Cutaneous melanoma: cost of illness under Brazilian health system perspectives

Abstract Background The landscape of cutaneous melanoma (CM) diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and treatment has undergone fundamental changes in the past decade. While the benefits of new health resources are recognized, there is a distinct lack of accurate cost-of-illness information to aid healthcare decision makers. Methods The cost-of-illness study for CM was conducted from the perspective of two health systems in Brazil: the public health system (Unified Health System, SUS) and the private health system (Health Management Organization, HMO). The study considered the direct medical cost in a bottom-up analysis, using melanoma incidence, knowledge of the disease’s progression, and the overall survival rates. The executional costs for the complete healthcare delivery cycle were investigated considering different disease stages and possible clinical course variations. The structural cost was assessed qualitatively considering the health value chain in Brazil. Results CM represents a critical financial burden in Brazil, and the cost of illness varied according to the health system and by stage at diagnosis. HMO patient costs are approximately 10-fold and 90-fold more than a SUS patient in the early-stage and advanced disease, respectively. Overall, spending on advanced disease patients can be up to 34-fold (SUS) or 270-fold (HMO) higher than that required for the early-stage disease. Given the massive amount of resources spent by the SUS and HMO, significant efforts must be made to improve the health value chain to deliver the right mix of medical care goods and services using available resources. Conclusion The cost-of-illness study for CM has the potential to inform policymakers and decision-makers regarding the economic burden that melanoma impose on a society in terms of the use of health care services, assisting them in making projections of future health care costs and resource allocation decisions. We believe that cost-of-illness analysis from a strategic perspective could be of help in assessing executional costs and be used to support the change in structural costs required for long-term strategies related to the health value chain.

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Snakebite envenomation in the Brazilian Amazon: a cost-of-illness study

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene ◽

10.1093/trstmh/traa005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 114 (9) ◽

pp. 642-649 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Samara Freire Valente Magalhães ◽

Henry Maia Peixoto ◽

Jacqueline de Almeida Gonçalves Sachett ◽

Sâmella S Oliveira ◽

Eliane Campos Alves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health System ◽

Cost Of Illness ◽

Premature Death ◽

Brazilian Amazon ◽

System Perspective ◽

Illness Study ◽

Absence From Work ◽

The Cost ◽

Cost Of Illness Study ◽

Health System Perspective

Abstract Background Snakebites account for significant morbidity and mortality. Their occurrence in the Brazilian Amazon warrants an analysis that will enable better understanding of their economic impact and thus contribute to their management and prevention. This study aimed to estimate the cost of snakebite envenomation in the Brazilian Amazon in 2015. Methods We conducted a cost-of-illness study of snakebite in the Brazilian Amazon in 2015 based on official surveillance data to estimate burden from a societal, patient and public health system perspective. Direct medical costs were estimated via a top-down approach. Loss of productivity was estimated by a human capital approach. Results The study included 11 503 cases and 56 deaths. The estimated cost to the health system was US$3.115.861,28. The estimated cost due to premature death caused by snakebite was US$3031 300.38. The cost attributed to the loss of productivity due to absence from work was US$1539 518.62. The estimated cost from the patient's perspective was US$268 914.18. Therefore the total cost of snakebite in the Brazilian Amazon was estimated to be almost than US$8 million in 2015. Conclusions The economic burden of snakebite in Brazilian Amazon is notably high. Snakebites cause loss of productivity through inpatient treatment or deaths.

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Healthcare Expenditures Associated with Heart Failure in Saudi Arabia: A Cost of Illness Study

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9080988 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 988

Author(s):

Ahmed Alghamdi ◽

Eman Algarni ◽

Bander Balkhi ◽

Abdulaziz Altowaijri ◽

Abdulaziz Alhossan

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Saudi Arabia ◽

Cost Of Illness ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Health Care Expenditures ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Hospitalization Costs ◽

Illness Study ◽

The Cost

Heart failure (HF) is considered to be a global health problem that generates a significant economic burden. Despite the growing prevalence in Saudi Arabia, the economic burden of HF is not well studied. The aim of this study was to estimate the health care expenditures associated with HF in Saudi Arabia from a social perspective. We conducted a multicenter cost of illness (COI) study in two large governmental centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia using 369 HF patients. A COI model was developed in order to estimate the direct medical costs associated with HF. The indirect costs of HF were estimated based on a human capital approach. Descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed. The direct medical cost per HF patient was $9563. Hospitalization costs were the major driver in total spending, followed by medication and diagnostics costs. The cost significantly increased in line with the disease progression, ranging from $3671 in class I to $16,447 in class IV. The indirect costs per working HF patient were $4628 due to absenteeism, and $6388 due to presenteeism. The economic burden of HF is significantly high in Saudi Arabia. Decision makers need to focus on allocating resources towards strategies that prevent frequent hospitalizations and improve HF management and patient outcomes in order to lower the growing economic burden.

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The cost of childhood atopic dermatitis in a multi‐ethnic Asian population: a cost‐of‐illness study

British Journal of Dermatology ◽

10.1111/bjd.18442 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 182 (5) ◽

pp. 1245-1252 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M. Olsson ◽

R. Bajpai ◽

L.W.Y. Wee ◽

Y.W. Yew ◽

M.J.A. Koh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Cost Of Illness ◽

Asian Population ◽

Illness Study ◽

The Cost ◽

Cost Of Illness Study

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The economic cost of schizophrenia in Ireland: a cost of illness study

Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s079096670001106x ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 80-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Caragh Behan ◽

Brendan Kennelly ◽

Eadbhard O'Callaghan

Keyword(s):

Informal Care ◽

Cost Of Illness ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Economic Cost ◽

Premature Mortality ◽

Illness Study ◽

Lost Productivity ◽

Human Cost ◽

The Cost ◽

Cost Of Illness Study

AbstractObjectives: Although there are many published reports about the human cost of schizophrenia, there are far fewer estimates of its economic cost, particularly in Ireland. The aim of this study was to provide a prevalence-based estimate of the costs associated with schizophrenia in Ireland during 2006.Method: Using standard Cost of Illness (COI) procedures we compiled data from many sources including the Health Research Board, the Department of Health and Children and other government publications. Costs relating to health and social care, informal care, lost productivity, premature mortality and other public expenditures were included. Where national data were unavailable, we used bottom-up data from a geographically defined catchment area study and, in some instances, costs from two catchment areas were averaged. We did not measure human or intangible costs.Results: The estimated total cost of schizophrenia was €460.6 million in 2006. The direct cost of care was €117.5 million and the burden of indirect costs was €343 million. The cost of lost productivity due to unemployment, absence from work and premature mortality was €277 million. Within indirect costs, the expenditure on informal care borne by families was €43.8 million.Conclusions: Schizophrenia is not a very common condition but is an expensive one. This is attributable to its young age at onset, relatively low mortality rate and high severity particularly in terms of its impact on future employment. Measures to improve outcomes coupled with measures to improve employment such as supported employment strategies may impact significantly on the cost of schizophrenia. The study is limited because the national unit costs of many variables are not directly available and these Irish data are likely to be an underestimate. However, the results are comparable with a 2005 cost of illness study UK study.

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Pressure injury in Australian public hospitals: a cost-of-illness study

Australian Health Review ◽

10.1071/ah14088 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 329 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

Kim-Huong Nguyen ◽

Wendy Chaboyer ◽

Jennifer A. Whitty

Keyword(s):

Health System ◽

Cost Of Illness ◽

Healthcare Spending ◽

Public Hospitals ◽

The Public ◽

Australian Health ◽

Illness Study ◽

Pressure Injury ◽

Bed Days ◽

Cost Of Illness Study

Objective Pressure injuries (PI) are largely preventable and can be viewed as an adverse outcome of a healthcare admission, yet they affect millions of people and consume billions of dollars in healthcare spending. The existing literature in Australia presents a patchy picture of the economic burden of PI on society and the health system. The aim of the present study was to provide a more comprehensive and updated picture of PI by state and severity using publicly available data. Methods A cost-of-illness analysis was conducted using a prevalence approach and a 1-year time horizon based on data from the existing literature extrapolated using simulation methods to estimate the costs by PI severity and state subgroups. Results The treatment cost across all states and severity in 2012–13 was estimated to be A$983 million per annum, representing approximately 1.9% of all public hospital expenditure or 0.6% of the public recurrent health expenditure. The opportunity cost was valued at an additional A$820 million per annum. These estimates were associated with a total number of 121 645 PI cases in 2012–13 and a total number of 524 661 bed days lost. Conclusions The costs estimated in the present study highlight the economic waste for the Australian health system associated with a largely avoidable injury. Wastage can also be reduced by preventing moderate injuries (Stage I and II) from developing into severe cases (Stage III and IV), because the severe cases, accounting for 12% of cases, mounted to 30% of the total cost.

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The cost of pressure ulcer prevention and treatment in hospitals and nursing homes in Flanders: A cost-of-illness study

International Journal of Nursing Studies ◽

10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.03.005 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 52 (7) ◽

pp. 1166-1179 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Liesbet Demarré ◽

Sofie Verhaeghe ◽

Lieven Annemans ◽

Ann Van Hecke ◽

Maria Grypdonck ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nursing Homes ◽

Pressure Ulcer ◽

Cost Of Illness ◽

Pressure Ulcer Prevention ◽

Prevention And Treatment ◽

Illness Study ◽

The Cost ◽

Cost Of Illness Study ◽

Ulcer Prevention

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DIRECT COSTS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES: A BRAZILIAN COST-OF-ILLNESS STUDY

International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care ◽

10.1017/s026646231800017x ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 180-188 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ricardo Saad Henriques ◽

Laiza Maria Steimbach ◽

Deise Regina Baptista ◽

Luana Lenzi ◽

Fernanda S. Tonin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Cost Of Illness ◽

Public Hospital ◽

Direct Costs ◽

Median Cost ◽

United States Dollar ◽

Illness Study ◽

The Cost ◽

Cost Of Illness Study

Objectives:The aim of this study was to evaluate the direct costs of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients treated in a Brazilian public hospital.Methods:This was an exploratory retrospective cost-of-illness study with quantitative approach, using medical records of patients treated in a public hospital (2012–14), with at least one consultation over a period of 12 months. Data on patient's profile, exams, number of consultations, medications, hospitalizations, and comorbidities were collected. The cost per patient per year (pppy) was calculated as well as the costs related to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values, using thresholds of 7 and 8 percent.Results:Data of 726 patients were collected with mean age of 62 ± 11 years (68.3 percent female). A total of 67.1 percent presented HbA1c > 7 percent and 44.9 percent > 8 percent. The median cost of diabetes was United States dollar (USD) 197 pppy. The median costs of medication were USD 152.49 pppy, while costs of exams and consultations were USD 40.57 pppy and 8.70 pppy, respectively. Thirty-eight patients (4 percent) were hospitalized and presented a median cost of 3,656 per patient per hospitalization with a cost equivalent to 53.1 percent of total expenses. Total costs of patients with HbA1c ≤ 7 percent were lower for this group and also costs of medications and consultations, whereas for patients with HbA1c ≤ 8 percent, only total costs and costs of medications were lower when compared with HbA1c > 8 percent patients.Conclusions:Medications and hospitalizations were the major contributor of diabetes expenses. Preventing T2DM, or reducing its complications through adequate control, may help avoid the substantial costs related to this disease.

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