic mechanisms of resistance during high ambient temperatures. Fayoumis, which are relatively more resistant to pathogens than Leghorns, had larger numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during the early stages of infection when compared to Leghorns and subsequently down-regulated their immune response at the latter stages to return to homeostasis. Leghorns had very few DEGs across all observed time points, with the majority of DEGs involved with metabolic and glucose-related functions. Proteomic analysis corroborates findings made within Leghorns, while also identifying interesting candidate genes missed by expression profiling. Poor correlation between changes observed in the proteomic and transcriptomic datasets highlights the potential importance of integrative approaches to understand the mechanisms of disease response. Overall, this study provides novel insights into global protein and expression profiles of these two genetic lines, and provides potential genetic targets involved with NDV resistance during heat stress in poultry.

scholarly journals Prospects of Genetics and Breeding for Low Phosphate Tolerance: an Integrated Approach from Soil to Cell

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Odilón Ojeda-Rivera ◽  
Gerardo Alejo-Jacuinde ◽  
Héctor-Rogelio Nájera-González ◽  
Damar López-Arredondo
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Global Food

Abstract Due to the importance of Phosphorus (P) on plant development and reproduction, global P security has emerged as a key factor towards global food security. Together with multiple agrochemicals, P-based fertilizers have become the pillars that sustain our food production systems. Therefore, improving the genetics and biology of key crops such as maize, rice, wheat and soybean to develop varieties better adapted to thrive under environments that present low phosphate (Pi) availability and that possess higher Pi-fertilizer use efficiency is imperative. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of Pi nutrition in plants, with particular focus on crops, and provide new perspectives on how to harness the ample repertoire of genetic mechanisms behind plant low-Pi adaptive responses that can be utilized to design smart low-Pi tolerant plants. We discuss on the potential of implementing more integrative, versatile and effective strategies by incorporating genome editing and synthetic biology approaches to reduce Pi-fertilizer input and enable global food security in a more sustainable way.

scholarly journals Global risk of heat stress to cattle under climate change.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle A. North ◽  
James A. Franke ◽  
Birgitt Ouweneel ◽  
Christopher H. Trisos
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Cattle Production ◽  
Global Risk ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Forest Regions ◽  
Related Stress ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Global Food ◽  
Land Use Practices

Abstract Livestock comprise the largest mammalian biomass on Earth and contribute to global food security. However, despite numerous case studies reporting heat impacts, the global risk of heat-related stress to livestock from climate change remains unquantified. Here, we conducted a global synthesis of documented heat stress in cattle to identify heat thresholds associated with decreased production and fertility, and increased mortality, and mapped these conditions worldwide for current and future climates. We find that unmitigated climate change will increase the duration of multiple-month heat stress outside the tropics whereas severity will increase most in the tropics and sub-tropics. Our results show that development pathways expanding cattle production into tropical forest regions in South America and Africa will both exacerbate climate change and expose hundreds of millions more cattle to increased heat stress, highlighting the contradiction of pursuing land-use practices that are themselves placed at high risk from resulting future climate hazards.

scholarly journals Satellite Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Reveals Heat Stress Impacts on Wheat Yield in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 3277
Author(s):  
Yang Song ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Lixin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Gangetic Plains ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Food ◽  
Accumulated Degree Days

With continued global warming, the frequency and severity of heat wave events increased over the past decades, threatening both regional and global food security in the future. There are growing interests to study the impacts of drought on crop. However, studies on the impacts of heat stress on crop photosynthesis and yield are still lacking. To fill this knowledge gap, we used both statistical models and satellite solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) data to assess the impacts of heat stress on wheat yield in a major wheat growing region, the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP), India. The statistical model showed that the relationships between different accumulated degree days (ADD) and reported wheat yield were significantly negative. The results confirmed that heat stress affected wheat yield across this region. Building on such information, satellite SIF observations were used to further explore the physiological basis of heat stress impacts on wheat yield. Our results showed that SIF had strong negative correlations with ADDs and was capable of monitoring heat stress. The SIF results also indicated that heat stress caused yield loss by directly impacting the photosynthetic capacity in wheat. Overall, our findings demonstrated that SIF as an effective proxy for photosynthetic activity would improve our understanding of the impacts of heat stress on wheat yield.

GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY AMID THE GLOBAL CRISIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 134-141
Author(s):  
P. M. TARANOV ◽  
◽  
A. S. PANASYUK ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Food Problem ◽  
Supply Problem ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Food Security Indicators ◽  
Security Indicators ◽  
Global Food

The authors assess the prospects for solving the global food problem based on an analysis of the dynamics of food security indicators at the global and regional levels. The global food problem at work refers to the growing population of a planet affected by hunger and other forms of malnutrition. The food security situation has worsened for five years - in 2015–2019, and the COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the food supply problem. The prevalence of moderate to severe food insecurity has affected more than 25% of the world's population. In lowincome countries, malnutrition affects more than 58% of the population. Food security is threatened by the consequences of the spread of coronavirus infection in the short term. In the medium and long term, climate change and the crisis in the governance of the world economy are the greatest threats. Modern international economic institutions are unable to withstand the prospect of declining global food security.

scholarly journals Review: Impacts of shade on cattle well-being in the beef supply chain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily N Edwards-Callaway ◽  
M Caitlin Cramer ◽  
Caitlin N Cadaret ◽  
Elizabeth J Bigler ◽  
Terry E Engle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Stress Susceptibility ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Shade is a mechanism to reduce heat load providing cattle with an environment supportive of their welfare needs. Although heat stress has been extensively reviewed, researched, and addressed in dairy production systems, it has not been investigated in the same manner in the beef cattle supply chain. Like all animals, beef cattle are susceptible to heat stress if they are unable to dissipate heat during times of elevated ambient temperatures. There are many factors that impact heat stress susceptibility in beef cattle throughout the different supply chain sectors, many of which relate to the production system, i.e. availability of shade, microclimate of environment, and nutrition management. The results from studies evaluating the effects of shade on production and welfare are difficult to compare due to variation in structural design, construction materials used, height, shape, and area of shade provided. Additionally, depending on operation location, shade may or may not be beneficial during all times of the year, which can influence the decision to make shade a permanent part of management systems. Shade has been shown to lessen the physiologic response of cattle to heat stress. Shaded cattle exhibit lower respiration rates, body temperatures, and panting scores compared to un-shaded cattle in weather that increases the risk of heat stress. Results from studies investigating the provision of shade indicate that cattle seek shade in hot weather. The impact of shade on behavioral patterns is inconsistent in the current body of research, some studies indicating shade provision impacts behavior and other studies reporting no difference between shaded and un-shaded groups. Analysis of performance and carcass characteristics across feedlot studies demonstrated that shaded cattle had increased ADG, improved feed efficiency, HCW, and dressing percentage when compared to cattle without shade. Despite the documented benefits of shade, current industry statistics, although severely limited in scope, indicate low shade implementation rates in feedlots and data in other supply chain sectors do not exist. Industry guidelines and third party on-farm certification programs articulate the critical need for protection from extreme weather but are not consistent in providing specific recommendations and requirements. Future efforts should include: updated economic analyses of cost versus benefit of shade implementation, exploration of producer perspectives and needs relative to shade, consideration of shade impacts in the cow-calf and slaughter plant segments of the supply chain, and integration of indicators of affective (mental) state and preference in research studies to enhance the holistic assessment of cattle welfare.

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