scholarly journals Determination of Rainfall Thresholds for Landslide Prediction Using an Algorithm-Based Approach: Case Study in the Darjeeling Himalayas, India

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Togaru Surya Teja ◽  
Abhirup Dikshit ◽  
Neelima Satyam
Keyword(s):  
Warning System ◽  
Land Loss ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Power Law Equation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Automated Tool ◽  
Indian Himalayas ◽  
Darjeeling Himalayas

Landslides are one of the most devastating and commonly recurring natural hazards in the Indian Himalayas. They contribute to infrastructure damage, land loss and human casualties. Most of the landslides are primarily rainfall-induced and the relationship has been well very well-established, having been commonly defined using empirical-based models which use statistical approaches to determine the parameters of a power-law equation. One of the main drawbacks using the traditional empirical methods is that it fails to reduce the uncertainties associated with threshold calculation. The present study overcomes these limitations by identifying the precipitation condition responsible for landslide occurrence using an algorithm-based model. The methodology involves the use of an automated tool which determines cumulated event rainfall–rainfall duration thresholds at various exceedance probabilities and the associated uncertainties. The analysis has been carried out for the Kalimpong Region of the Darjeeling Himalayas using rainfall and landslide data for the period 2010–2016. The results signify that a rainfall event of 48 hours with a cumulated event rainfall of 36.7 mm can cause landslides in the study area. Such a study is the first to be conducted for the Indian Himalayas and can be considered as a first step in determining more reliable thresholds which can be used as part of an operational early-warning system.

Determination of an effect of 3-chlorophenol on hydroxyl radical generation during ozonation through kinetic study in the power law type

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 305-311
Author(s):  
Y.-H. Han ◽  
I. Koshiishi ◽  
H. Utsumi
Keyword(s):  
Power Law ◽  
Ozone Decomposition ◽  
Oh Radical ◽  
Catalytic Intermediates ◽  
Stable Adduct ◽  
Solution Proceeds ◽  
Radical Generation ◽  
Power Law Equation ◽  
The Relationship

Ozone decomposition in aqueous solution proceeds through a radical type chain mechanism. These reactions involve the very reactive and catalytic intermediates hydroxyl (OH) radical, O2− radical, HO2 radical, OH−, H2O2, etc. OH radical is proposed as an important factor in the ozonation of water. In the previous study, generation of OH radical in the ozonation of water containing 3-chlorophenol was mathematically evaluated. In this study, we estimated the kinetic equation for the effect of 3-chlorophenol on OH radical generation during ozonation using the power law equation, in order to analyze it more correctly. The OH radical was trapped with a 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) as a stable adduct, DMPO-OH. The relationship between the ozone concentration, 3-chlorophenol content, and the initial velocity (ν0) of DMPO-OH generation was analyzed mathematically, and the following equation was obtained: ν0 (10−6 M/s)=(1.58×10−5)×[3-chlorophenol (10−6 M)]×[ozone (10−6 M)]2.40+(3.09×10−5)×[ozone (10−6 M)]1.72. The equation fitted very well with the experimental results, and square of the correlation coefficient was larger than 0.9.

scholarly journals The key role of underlying theories for scientific explanations. A darwinian case study

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-632
Author(s):  
Daniel Blanco ◽  
Ariel Roffé ◽  
Santiago Ginnobili
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestry ◽  
Circular Reasoning ◽  
Explanatory Theory ◽  
Darwinian Theory ◽  
Underlying Theory ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Structuralist View Of Theories

A given explanatory theory T falls into circular reasoning if the only way to determine its explanandum is through the application of T. To find an (often previous) underlying theory T′ that determines T′s explanandum helps us save T from this accusation of circularity. We follow the structuralist view of theories in presenting and dealing with this issue, by applying it to particular theories. More specifically, we focus on the relationship between the Darwinian theory of common ancestry and the determination of homologies.

scholarly journals The Determination of Performance Measures by Using a Balanced Scorecard Framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
Irem Kefe
Keyword(s):  
Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Financial Measures ◽  
The Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Manufacturing Company ◽  
Strategy Map ◽  
Owned Company ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
A Company

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the contributions of the balanced scorecard (BSC) methods to identify the relationship between the objectives and activities and examine how the BSC should be formed in a manufacturing company. The BSC framework was examined via a case study in a yarn manufacturing company. The activities to be carried out by the company to achieve its objectives and how the appropriate measures are determined in evaluating the contribution of the activities to the achievement of objectives are explained under the BSC approach. The BSC implementation and adaptation have facilitated in a family owned company because of its fast decision-making process. Objectives are made clear in accordance with the company’s strategy and causal relationship between objectives and activities are linked by the strategy map. The BSC implementation shows that financial measures are not enough to evaluate the effects of all the activities on the objectives in a company. The cooperation between departments in the company and the efficiency of corporation meetings increases. The meetings have become more result-oriented due to clarifying objectives and responsibility of individual levels.

scholarly journals Estimating Rainfall Thresholds for Landslide Occurrence in the Bhutan Himalayas

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhirup Dikshit ◽  
Raju Sarkar ◽  
Biswajeet Pradhan ◽  
Saroj Acharya ◽  
Kelzang Dorji
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Antecedent Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Thresholds ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Rainfall Duration ◽  
The World ◽  
Landslide Data

Consistently over the years, particularly during monsoon seasons, landslides and related geohazards in Bhutan are causing enormous damage to human lives, property, and road networks. The determination of thresholds for rainfall triggered landslides is one of the most effective methods to develop an early warning system. Such thresholds are determined using a variety of rainfall parameters and have been successfully calculated for various regions of the world at different scales. Such thresholds can be used to forecast landslide events which could help in issuing an alert to civic authorities. A comprehensive study on the determination of rainfall thresholds characterizing landslide events for Bhutan is lacking. This paper focuses on defining event rainfall–duration thresholds for Chukha Dzongkhag, situated in south-west Bhutan. The study area is chosen due to the increase in frequency of landslides during monsoon along Phuentsholing-Thimphu highway, which passes through it and this highway is a major trade route of the country with the rest of the world. The present threshold method revolves around the use of a power law equation to determine event rainfall–duration thresholds. The thresholds have been established using available rainfall and landslide data for 2004–2014. The calculated threshold relationship is fitted to the lower boundary of the rainfall conditions leading to landslides and plotted in logarithmic coordinates. The results show that a rainfall event of 24 h with a cumulated rainfall of 53 mm can cause landslides. Later on, the outcome of antecedent rainfall varying from 3–30 days was also analysed to understand its effect on landslide incidences based on cumulative event rainfall. It is also observed that a minimum 10-day antecedent rainfall of 88 mm and a 20-day antecedent rainfall of 142 mm is required for landslide occurrence in the area. The thresholds presented can be improved with the availability of hourly rainfall data and the addition of more landslide data. These can also be used as an early warning system especially along the Phuentsholing–Thimphu Highway to prevent any disruptions of trade.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF LOCATION ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR SHOPPING (Case study : At Grandlucky Superstore Jakarta)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 99-104
Author(s):  
Vera Yanti ◽  
Danny Ong ◽  
Devy Sofyanty
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
Shopping Behavior ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Location Factors ◽  
Shopping Behaviour ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Regression Test ◽  
The Relationship

This Study to determine the effect of lovation on Consumer Shopping Behaviour of Grandlucky Superstore Jakarta. The formulation of the problem in this study is whether there is an influence between the location of consumer shopping behavior at grandlucky Superstore Jakarta . The Population in this study were consumers at Grandlucky Superstore Jakarta , the determination of the number of samples using the slovin formula obtained a sample of 50 people. The variables examined in this study consisted of location factors as independent variables and consumer behaviour as dependent variables. The data used in this study were collected using a questionare that had previously been tesyed for the level of validity and reliability. Analysis of the research can be done using a linear regression formula and test the coefficient of determinant by using the help of SPSS 23 Software the result of the correlation coefficient of 0.859 indicate the relationship between location/ place against consumer behaviour. The determinant test obtained by R Square is 0.737 or 73 %of the variables of consumer behaviour are influenced by location / place variables, while remaining 27 persen is influenced by other factors.the same regression test is obtained by the regression equation Y= 7.105+0.794X, if the location/place coefficient is 0, then the consumer behaviour is 7.105 Keyword : Location/ Place, Consumer Beauviour  

Analysis of the relationship of landslide occurrence with rainfall: a case study of Wudu County, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1277-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shibiao Bai ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Benni Thiebes ◽  
Chen Cheng ◽  
Yipeng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Determination of Empirical Rainfall Thresholds for Shallow Landslides in Slovenia Using an Automatic Tool

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galena Jordanova ◽  
Stefano Luigi Gariano ◽  
Massimo Melillo ◽  
Silvia Peruccacci ◽  
Maria Teresa Brunetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Shallow Landslides ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Thresholds ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Automatic Tool ◽  
Clastic Sedimentary ◽  
Trigger Mechanisms

Rainfall-triggered shallow landslides represent a major threat to people and infrastructure worldwide. Predicting the possibility of a landslide occurrence accurately means understanding the trigger mechanisms adequately. Rainfall is the main cause of slope failures in Slovenia, and rainfall thresholds are among the most-used tools to predict the possible occurrence of rainfall-triggered landslides. The recent validation of the prototype landslide early system in Slovenia highlighted the need to define new reliable rainfall thresholds. In this study, several empirical thresholds are determined using an automatic tool. The thresholds are represented by a power law curve that links the cumulated event rainfall (E, in mm) with the duration of the rainfall event (D, in h). By eliminating all subjective criteria thanks to the automated calculation, thresholds at diverse non-exceedance probabilities are defined and validated, and the uncertainties associated with their parameters are estimated. Additional thresholds are also calculated for two different environmental classifications. The first classification is based on mean annual rainfall (MAR) with the national territory divided into three classes. The area with the highest MAR has the highest thresholds, which indicates a likely adaptation of the landscape to higher amounts of rainfall. The second classification is based on four lithological units. Two-thirds of the considered landslides occur in the unit of any type of clastic sedimentary rocks, which proves an influence of the lithology on the occurrence of shallow landslides. Sedimentary rocks that are prone to weathering have the lowest thresholds, while magmatic and metamorphic rocks have the highest thresholds. Thresholds obtained for both classifications are far less reliable due to the low number of empirical points and can only be used as indicators of rainfall conditions for each of the classes. Finally, the new national thresholds for Slovenia are also compared with other regional, national, and global thresholds. The thresholds can be used to define probabilistic schemes aiming at the operative prediction of rainfall-induced shallow landslides in Slovenia, in the framework of the Slovenian prototype early warning system.

Postprandial Glycemic Response in Three Male Endurance Athletes

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-449
Author(s):  
Marie Dunford ◽  
Charlotte Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Glycemic Response ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Test Food ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Relationship

The determination of blood glucose response to various carbohydrate foods may help athletes in their choice of preexercise feedings. This case study documented the postprandial glycemic responses of three male endurance athletes at rest after ingestion of 50-gram portions of three carbohydrate foods: graham crackers, orange juice, and oatmeal. Plasma glucose response differed in each subject for each test food. Two of the three subjects exhibited similar glycemic responses, but not to the same test food. Future studies will clarify the relationship between carbohydrate ingestion and postprandial glucose response.

scholarly journals Study on the combined threshold for gully-type debris flow early warning

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Huang ◽  
Theodoor Wouterus Johannes van Asch ◽  
Changming Wang ◽  
Qiao Li
Keyword(s):  
Debris Flow ◽  
Pore Pressure ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Great Loss ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Gully-type debris flow induced by high-intensity and short-duration rainfall, frequently cause a great loss of properties and causalities in mountainous regions of Southwest China. In order to reduce the risk by geohazards, early warning systems have been provided. A triggering index can be detected in an early stage by the monitoring of rainfall and the changes in physical properties of the deposited materials along debris flow channel. Based on the method of critical pore pressure for slope stability analysis, this study presents critical pore pressure thresholds in combination with rainfall factors for gully-type debris flow early warning. The Wenjia gully, which contains an enormous amount of loose materials, was selected as a case study to reveal the relationship between the rainfalls and pore pressure, which can be used as a combined warning threshold. A three-level early warning system (Zero, Attention, and Warning) is adopted and the corresponding judgement conditions are defined in real-time. Based on this threshold, several rainfall events in recent years have been validated to prove that such a comprehensive threshold may be a reliable approach for the early warning of debris flows to safeguard the population in the mountainous areas.

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