scholarly journals Healthcare Expenditures Associated with Heart Failure in Saudi Arabia: A Cost of Illness Study

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 988
Author(s):  
Ahmed Alghamdi ◽  
Eman Algarni ◽  
Bander Balkhi ◽  
Abdulaziz Altowaijri ◽  
Abdulaziz Alhossan
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
The Cost

Heart failure (HF) is considered to be a global health problem that generates a significant economic burden. Despite the growing prevalence in Saudi Arabia, the economic burden of HF is not well studied. The aim of this study was to estimate the health care expenditures associated with HF in Saudi Arabia from a social perspective. We conducted a multicenter cost of illness (COI) study in two large governmental centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia using 369 HF patients. A COI model was developed in order to estimate the direct medical costs associated with HF. The indirect costs of HF were estimated based on a human capital approach. Descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed. The direct medical cost per HF patient was $9563. Hospitalization costs were the major driver in total spending, followed by medication and diagnostics costs. The cost significantly increased in line with the disease progression, ranging from $3671 in class I to $16,447 in class IV. The indirect costs per working HF patient were $4628 due to absenteeism, and $6388 due to presenteeism. The economic burden of HF is significantly high in Saudi Arabia. Decision makers need to focus on allocating resources towards strategies that prevent frequent hospitalizations and improve HF management and patient outcomes in order to lower the growing economic burden.

scholarly journals Typhoid and Paratyphoid Cost of Illness in Bangladesh: Patient and Health Facility Costs From the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project II

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. S293-S305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelly Mejia ◽  
Sarah W Pallas ◽  
Samir Saha ◽  
Jamal Udin ◽  
K M Ishtiaque Sayeed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Illness Onset ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Substantial Economic Burden

Abstract Background We conducted a cost of illness study to assess the economic burden of pediatric enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid) in Bangladesh. Results can inform public health policies to prevent enteric fever. Methods The study was conducted at 2 pediatric health facilities in Dhaka. For the patient and caregiver’s perspective, we administered questionnaires on costs incurred from illness onset until the survey dates to caregivers of patients with blood culture positive cases at enrollment and 6 weeks later to estimate the direct medical, direct nonmedical, and indirect costs. From the perspective of the health care provider, we collected data on quantities and prices of resources used by the 2 hospitals to estimate the direct medical economic costs to treat a case of enteric fever. We collected costs in Bangladeshi takas and converted them into 2018 US dollars. We multiplied the unit cost per procedure by the frequency of procedures in the surveillance case cohort to calculate the average cost per case. Results Among the 1772 patients from whom we collected information, the median cost of illness per case of enteric fever from the patient and caregiver perspective was US $64.03 (IQR: US $33.90 –$173.48). Median direct medical and nonmedical costs per case were 3% of annual labor income across the sample. From the perspective of the healthcare provider, the average direct medical cost per case was US $58.64 (range: US $37.25 at Hospital B, US $73.27 at Hospital A). Conclusions Our results show substantial economic burden of enteric fever in Bangladesh, with higher costs for patients receiving inpatient care. As antimicrobial resistance increases globally, the cost of illness could increase, due to more expensive and potent drugs required for treatment.

scholarly journals Economic burden of childhood diarrhea in Burundi

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fulgence Niyibitegeka ◽  
Arthorn Riewpaiboon ◽  
Sitaporn Youngkong ◽  
Montarat Thavorncharoensap
Keyword(s):  
Economic Burden ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Substantial Economic Burden

Abstract Background In 2016, diarrhea killed around 7 children aged under 5 years per 1000 live births in Burundi. The objective of this study was to estimate the economic burden associated with diarrhea in Burundi and to examine factors affecting the cost to provide economic evidence useful for the policymaking about clinical management of diarrhea. Methods The study was designed as a prospective cost-of-illness study using an incidence-based approach from the societal perspective. The study included patients aged under 5 years with acute non-bloody diarrhea who visited Buyenzi health center and Prince Regent Charles hospital from November to December 2019. Data were collected through interviews with patients’ caregivers and review of patients’ medical and financial records. Multiple linear regression was performed to identify factors affecting cost, and a cost model was used to generate predictions of various clinical and care management costs. All costs were converted into international dollars for the year 2019. Results One hundred thirty-eight patients with an average age of 14.45 months were included in this study. Twenty-one percent of the total patients included were admitted. The average total cost per episode of diarrhea was Int$109.01. Outpatient visit and hospitalization costs per episode of diarrhea were Int$59.87 and Int$292, respectively. The costs were significantly affected by the health facility type, patient type, health insurance scheme, complications with dehydration, and duration of the episode before consultation. Our model indicates that the prevention of one case of dehydration results in savings of Int$16.81, accounting for approximately 11 times of the primary treatment cost of one case of diarrhea in the community-based management program for diarrhea in Burundi. Conclusion Diarrhea is associated with a substantial economic burden to society. Evidence from this study provides useful information to support health interventions aimed at prevention of diarrhea and dehydration related to diarrhea in Burundi. Appropriate and timely care provided to patients with diarrhea in their communities and primary health centers can significantly reduce the economic burden of diarrhea. Implementing a health policy to provide inexpensive treatment to prevent dehydration can save significant amount of health expenditure.

Abstract 19839: Clinical and Economic Burden of Rheumatic Heart Disease in Low-Income Nations: Estimating the Cost-of-Illness in India and Uganda

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander T Sandhu ◽  
Kathikeyan G ◽  
Ann Bolger ◽  
Emmy Okello ◽  
Dhruv S Kazi
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Rheumatic Heart Disease ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Discrete State ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Rheumatic Heart

Introduction: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) strikes young adults at their peak economic productivity. Defining the global economic burden of RHD may motivate investments in research and prevention, yet prior approaches considering only medical costs may have underestimated the cost of illness. Objectives: To estimate the clinical and economic burden of RHD in India and Uganda. Outcomes were disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), direct medical costs, and indirect costs due to disability and premature mortality (2012 USD). Methods: We used a discrete-state Markov model to simulate the natural history of RHD using country-, age-, and gender-specific estimates from the literature and census data. We estimated direct medical costs from WHO-CHOICE and Disease Control and Prevention 3 publications. We conservatively estimated indirect costs (lost earnings and imputed caregiver costs) from World Bank data using novel economic methods. Results: In 2012, RHD generated 6.1 million DALYs in India and cost USD 10.7 billion (Table 1), including 1.8 billion in direct medical costs and 8.9 billion in indirect costs. During the same period, RHD produced 216,000 DALYs in Uganda, and cost USD 414 million, and, as in India, indirect costs represented the majority (88%) of the cost of illness. In both countries, women accounted for the majority (71-80%) of the DALYs; in Uganda, women bore 75% of the total cost. In sensitivity analyses, higher progression rates for subclinical disease doubled direct costs and DALYs. Conclusion: RHD exacts an enormous toll on the populations of India and Uganda, and its economic burden may be grossly underestimated if indirect costs are not systematically included. Women bear a disproportionate clinical burden from pregnancy-related complications. These results suggest that effective prevention and screening of RHD may represent a sound public health investment, particularly if targeted at high-risk subgroups such as young women.

Cost of lung cancer in East Azerbaijan province, in Iran, in 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-470
Author(s):  
Habibeh Mir ◽  
Farshad Seyednejad ◽  
Habib Jalilian ◽  
Shirin Nosratnejad ◽  
Mahmood Yousefi
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
East Azerbaijan ◽  
The Cost

Purpose Costs estimation is essential and important to resource allocation and prioritizing different interventions in the health system. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the costs of lung cancer in Iran, in 2017. Design/methodology/approach This was a prevalence-based cost of illness study with a bottom-up approach costing conducted from October 2016 to April 2017. The sample included 645 patients who referred to Imam Reza hospital, Tabriz, Iran, in 2017. Follow-up interviews were every two months. Hospitalization costs extracted from the patient’s record and outpatient costs, nondirect medical costs and indirect costs collected using questionnaire. SPSS software version 22 was used for the data analysis. Findings Mean direct medical costs, nondirect medical costs and indirect costs amounted to 36,637.02 ± 23,515.13 PPP (2016) (251,313,217.83 Rials), 2,025.25 ± 3,303.72 PPP (2016) (16,613,202.53 Rials) and 48,348.55 ± 34,371.84 PPP (2016) (396,599,494.56 Rials), respectively. There was a significant and negative correlation between direct medical costs, direct nonmedical costs, indirect costs and age at diagnosis, and there was a significant and positive correlation between the length of hospital stay and direct medical cost. Originality/value As the cost of lung cancer is substantial and there have been little studies in this area, the objective of this study is to investigate the cost of lung cancer and present ways to tackle this.

The economic cost of schizophrenia in Ireland: a cost of illness study

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caragh Behan ◽  
Brendan Kennelly ◽  
Eadbhard O'Callaghan
Keyword(s):  
Informal Care ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
Lost Productivity ◽  
Human Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Of Illness Study

AbstractObjectives: Although there are many published reports about the human cost of schizophrenia, there are far fewer estimates of its economic cost, particularly in Ireland. The aim of this study was to provide a prevalence-based estimate of the costs associated with schizophrenia in Ireland during 2006.Method: Using standard Cost of Illness (COI) procedures we compiled data from many sources including the Health Research Board, the Department of Health and Children and other government publications. Costs relating to health and social care, informal care, lost productivity, premature mortality and other public expenditures were included. Where national data were unavailable, we used bottom-up data from a geographically defined catchment area study and, in some instances, costs from two catchment areas were averaged. We did not measure human or intangible costs.Results: The estimated total cost of schizophrenia was €460.6 million in 2006. The direct cost of care was €117.5 million and the burden of indirect costs was €343 million. The cost of lost productivity due to unemployment, absence from work and premature mortality was €277 million. Within indirect costs, the expenditure on informal care borne by families was €43.8 million.Conclusions: Schizophrenia is not a very common condition but is an expensive one. This is attributable to its young age at onset, relatively low mortality rate and high severity particularly in terms of its impact on future employment. Measures to improve outcomes coupled with measures to improve employment such as supported employment strategies may impact significantly on the cost of schizophrenia. The study is limited because the national unit costs of many variables are not directly available and these Irish data are likely to be an underestimate. However, the results are comparable with a 2005 cost of illness study UK study.

scholarly journals Typhoid and Paratyphoid Cost of Illness in Nepal: Patient and Health Facility Costs From the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project II

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. S306-S318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelly Mejia ◽  
Taiwo Abimbola ◽  
Jason R Andrews ◽  
Krista Vaidya ◽  
Dipesh Tamrakar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Provider ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Illness Onset ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background Enteric fever is endemic in Nepal and its economic burden is unknown. The objective of this study was to estimate the cost of illness due to enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid) at selected sites in Nepal. Methods We implemented a study at 2 hospitals in Nepal to estimate the cost per case of enteric fever from the perspectives of patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers. We collected direct medical, nonmedical, and indirect costs per blood culture–confirmed case incurred by patients and their caregivers from illness onset until after enrollment and 6 weeks later. We estimated healthcare provider direct medical economic costs based on quantities and prices of resources used to diagnose and treat enteric fever, and procedure frequencies received at these facilities by enrolled patients. We collected costs in Nepalese rupees and converted them into 2018 US dollars. Results We collected patient and caregiver cost of illness information for 395 patients, with a median cost of illness per case of $59.99 (IQR, $24.04–$151.23). Median direct medical and nonmedical costs per case represented ~3.5% of annual individual labor income. From the healthcare provider perspective, the average direct medical economic cost per case was $79.80 (range, $71.54 [hospital B], $93.43 [hospital A]). Conclusions Enteric fever can impose a considerable economic burden on patients, caregivers, and health facilities in Nepal. These new estimates of enteric fever cost of illness can improve evaluation and modeling of the costs and benefits of enteric fever–prevention measures.

scholarly journals Cutaneous melanoma: cost of illness under Brazilian health system perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassia Rita Pereira da Veiga ◽  
Claudimar Pereira da Veiga ◽  
Alceu Souza ◽  
Alberto Julius Alves Wainstein ◽  
Andreia Cristina de Melo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Advanced Disease ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Health Value ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Of Illness Study

Abstract Background The landscape of cutaneous melanoma (CM) diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and treatment has undergone fundamental changes in the past decade. While the benefits of new health resources are recognized, there is a distinct lack of accurate cost-of-illness information to aid healthcare decision makers. Methods The cost-of-illness study for CM was conducted from the perspective of two health systems in Brazil: the public health system (Unified Health System, SUS) and the private health system (Health Management Organization, HMO). The study considered the direct medical cost in a bottom-up analysis, using melanoma incidence, knowledge of the disease’s progression, and the overall survival rates. The executional costs for the complete healthcare delivery cycle were investigated considering different disease stages and possible clinical course variations. The structural cost was assessed qualitatively considering the health value chain in Brazil. Results CM represents a critical financial burden in Brazil, and the cost of illness varied according to the health system and by stage at diagnosis. HMO patient costs are approximately 10-fold and 90-fold more than a SUS patient in the early-stage and advanced disease, respectively. Overall, spending on advanced disease patients can be up to 34-fold (SUS) or 270-fold (HMO) higher than that required for the early-stage disease. Given the massive amount of resources spent by the SUS and HMO, significant efforts must be made to improve the health value chain to deliver the right mix of medical care goods and services using available resources. Conclusion The cost-of-illness study for CM has the potential to inform policymakers and decision-makers regarding the economic burden that melanoma impose on a society in terms of the use of health care services, assisting them in making projections of future health care costs and resource allocation decisions. We believe that cost-of-illness analysis from a strategic perspective could be of help in assessing executional costs and be used to support the change in structural costs required for long-term strategies related to the health value chain.

scholarly journals PMS14 Economic Burden of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Saudi Arabia: A Single-Center Cost of Illness Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. S594
Author(s):  
A. Alghamdi ◽  
K. Alsaif ◽  
M. Alsahli ◽  
M. Omair ◽  
O. Almohammed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Single Center ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
Cost Of Illness Study
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