scholarly journals Prevention of Disasters Related to Extreme Natural Ground Deformation Events by Applying Spatial Modeling in Urban Areas (Quito, Ecuador)

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 753
Author(s):  
Marcelo Cando-Jácome ◽  
Antonio Martínez-Graña ◽  
Virginia Valdés
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Space Syntax ◽  
Spatial Behavior ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Radar Images ◽  
Joint Application ◽  
New Vision

Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) is a spatial technique based on obtaining the phase differences of two radar images, acquired by a satellite from separate orbits and at different times, to obtain a ground displacement image of a study area, This image is called interferogram. On the other hand, space syntax is a technique within architecture that is applied to quantify and describe the level of ease of population movement through any urban space in a city. It analyzes the flow, transit, displacement, accessibility and concentration of the population in areas of basic services, health, security, commerce and entertainment. What would happen if an earthquake greater than 6 or 7 Moment Magnitude-Mw occurs in these areas of intense concentration of the population that are in buildings constructed on intense deformations of the land? With respect to the seismic risk in the city of Quito, many studies related to seismic risks have been published, but there are no studies that relate the deformation of the land (INSAR) with the space syntax, so this article presents a new vision in the joint application of these tools, a useful vision for urban planners and designers, considering the occurrence of a major earthquake in areas of buildings that are located on intense land deformations and have high population concentrations. This study has been prepared in two phases: in the first phase, the built-up areas concentrated in the greatest terrain deformations by accumulated displacement obtained using the APS estimation & multitemporal analysis by PSI-InSAR time series analysis methodology and Sentinel 1A and 1B satellite images were categorized. In the second phase, through the space syntax’s theory and the use of DepthmapX, the movement patterns and traffic flows of the population were determined by means of graphs of spaces interconnected by streets (axial maps), to predict the spatial behavior of humans and its concentration in the mentioned sites. Finally, the results were integrated, determining the degree of exposure of the population found in built areas with high to very high displacement and an intense population concentration.

scholarly journals The Effect of the Spatial Organization Characteristics in Reducing the Crime in Al-Hila City

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ameera J. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Space Syntax ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
The World ◽  
The City

"The present work is about an organized crime which is considered a serious phenomenon that generally comes upon the world and especially in the Iraqi area. In recent decades, Al- Hilla City has suffered from spread variety of crimes, which lead the citizens to lack the sense of security. For this reason, it is seen it is significant to study this phenomenon with a new parallel phenomenon which causes their appearance. In addition, it is thought that this topic has not been tackled yet. The problem of the study lies in the lack of holistic scientific knowledge about the role of the synthetic properties of spatial organization for the city of Al- Hilla in crime growing. The study aims at establishing a holistic knowledge of that role. To deal with the problem of the research, an inductive approach (descriptive- analytical) has been adopted. The data is got from the responsible security institutions and is analyzed through invest the calculation method (space syntax). The results of the research showed that there are four areas ((4 zones) where crime is concentrated in the city and the growth of crime is related to the change of the synthetic characteristics of spatial organization (Connectivity, control, and Integration) of urban space. On the other hand, the diversity of crime in urban areas is related to other parallel phenomena and not to the structural characteristics of urban space."

scholarly journals The Impact of the Ring Roads on the Location Pattern of Shops in Town and City Centres. A Space Syntax Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3927
Author(s):  
Akkelies van Nes
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Space Syntax ◽  
Optimal Location ◽  
Spatial Integration ◽  
Street Network ◽  
Location Pattern ◽  
Ring Road ◽  
Road Projects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
City Centres

This contribution demonstrates how inner ring roads change the location pattern of shops in urban areas with the application of the space syntax method. A market rational behaviour persists, in that shop owners always search for an optimal location to reach as many customers as possible. If the accessibility to this optimal location is affected by changes in a city’s road and street structure, it will affect the location pattern of shops. Initially, case studies of inner ring road projects in Birmingham, Coventry, Wolverhampton, Bristol, Tampere, and Mannheim show how their realisation affect the spatial structure of the street network of these cities and the location pattern of shops. The results of the spatial integration analyses of the street and road network are discussed with reference to changes in land-use before and after the implementation of ring roads, and current space syntax theories. As the results show, how an inner ring road is connected to and the type of the street network it is imposed upon dictates the resulting location pattern of shops. Shops locate and relocate themselves along the most spatially-integrated streets. Evidence on how new road projects influence the location pattern of shops in urban centres are useful for planning sustainable city centres.

scholarly journals Community Perceptions and Knowledge of Modern Stormwater Treatment Assets

Urban Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Hadi Zamanifard ◽  
Edward A. Morgan ◽  
Wade L. Hadwen
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Urban Runoff ◽  
Community Perceptions ◽  
Stormwater Treatment ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Community Acceptance ◽  
Water Sensitive Urban Design

Modern stormwater treatment assets are a form of water sensitive urban design (WSUD) features that aim to reduce the volumes of sediment, nutrients and gross pollutants discharged into receiving waterways. Local governments and developers in urban areas are installing and maintaining a large number of stormwater treatment assets, with the aim of improving urban runoff water quality. Many of these assets take up significant urban space and are highly visible and as a result, community acceptance is essential for effective WSUD design and implementation. However, community perceptions and knowledge about these assets have not been widely studied. This study used a survey to investigate community perceptions and knowledge about stormwater treatment assets in Brisbane, Australia. The results suggest that there is limited community knowledge of these assets, but that communities notice them and value their natural features when well-maintained. This study suggests that local governments may be able to better inform residents about the importance of these assets, and that designing for multiple purposes may improve community acceptance and support for the use of Council funds to maintain them.

scholarly journals Salt intake and blood pressure in Iranian children and adolescents: a population-based study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hassan Emamian ◽  
Hossein Ebrahimi ◽  
Hassan Hashemi ◽  
Akbar Fotouhi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Population Based ◽  
World Health ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background Previous studies have reported a high prevalence of hypertension in Iranian students, especially in rural areas. The aim of this study was to investigate the daily intake of salt in students and its association with high blood pressure. Methods A random sub-sample was selected from the participants of the second phase of Shahroud schoolchildren eye cohort study and then a random urine sample was tested for sodium, potassium and creatinine. Urine electrolyte esexcretion and daily salt intake were calculated by Tanaka et al.’s formula. Results Among 1455 participants (including 230 participants from rural area and 472 girls), the mean age was 12.9 ± 1.7 year and the mean daily salt intake was 9.7 ± 2.6 g (95% CI 9.5–9.8). The mean salt consumption in rural areas [10.8 (95% CI 10.4–11.2)] was higher than urban areas [9.4 (95% CI 9.3–9.6)], in people with hypertension [10.8 (95% CI 10.3–11.3)] was more than people with normal blood pressure [9.4 (95% CI 9.3–9.6)], and in boys [9.8 (95% CI 9.7–10.0)] was more than girls [9.3 (95% CI 9.1–9.6)]. Higher age, BMI z-score, male sex and rural life, were associated with increased daily salt intake. Increased salt intake was associated with increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Conclusion Daily salt intake in Iranian adolescents was about 2 times the recommended amount of the World Health Organization, was higher in rural areas and was associated with blood pressure. Reducing salt intake should be considered as an important intervention, especially in rural areas.

From Sentinel-1 data processing to field survey: an operating workflow for the continuous monitoring of the Earth surface deformations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Festa ◽  
Pierluigi Confuorto ◽  
Matteo Del Soldato ◽  
Silvia Bianchini ◽  
Nicola Casagli
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Community Research ◽  
Data Mining Algorithm ◽  
Earth Surface ◽  
Radar Images ◽  
Surface Deformations ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Italian Regions

<p>The launch of the Sentinel-1 constellation by the European Copernicus Program, primarily devoted to scientific community research, has allowed acquiring huge volumes of radar images with worldwide coverage and a short temporal sampling (12 days reduced to 6 days thanks to their position at 180° in the same orbit). The systematic collection of imagery and the repeated processing of each new pair of images acquired opened the unprecedent possibility of conducting a continuous monitoring of Earth surface deformations, such as subsidence and slope instabilities over different geomorphological settings. At present, Tuscany, Veneto and Valle d’Aosta regions (Italy) are benefiting from systematical Sentinel-1-based monitoring of geological and geomorphological hazards. The promising outcomes so far obtained constitute a decisive step towards near-real-time monitoring and therefore a valid support for geohazard risk management activities. Retracing the pattern set by the encouraging results from the three Italian Regions, an operating workflow chain is proposed in the framework of an operational monitoring service, from the collection of satellite images to the possibility of conducting field surveys. The procedure is based on 4 different steps: i) continuous collection of Sentinel-1 images, constant data processing through an MT-InSAR (Multi-Temporal Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) technique and exploitation of a data-mining algorithm able to retain only meaningful Measurement Points (MP) in terms of abrupt change of displacement rate; ii) radar-interpretation of the filtered MP for the detection of the possible causes of the anomalies through the use of ancillary informative layers or pre-existing databases; iii) dissemination of the relevant radar-interpreted information to hydrological risk managing actors by a direct alert or periodic bulletins; iv) field investigation, preliminary risk assessment and possible remedial works design. The procedure was successfully applied gathering evidence of its usefulness in practical terms. The cases of the Bosmatto landslide (Valle d’Aosta Region) and the case of the Zeri Landslide (Tuscany Region) which belong to two alpine and apennine environments, respectively, are reported. In the first example, in response to a relevant acceleration interpreted from the MP available on the area of interest, an alert was sent to the regional officers who increased their awareness related to the risk posed by the Bosmatto Landslide. In the second example, a monitoring bulletin which is periodically delivered for the Tuscany Region pointed out the meaningfulness and persistency of anomalies identified in the Zeri municipality. This led the regional authorities to conduct a site investigation oriented to the assessment of preliminary risks. The presented results highlight the effective benefits-cost ratio, the high precision and the short amount of time required to complete the procedure representing a best practice for the early detection of ground deformation events.</p>

Linear discontinuous ground deformation detection based on coherence analysis of pre and post event radar image pairs

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartosz Apanowicz
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Underground Mining ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
Coherence Analysis ◽  
Radar Images ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Previous State ◽  
Signal Correlation

Abstract The article presents information on how to use satellite interferometry to detect linear discontinuous ground deformation [LDGD] caused by underground mining. Assumptions were made based on the properties of the SAR signal correlation coefficient (coherence). Places of LDGD have been identified based on these assumptions. Changes taking place on the surface between two acquisitions lead to worse correlation between two radar images. This results in lower values of the SAR signal correlation coefficient in the coherence maps. Therefore, it was assumed that the formation of LDGD could reduce the coherence value compared to the previous state. The second assumption was an increase in the standard deviation of coherence, which is a classic measurement of variability. Therefore any changes in the surface should lead to increasing standard deviation of coherence compared to the previous state. Images from the Sentinel-1 satellite and provided by the ESA were used for analysis. The research is presented on the basis of two research areas located in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin in the south of Poland. The area in which LDGD could occur was limited to 6 % of the total area in case 1 and 36 % in case 2 by applying an appropriate methodology of satellite image coherence analysis. This paper is an introduction to the development of a method of detecting LDGDs caused by underground mining and to study these issues further.

scholarly journals Building The Tree Inventory Application for City of East Jakarta

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bambang Sulistyantara ◽  
Imawan W. Hidayat ◽  
A. Nasirudin Taher ◽  
Hendrawan
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Ecosystem ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Fundamental Function ◽  
Tree Inventory ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Trees are essential elements of an urban space. The presence of trees in urban areas is not only appreciated as physical attribute, but beyond this, it serves a fundamental function in balancing and conserving urban ecosystem. Especially in tropical countries like Indonesia which receive high levels of solar radiation, trees contribute to the protection of urban areas from the impact of excessive micro-climatic conditions. But, the presence of trees sometimes resulted in the accidents for the residences because of broken branches and human injuries. This situation leads the city to prepare a tree inventory system, which is beneficial in giving the information about tree conditions and thus the information that would be useful for tree maintenance activities. The tree inventory on application for the city of East Jakarta was built for this purpose, comprising a tree inventory and easy access to the database. The application connects the database source with the GIS map, so that the users could retrieve information for each kind of data.

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