Cost of lung cancer in East Azerbaijan province, in Iran, in 2017

Purpose Costs estimation is essential and important to resource allocation and prioritizing different interventions in the health system. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the costs of lung cancer in Iran, in 2017. Design/methodology/approach This was a prevalence-based cost of illness study with a bottom-up approach costing conducted from October 2016 to April 2017. The sample included 645 patients who referred to Imam Reza hospital, Tabriz, Iran, in 2017. Follow-up interviews were every two months. Hospitalization costs extracted from the patient’s record and outpatient costs, nondirect medical costs and indirect costs collected using questionnaire. SPSS software version 22 was used for the data analysis. Findings Mean direct medical costs, nondirect medical costs and indirect costs amounted to 36,637.02 ± 23,515.13 PPP (2016) (251,313,217.83 Rials), 2,025.25 ± 3,303.72 PPP (2016) (16,613,202.53 Rials) and 48,348.55 ± 34,371.84 PPP (2016) (396,599,494.56 Rials), respectively. There was a significant and negative correlation between direct medical costs, direct nonmedical costs, indirect costs and age at diagnosis, and there was a significant and positive correlation between the length of hospital stay and direct medical cost. Originality/value As the cost of lung cancer is substantial and there have been little studies in this area, the objective of this study is to investigate the cost of lung cancer and present ways to tackle this.

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Healthcare Expenditures Associated with Heart Failure in Saudi Arabia: A Cost of Illness Study

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9080988 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 988

Author(s):

Ahmed Alghamdi ◽

Eman Algarni ◽

Bander Balkhi ◽

Abdulaziz Altowaijri ◽

Abdulaziz Alhossan

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Saudi Arabia ◽

Cost Of Illness ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Health Care Expenditures ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Hospitalization Costs ◽

Illness Study ◽

The Cost

Heart failure (HF) is considered to be a global health problem that generates a significant economic burden. Despite the growing prevalence in Saudi Arabia, the economic burden of HF is not well studied. The aim of this study was to estimate the health care expenditures associated with HF in Saudi Arabia from a social perspective. We conducted a multicenter cost of illness (COI) study in two large governmental centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia using 369 HF patients. A COI model was developed in order to estimate the direct medical costs associated with HF. The indirect costs of HF were estimated based on a human capital approach. Descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed. The direct medical cost per HF patient was $9563. Hospitalization costs were the major driver in total spending, followed by medication and diagnostics costs. The cost significantly increased in line with the disease progression, ranging from $3671 in class I to $16,447 in class IV. The indirect costs per working HF patient were $4628 due to absenteeism, and $6388 due to presenteeism. The economic burden of HF is significantly high in Saudi Arabia. Decision makers need to focus on allocating resources towards strategies that prevent frequent hospitalizations and improve HF management and patient outcomes in order to lower the growing economic burden.

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The Direct and Indirect Costs of Treating the Victims of the 2016 Nice Terror Attacks in a Single Pediatric Hospital

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness ◽

10.1017/dmp.2021.29 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Federico Solla ◽

Eytan Ellenberg ◽

Virginie Rampal ◽

Julien Margaine ◽

Charles Musoff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Indirect Costs ◽

Medical Costs ◽

Pediatric Hospital ◽

Terror Attack ◽

Direct And Indirect Costs ◽

Terror Attacks ◽

Direct Medical Costs ◽

Annual Budget ◽

The Difference ◽

The Cost

Abstract Objective: To analyze the cost of the terror attack in Nice in a single pediatric institution. Methods: We carried out descriptive analyses of the data coming from the Lenval University Children’s Hospital of Nice database after the July 14, 2016 terror attack. The medical cost for each patient was estimated from the invoice that the hospital sent to public insurance. The indirect costs were calculated from the hospital’s accounting, as the items that were previously absent or the difference between costs in 2016 versus the previous year. Results: The costs total 1.56 million USD, corresponding to 2% of Lenval Hospital’s 2016 annual budget. Direct medical costs represented 9% of the total cost. The indirect costs were related to human resources (overtime, sick leave), revenue shortfall, and security and psychiatric reinforcement. Conclusion: Indirect costs had a greater impact than did direct medical costs. Examining the level and variety of direct and indirect costs will lead to a better understanding of the consequences of terror acts and to improved preparation for future attacks.

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Abstract 19839: Clinical and Economic Burden of Rheumatic Heart Disease in Low-Income Nations: Estimating the Cost-of-Illness in India and Uganda

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.130.suppl_2.19839 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽

Author(s):

Alexander T Sandhu ◽

Kathikeyan G ◽

Ann Bolger ◽

Emmy Okello ◽

Dhruv S Kazi

Keyword(s):

Heart Disease ◽

Rheumatic Heart Disease ◽

Cost Of Illness ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Medical Costs ◽

Discrete State ◽

Direct Medical Costs ◽

The Cost ◽

Rheumatic Heart

Introduction: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) strikes young adults at their peak economic productivity. Defining the global economic burden of RHD may motivate investments in research and prevention, yet prior approaches considering only medical costs may have underestimated the cost of illness. Objectives: To estimate the clinical and economic burden of RHD in India and Uganda. Outcomes were disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), direct medical costs, and indirect costs due to disability and premature mortality (2012 USD). Methods: We used a discrete-state Markov model to simulate the natural history of RHD using country-, age-, and gender-specific estimates from the literature and census data. We estimated direct medical costs from WHO-CHOICE and Disease Control and Prevention 3 publications. We conservatively estimated indirect costs (lost earnings and imputed caregiver costs) from World Bank data using novel economic methods. Results: In 2012, RHD generated 6.1 million DALYs in India and cost USD 10.7 billion (Table 1), including 1.8 billion in direct medical costs and 8.9 billion in indirect costs. During the same period, RHD produced 216,000 DALYs in Uganda, and cost USD 414 million, and, as in India, indirect costs represented the majority (88%) of the cost of illness. In both countries, women accounted for the majority (71-80%) of the DALYs; in Uganda, women bore 75% of the total cost. In sensitivity analyses, higher progression rates for subclinical disease doubled direct costs and DALYs. Conclusion: RHD exacts an enormous toll on the populations of India and Uganda, and its economic burden may be grossly underestimated if indirect costs are not systematically included. Women bear a disproportionate clinical burden from pregnancy-related complications. These results suggest that effective prevention and screening of RHD may represent a sound public health investment, particularly if targeted at high-risk subgroups such as young women.

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Predicting length of hospital stay and cost by aneurysm grade on admission

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.1996.85.3.0388 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 85 (3) ◽

pp. 388-391 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

J. Paul Elliott ◽

Peter D. Le Roux ◽

Galen Ransom ◽

David W. Newell ◽

M. Sean Grady ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hospital Stay ◽

Treatment Cost ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Length Of Hospital Stay ◽

Aneurysm Rupture ◽

Clinical Grade ◽

Content Type ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Hospitalization Costs ◽

The Cost

✓ To determine the relationship between clinical grade on admission and treatment cost after aneurysm rupture, the authors retrospectively examined the length of hospital stay (LOS) and total hospitalization costs (excluding professional fees) for 543 patients admitted for aneurysm surgery between 1983 and 1993. The overall median LOS was 18 days, with a range of 1 to 165 days. Increased median LOS correlated with Hunt and Hess Grades 0 to IV on admission (p< 0.001). Median LOS for Grade V patients was reduced, in part, because of early mortality. Increased treatment cost also correlated with worse admission clinical grade (p < 0.001). A significant proportion of total expenditures occurred early in the hospitalization for patients in all clinical grades. Identification of additional factors affecting the cost of aneurysm treatment is indicated to complement treatment outcome studies.

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Cost consequences analysis of hypertensive outpatients: a study in a private hospital in Yogyakarta special province

Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi ◽

10.20885/jif.vol17.iss2.art2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 116-126

Author(s):

Dinasari Bekti Pratidina ◽

Fithria Dyah Ayu Suryanegara ◽

Diesty Anita Nugraheni

Keyword(s):

Clinical Outcome ◽

Antihypertensive Therapy ◽

Private Hospital ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Medical Costs ◽

Patient’S Perspective ◽

Direct Medical Costs ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Cost ◽

Real Costs

Background: Hypertension is a chronic disease that requires long-term treatment and has an impact on the cost of treatment. The costs will be greater given the loss of productivity, family burden, and social life impacted by hypertension based on patient’s perspective. Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine the costs and clinical outcome of antihypertensive therapy from the patient's perspective and to identify the discrepancies between the costs and the INA-CBGs (Indonesia Case Based Groups) tariff. Methods: The research was an observational study with a cross-sectional design. The targeted population was outpatients who had received antihypertensive therapy for at least 1 month at a private hospital in Yogyakarta. The costs included direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, and indirect costs, while the clinical outcomes were patient’s blood pressure. The descriptive analysis was carried out to describe the characteristics of the research subjects, the clinical outcome, and the cost. Analysis of the discrepancies between the costs and the INA-CBGs tariff used the Mann-Whitney test and One-Sample t-test. Results: The results showed that the average direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, and indirect costs from the patient’s perspective were IDR359,408.00, IDR24,617.00, and IDR 40,583.00, respectively. There was a significant difference between the real costs and the rate of INA-CBGs based on the results of statistical tests, while the cost discrepancy was IDR5,287,045.00. Conclusion: The direct non-medical costs and indirect costs of hypertensive outpatients were less than the direct medical costs. A significant difference occurred between the real costs and INA CBG’s tariff. Keywords: hypertension, cost consequences, pharmacoeconomics, patient’s perspective

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Economic Burden of Gastric Cancer: A Case of Iran

Cancer Control ◽

10.1177/1073274819837185 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 107327481983718 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Abed Eghdami ◽

Rahim Ostovar ◽

Abdosaleh Jafari ◽

Andrew J. Palmer ◽

Najmeh Bordbar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastric Cancer ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Insurance Coverage ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Medical Costs ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Direct Medical Costs ◽

Illness Study ◽

Therapeutic Services ◽

Collection Form

Purpose: Today, cancers have become a major cause of mortality in developed and developing countries. Among various cancers, gastric cancer imposes a huge economic burden on patients, their families, and on the health-care system. This study aimed to determine the economic burden of gastric cancer in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province of Iran in 2016. Methods: This was a cross-sectional cost of illness study conducted in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province of Iran in 2016, using a prevalence-based approach. All patients were studied using the census method (N = 110). The required data on direct medical, direct nonmedical, and indirect costs were collected using a data collection form from the patients’ medical records, tariffs of diagnostic, and therapeutic services approved by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education in 2016. Results: The total cost and burden of gastric cancer in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province of Iran in 2016 were $US436 237, among which the majority were direct medical costs (59%). The highest costs among direct medical costs, direct nonmedical costs, and indirect costs were, respectively, related to the costs of medications used by the patients (35%), transportation (31%), and absence of patients’ families from work and daily activities caused by patient care (56%). Conclusion: Our study has revealed for the first time high costs of gastric cancer in Iran. To decrease the total costs and burden, the following suggestions can be made: increasing insurance coverage and government subsidies for purchasing necessary medications, providing the required specialized care and services related to cancer diseases such as gastric cancer in other provincial cities rather than just in capital cities, and so on.

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Comparing Expenditures in Depressed Patients Treated with Venlafaxine ER and SSRIs

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852900028054 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 11 (S13) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Diane M. Sloan ◽

Jacques LeLorier

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽

Cost Savings ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Patient Characteristics ◽

Medical Costs ◽

Direct Medical Costs ◽

Medical Visits ◽

Study Results ◽

The Cost

AbstractDepression is a chronic illness whose true costs to society are unclear. The costs associated with depression are direct (drugs and treatment), indirect (absenteeism and loss of productivity), and intangible (quality of life). Direct costs are usually easy to quantify. Indirect costs often test the ingenuity of researchers whose results are, at best, crude approximations. Intangible costs are elusive and may never be measured with any degree of accuracy. To compound matters further, many patients with depression have never been diagnosed, which complicates the cost accounting analysis of depression from a societal perspective. What is clear is that the worldwide costs of depression are climbing The overall costs of treating depression attributable to drug therapy are modest. The appropriate choice of antidepressant therapy is likely to be the product that provides the highest effectiveness in terms of overall costs. As a result, it is important that prescribers have an idea of the benefit derived from the cost of drugs, and how the cost effectiveness of different drugs compare.Previous studies of antidepressant cost effectiveness have suggested that the use of venlafaxine, which costs more than generic selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), may be no more costly when total costs (eg, how many drugs were prescribed, how many medical or emergency room visits patients had, and how often they were hospitalized) are calculated. The objectives of this retrospective, populationbased, database study were to identify patient characteristics and factors associated with the choice of antidepressant in order to assess differences in persistence, healthcare utilization, and direct medical costs associated with venlafaxine and SSRI pharmacotherapy.Study results indicated that in this real-world setting, medical costs were similar among depressive patients treated with venlafaxine and SSRIs. The higher purchase price of venlafaxine was balanced by cost savings due to fewer hospitalizations and fewer outpatient medical visits. Differences in drug treatment may also partially explicate the observed differences in average direct medical costs between venlafaxine and SSRIs.

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The trend of direct medical costs and associated factors in patients with chronic hepatitis B in Guangzhou, China: an eight-year retrospective cohort study

BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making ◽

10.1186/s12911-021-01429-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (S2) ◽

Author(s):

Shuo Yang ◽

Ge Chen ◽

Yueping Li ◽

Guanhai Li ◽

Yingfang Liang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Retrospective Cohort Study ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Medical Insurance ◽

Medical Costs ◽

Direct Medical Costs ◽

B Virus ◽

The Cost

Abstract Background Although the expenses of liver cirrhosis are covered by a critical illness fund under the current health insurance program in China, the medical costs associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) related diseases is not well addressed. In order to provide evidence to address the problem, we investigated the trend of direct medical costs and associated factors in patients with chronic HBV infection. Methods A retrospective cohort study of 65,175 outpatients and 12,649 inpatients was conducted using a hospital information system database for the period from 2008 to 2015. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were applied to explore associations between annual direct medical costs and corresponding factors, meanwhile quantile regression models were used to evaluate the effect of treatment modes on different quantiles of annual direct medical costs stratified by medical insurances. Results The direct medical costs increased with time, but the proportion of antiviral costs decreased with CHB progression. Antiviral costs accounted 54.61% of total direct medical costs for outpatients, but only 6.17% for inpatients. Non-antiviral medicine costs (46.06%) and lab tests costs (23.63%) accounted for the majority of the cost for inpatients. The direct medical costs were positively associated with CHB progression and hospitalization days in inpatients. The direct medical costs were the highest in outpatients with medical insurance and in inpatients with free medical service, and treatment modes had different effects on the direct medical costs in patients with and without medical insurance. Conclusions CHB patients had a heavy economic burden in Guangzhou, China, which increased over time, which were influenced by payment mode and treatment mode.

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Economic burden of childhood diarrhea in Burundi

Global Health Research and Policy ◽

10.1186/s41256-021-00194-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Fulgence Niyibitegeka ◽

Arthorn Riewpaiboon ◽

Sitaporn Youngkong ◽

Montarat Thavorncharoensap

Keyword(s):

Economic Burden ◽

Cost Model ◽

Primary Treatment ◽

Management Program ◽

Community Based ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Hospitalization Costs ◽

Illness Study ◽

The Cost ◽

Substantial Economic Burden

Abstract Background In 2016, diarrhea killed around 7 children aged under 5 years per 1000 live births in Burundi. The objective of this study was to estimate the economic burden associated with diarrhea in Burundi and to examine factors affecting the cost to provide economic evidence useful for the policymaking about clinical management of diarrhea. Methods The study was designed as a prospective cost-of-illness study using an incidence-based approach from the societal perspective. The study included patients aged under 5 years with acute non-bloody diarrhea who visited Buyenzi health center and Prince Regent Charles hospital from November to December 2019. Data were collected through interviews with patients’ caregivers and review of patients’ medical and financial records. Multiple linear regression was performed to identify factors affecting cost, and a cost model was used to generate predictions of various clinical and care management costs. All costs were converted into international dollars for the year 2019. Results One hundred thirty-eight patients with an average age of 14.45 months were included in this study. Twenty-one percent of the total patients included were admitted. The average total cost per episode of diarrhea was Int$109.01. Outpatient visit and hospitalization costs per episode of diarrhea were Int$59.87 and Int$292, respectively. The costs were significantly affected by the health facility type, patient type, health insurance scheme, complications with dehydration, and duration of the episode before consultation. Our model indicates that the prevention of one case of dehydration results in savings of Int$16.81, accounting for approximately 11 times of the primary treatment cost of one case of diarrhea in the community-based management program for diarrhea in Burundi. Conclusion Diarrhea is associated with a substantial economic burden to society. Evidence from this study provides useful information to support health interventions aimed at prevention of diarrhea and dehydration related to diarrhea in Burundi. Appropriate and timely care provided to patients with diarrhea in their communities and primary health centers can significantly reduce the economic burden of diarrhea. Implementing a health policy to provide inexpensive treatment to prevent dehydration can save significant amount of health expenditure.

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Economic Burden of Tuberculosis Diabetes Co-Morbidity in Tuberculosis Patients Attending Two Chest Clinics in Lagos State

Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.4314/njpr.v16i2.11s ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 91-100

Author(s):

F.A. Ayeni ◽

O.O. Oyetunde ◽

B.A. Aina ◽

H.O. Yarah

Keyword(s):

Direct Medical Cost ◽

Medical Cost ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Medical Costs ◽

Female Patients ◽

Direct Medical Costs ◽

Tb Treatment ◽

Co Morbidity ◽

Lagos State ◽

Significant Burden

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) three-fold. The cost of accessing care for TB-DM co-morbidity poses a significant burden on patients, as they bear both direct and indirect costs of treatment, mostly of out-of-pocket.Objective: To estimate the direct medical cost of illness in patients with TB-DM co-morbidity in two chest clinics in Lagos State.Materials and Methods: An observational study, carried out in two chest clinics in Lagos State to evaluate direct medical costs associated with TBDM co-morbidity during TB treatment. A semi structured questionnaire, pharmacy price list of drugs and an online transportation service lara.ng was employed to document and quantify prescribed medications, laboratory investigations, number of clinic attendance and attendant transportation costs.Results: Among the participants, 53.8% were females. The mean age was 50.7±9.7 years. The total direct medical and non-medical costs for TBDM management was NGN8,604,819 (USD24,585.20) for the duration of TB treatment. Average cost per patient (CPP) was NGN179,384.85 (USD512.53). This was equivalent to 49.8% of the current national minimum wage. Male patients incurred more mean direct medical cost than female patients (NGN26, 647.90 vs NGN24, 020.40), while female patients incurred more mean direct non-medical costs than the males (NGN22, 314.30 versus NGN13, 041.70). Patients aged 60 years and above incurred the highest mean direct costs compared to other age groups.Conclusion: Direct medical costs are substantial in TBDM co-morbidity and increase with age.

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