scholarly journals Abundance and Updated Distribution of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Cabo Verde Archipelago: A Neglected Threat to Public Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1291
Author(s):  
Silvânia Da Veiga Leal ◽  
Isaias Baptista Fernandes Varela ◽  
Aderitow Augusto Lopes Gonçalves ◽  
Davidson Daniel Sousa Monteiro ◽  
Celivianne Marisia Ramos de Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Cabo Verde ◽  
Larval Survey ◽  
Vector Borne

Background: Mosquito-borne viruses, such as Zika, dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya, are important causes of human diseases nearly worldwide. The greatest health risk for arboviral disease outbreaks is the presence of the most competent and highly invasive domestic mosquito, Aedes aegypti. In Cabo Verde, two recent arbovirus outbreaks were reported, a dengue outbreak in 2009, followed by a Zika outbreak in 2015. This study is the first entomological survey for Ae. aegypti that includes all islands of Cabo Verde archipelago, in which we aim to evaluate the actual risk of vector-borne arboviruses as a continuous update of the geographical distribution of this species. Methods: In order to assess its current distribution and abundance, we undertook a mosquito larval survey in the nine inhabited islands of Cabo Verde from November 2018 to May 2019. Entomological larval survey indices were calculated, and the abundance analyzed. We collected and identified 4045 Ae. aegypti mosquitoes from 264 positive breeding sites in 22 municipalities and confirmed the presence of Ae. aegypti in every inhabited island. Results: Water drums were found to be the most prevalent containers (n = 3843; 62.9%), but puddles (n = 27; 0.4%) were the most productive habitats found. The overall average of the House, Container, and Breteau larval indices were 8.4%, 4.4%, and 10.9, respectively. However, 15 out of the 22 municipalities showed that the Breteau Index was above the epidemic risk threshold. Conclusion: These results suggest that if no vector control measures are considered to be in place, the risk of new arboviral outbreaks in Cabo Verde is high. The vector control strategy adopted must include measures of public health directed to domestic water storage and management.

scholarly journals Prevalence assessment of ectoparasitic arthropods among commonly consumed wildlife in Nsukka, southeast Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kingsley Uchenna Ozioko ◽  
Chris Ikem Okoye ◽  
Patience Obiageli Ubachukwu ◽  
Raymond Awudu Agbu ◽  
Bede Izuchukwu Ezewudo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Wild Game ◽  
Wildlife Reservoirs ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Ixodes Holocyclus ◽  
Public Health Significance ◽  
Physical Examinations ◽  
Health Significance ◽  
Vector Borne

Abstract Background Wildlife reservoirs not only act as a source of infection for vectors but also serve as hosts for the vectors themselves, supporting their populations. Their public health significance in developing countries is of growing importance as a result of zoonotic and enzootic diseases associated with the pathogens they transmit. Therefore, a study was carried out to determine the prevalence of ectoparasites of wild game in Nsukka, southeast Nigeria. Physical examinations were carried out on 143 wildlife, and laboratory identification was employed on the ectoparasites. The collected ectoparasites were identified in the laboratory using literature and with the help of a taxonomist. Results Out of the 143 game examined, 114 was infected with at least one parasite representing about 98.6% of an infestation. Among the parasites identified, Amblyomma spp. showed the highest prevalence of 24.5% at 95% confidential intervals of CI (1.45–3.19)–24.5% (p ≤ 0.05). No difference was observed in the prevalence of the ectoparasites according to sex, except for Ixodes holocyclus. Similarly, no difference was observed in prevalence with reference to age except for Rhipicephalus spp. and Polyplax spinulosa which showed differences. Conclusions The present study provides basic data about the most prevalent ectoparasitic arthropod among game in Nsukka, southeast Nigeria, which requires an evaluation of its zoonotic control measures. This work can elicit the risk of possible transmission of some zoonotic and enzootic diseases via game. Improving awareness among local people and bushmeat dealers about the risk of contracting a vector-borne disease through wildlife is crucial.

scholarly journals Household-Level Risk Factors for Aedes aegypti Pupal Density in Guayaquil, Ecuador

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thien-An Ha ◽  
Tomás M. León ◽  
Karina Lalangui ◽  
Patricio Ponce ◽  
John M. Marshall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression Model ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Municipal Services ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Level Model ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundVector-borne diseases are a major cause of disease burden in Guayaquil, Ecuador, especially arboviruses spread by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Understanding which household characteristics and risk factors lead to higher Ae. aegypti densities and consequent disease risk can help inform and optimize vector control programs.MethodsCross-sectional entomological surveys were conducted in Guayaquil between 2013 and 2016, covering household demographics, municipal services, potential breeding containers, presence of Ae. aegypti larvae and pupae, and history of using mosquito control methods. A zero-truncated negative binomial regression model was fitted to data for estimating the household pupal index. An additional model assessed the factors of the most productive breeding sites across all of the households.ResultsOf surveyed households, 610 satisfied inclusion criteria. The final household-level model found that collection of large solid items (e.g., furniture and tires) and rainfall the week of and 2 weeks before collection were negatively correlated with average pupae per container, while bed canopy use, unemployment, container water volume, and the interaction between large solid collection and rainfall 2 weeks before the sampling event were positively correlated. Selection of these variables across other top candidate models with ΔAICc < 1 was robust, with the strongest effects from large solid collection and bed canopy use. The final container-level model explaining the characteristics of breeding sites found that contaminated water is positively correlated with Ae. aegypti pupae counts while breeding sites composed of car parts, furniture, sewerage parts, vases, ceramic material, glass material, metal material, and plastic material were all negatively correlated.ConclusionHaving access to municipal services like bulky item pickup was effective at reducing mosquito proliferation in households. Association of bed canopy use with higher mosquito densities is unexpected, and may be a consequence of large local mosquito populations or due to limited use or effectiveness of other vector control methods. The impact of rainfall on mosquito density is multifaceted, as it may both create new habitat and “wash out” existing habitat. Providing services and social/technical interventions focused on monitoring and eliminating productive breeding sites is important for reducing aquatic-stage mosquito densities in households at risk for Ae. aegypti-transmitted diseases.

scholarly journals Dengue and Chikungunya Fever: Oral Manifestations

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 141-143
Author(s):  
Indrajeet Singh ◽  
Naresh Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Oral Manifestations ◽  
Female Mosquito ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne

The vector borne diseases of dengue and chikungunya mainly affect the African and South Asian countries. Its prevalence increases in the summer and monsoon seasons due to an  increase in breeding sites and External Incubation Period (EIP) of the virus. Primarily caused by an infectious bite of the Aedes aegypti female mosquito, this disease has a variety of systemic signs and symptoms. However, the oral manifesatations might be ignored. This review aims to enlightens the healthcare researchers with knowledge regarding the oral manifestations of dengue and chikungunya.

scholarly journals Inspection of Aedes Aegypti Breeding Sites in Brazil: Application of Multi-criteria Analysis to Develop an Index (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Lima ◽  
Wallace Pinheiro ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Barbosa ◽  
Matheus Magalhães ◽  
Miriam Chaves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Heat Map ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Multi Criteria Analysis ◽  
Planning Development ◽  
Zika Fever

UNSTRUCTURED Aedes aegypti is a vector for the transmission of diseases such as dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika fever, and yellow fever. In 2016, over one million cases of these diseases were reported in Brazil — an alarming public health issue. One of the ways of controlling the disease is by inspecting and neutralizing the places where the Aedes aegypti lays its eggs through the repository of data obtained from the Ministry of Planning, Development, and Administration. In this work, we propose a multi-criteria analysis to create an index for the inspections reported through the system. We applied part of the proposed analysis to a database of inspections in government buildings to test our proposition via the generation of a heat map, which let us draw some conclusions and propose future studies.

scholarly journals Larvicidal activity of phytoextracts against dengue fever vector, Aedes aegypti - A review

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalarikkal Venugopalan Lakshmi ◽  
Ambalaparambil Vasu Sudhikumar ◽  
Embalil Mathachan Aneesh
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Chemical Insecticide ◽  
Insecticide Application ◽  
Efficient Control

Since Aedes aegypti is considered as the major vector of dengue fever, development of strategies to accomplish improved vector control without much interference in the environment composition are more common. As phytochemicals are now in the run for achieving this goal, this review is a humble attempt to recognize the plant species and their larvicidal efficacy with their inhibitory action on the life cycle of the species of interest, that has been documented through various studies conducted till date. Here we also discuss the synergistic impact of a number of phytoextracts which will provide more efficient control measures for mosquito vectors. All these studies are an exploration for a risk-free vector control tactic to replace the current chemical insecticide application for the betterment of our nature.

scholarly journals Vectors and vector-borne diseases in Qatar: current status, key challenges and future prospects

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
F. Schaffner ◽  
D. Bansal ◽  
K. Mardini ◽  
S.A. Al-Marri ◽  
M.H.J. Al-Thani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Vector Borne

Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) have re-emerged worldwide due to urbanisation, increase in travel and climate change, becoming a major and serious threat to global public health. In Qatar, the concern has recently risen because of the attribution of the soccer 2022 FIFA World Cup Qatar™, which necessitates fulfilling requirements in terms of prevention and preparedness for disease transmission, including VBDs. This review presents a general overview about current status of vectors and VBDs in Qatar and addresses key challenges and future prospects of control programmes and strategies. It is based on a vector control situation analysis and needs assessment performed during an expert mission in Qatar, November 2017, organised by the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office and achieved in collaboration with the Ministry of Public Health of Qatar and other local stakeholders. The situation of vectors and VBDs of public health importance in Qatar was analysed based on a systematic literature review by December 31, 2019. The literature reveals that no locally transmitted VBD cases have been recorded in Qatar, but cases were recorded among expatriate workers and travellers who returned from an endemic country. However, data on VBD cases remain scarce except for malaria. The presence of native arthropod vectors is under-recorded to date. A compilation of literature data revealed reports of 30 vector species, including 20 mosquitoes, 2 fleas, 1 louse, 1 fly, and 6 ticks. Overall, Qatar benefits currently from a good surveillance of some VBDs (malaria) and has some capacities in vector control, but no national plan exists, and vector surveillance is in its infancy. In Qatar, clear needs exist in capacity in epidemiology and vector entomology, as well as on the organisational level, and a number of measures are suggested to mitigate and improve VBD risk assessment and management. There is an urgent need to define sustainable solutions for VBD control, management and prevention, and a number of recommendations are suggested.

scholarly journals Geographic shifts in Aedes aegypti habitat suitability in Ecuador using larval surveillance data and ecological niche modeling: Implications of climate change for public health vector control

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. e0007322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. Lippi ◽  
Anna M. Stewart-Ibarra ◽  
M. E. Franklin Bajaña Loor ◽  
Jose E. Dueñas Zambrano ◽  
Nelson A. Espinoza Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Climate Change ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Habitat Suitability ◽  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Ecological Niche Modeling ◽  
Niche Modeling ◽  
Surveillance Data

Innovative technology advances public health disease surveillance in developing countries

Impact ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (8) ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
Raita Tamaki
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Public Health Practice ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Innovative Technology

Disease outbreaks pose a real threat and can be particularly damaging and difficult to control in developing countries where health resources are limited. Key to this is public health surveillance, which is succinctly defined by the WHO as 'an ongoing, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice'. This practice is key to informing disease prevention and control measures. Dr Raita Tamaki is a disease surveillance advisor of JICA and his expertise is brought up by 16-year experiences in developing countries, including Papua New Guinea, the Philippines and Kenya. In the Philippines, he was responsible for setting up and managing the hospital and community based surveillance system for comprehensive epidemiological and etiological studies to generate reliable data with technology and provide generalizable evidence for sustainable health system and practice under the Department of Virology, Tohoku University School of Medicine in Sendai, Japan. Currently operating as a disease surveillance advisor in Kenya, Tamaki is working for the Ministry of Health (MoH) as a JICA expert. 'Due to limited capacities and resources in developing countries, more efficient and cost-effective methods with innovative technologies for disease surveillance and outbreak control need to be developed and applied.' he highlights. Tamaki believes that every single figure in health statistics such as mortality has its own story. Imagination towards the stories and innovation in technology for surveillance are two pillars that uphold his enthusiasm for improving public health in developing countries.

scholarly journals Increasing Role of Roof Gutters asAedes aegypti(Diptera: Culicidae) Breeding Sites in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) and Consequences on Dengue Transmission and Vector Control

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joël Gustave ◽  
Florence Fouque ◽  
Sylvie Cassadou ◽  
Lucie Leon ◽  
Gabriel Anicet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
West Indies ◽  
French West Indies ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dengue Transmission ◽  
Intensive Control ◽  
Dengue Epidemics

During the past ten years, the islands of Guadeloupe (French West Indies) are facing dengue epidemics with increasing numbers of cases and fatal occurrences. The vectorAedes aegyptiis submitted to intensive control, with little effect on mosquito populations. The hypothesis that importantAe. aegyptibreeding sites are not controlled is investigated herein. For that purpose, the roof gutters of 123 houses were systematically investigated, and the percentage of gutters positive forAe. aegyptivaried from 17.2% to 37.5%, from humid to dry locations. In the dryer location, most of houses had no other breeding sites. The results show that roof gutters are becoming the most importantAe. aegyptibreeding sites in some locations in Guadeloupe, with consequences on dengue transmission and vector control.

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