SPECIES DISTRIBUTION UPDATE OF MANSONIA BLANCHARD, 1901 MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN INDONESIA WITH THE ILLUSTRATED KEY FOR FEMALE MOSQUITO

Mansonia is a genus of mosquitoes of which several species are confirmed vectors of lymphatic filariasis. Many countries including Indonesia are still struggling to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Report of the Mansonia mosquito diversity and its distribution is essential to develop the control strategies. Six of eight Mansonia species have been confirmed as lymphatic filariasis vectors in Indonesia. This paper aims to update the distribution of the Mansonia mosquito in Indonesia. Species distribution data were summarized from various literature regarding the Mansonia mosquito. The data is complemented by the results of the National Research on Disease Vector and Reservoir (Rikhus Vektora) results conducted by the National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD) in 2015-2018. There were new distribution records for four species of Mansonia mosquitoes in Indonesia. Mansonia annulata Leicester, Ma. annulifera (Theobald), and Ma. indiana Edwards are now recorded distributed throughout the archipelago. Meanwhile, Ma. bonneae Edwards has a new distribution record in the Moluccas. The illustrated identification key for female Mansonia mosquitoes in Indonesia is provided in this paper.

Large-Scale Deployment of Pyriproxyfen-Treated Lehmann Funnel Entry Traps to Control Malaria Mosquito Populations

Background: The Lehmann Funnel Entry Trap has proven to be effective in catching and killing up to 70% of mosquitoes even in a high mosquito density setting. A medium-sized prototype was selected and deployed at large scale in Vallée du Kou 3 (VK3) in the Southwest of Burkina Faso to assess its entomological and sociological impact.Method: Overall, 1,313 traps impregnated with Pyriproxyfen (PPF), were deployed. Of them, 12 traps were randomly selected across the intervention village compared to houses without traps in the control village, Vallée du Kou 5 (VK5). Traps were placed at the windows while doors were blocked with curtains. Mosquitoes were collected in traps and matching houses in VK3 and in houses only in VK5, for nine days per month from July to October 2015. Collected mosquitoes were morphologically identified, counted, and preserved in 80% ethanol vials for subsequent analyses, including resistance genes and female mosquito age structure. The impact of the trap on mosquito density at community level was assessed by performing a pyrethrum spray catch (PSC) with bioassays to assess the effect of PPF. Results: Overall mosquito density was reduced by ~90% in all houses equipped with traps in VK3. At the community level, while mosquito density before intervention was 33% higher in VK3 than in VK5, it was 47% higher in VK5 after the intervention. Old female mosquito numbers increased in VK5 by 12% in October but not in VK3, indicating that the traps were cumulatively killing old females. The additional effect of PPF was to limit egg-laying, with a smaller number of eggs counted, and with a low hatching rate. Mosquitoes were highly resistant to pyrethroids with ~0.9 frequency of the kdr mutation. The trap was well accepted by the communities as 85.4% and 93.8% of interviewees in VK3 found the traps reducing mosquito bites with peaceful sleep respectively. Conclusion: The Lehmann Funnel Entry Trap has real potential to control malaria mosquito populations and can be widely used to sustain the global effort of malaria elimination.

Pulmonary Complication in Severe Malaria

Malaria is a potentially fatal disease caused by Plasmodium spp. Transmission occurs via the bite of female mosquito, Anopheles spp. Epidemiologically, global number of malaria patient are located in Southeast Asia and Africa. Until nowadays, millions of people still living in endemic area, with children and pregnant women are among the most vulnerable group in the population. Although there have been many advances in treatment and management, but the potential for harm remains; one of the example is lung involvement in patients with severe malaria. This paper aim to discuss briefly about lung derangement in the severe malaria and the inflammatory response related to the lung dysfunction. The severity of pulmonary impairment due to complications of malaria is determined not only by the initiation of antimalarial treatment but also by the hosts associated immune response.

Virome in adult Aedes albopictus captured during different seasons in Guangzhou City, China

Background The mosquito Aedes albopictus is an important vector for many pathogens. Understanding the virome in Ae. albopictus is critical for assessing the risk of disease transmission, implementation of vector control measures, and health system strengthening. Methods In this study, viral metagenomic and PCR methods were used to reveal the virome in adult Ae. albopictus captured in different areas and during different seasons in Guangzhou, China. Results The viral composition of adult Ae. albopictus varied mainly between seasons. Over 50 viral families were found, which were specific to vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, fungi, bacteria, and protozoa. In rural areas, Siphoviridae (6.5%) was the most common viral family harbored by mosquitoes captured during winter and spring, while Luteoviridae (1.1%) was the most common viral family harbored by mosquitoes captured during summer and autumn. Myoviridae (7.0% and 1.3%) was the most common viral family in mosquitoes captured in urban areas during all seasons. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was detected by PCR in a female mosquito pool. The first near full-length HBV genome from Ae. albopictus was amplified, which showed a high level of similarity with human HBV genotype B sequences. Human parechovirus (HPeV) was detected in male and female mosquito pools, and the sequences were clustered with HPeV 1 and 3 sequences. Conclusions Large numbers of viral species were found in adult Ae. albopictus, including viruses from vertebrates, insects, and plants. The viral composition in Ae. albopictus mainly varied between seasons. Herein, we are the first to report the detection of HPeV and HBV in mosquitoes. This study not only provides valuable information for the control and prevention of mosquito-borne diseases, but it also demonstrates the feasibility of xenosurveillance. Graphical Abstract

Cross-talk of insulin-like peptides, juvenile hormone, and 20-hydroxyecdysone in regulation of metabolism in the mosquito Aedes aegypti

Female mosquitoes feed sequentially on carbohydrates (nectar) and proteins (blood) during each gonadotrophic cycle to become reproductively competent and effective disease vectors. Accordingly, metabolism is synchronized to support this reproductive cyclicity. However, regulatory pathways linking metabolism to reproductive cycles are not fully understood. Two key hormones, juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysteroids (20-hydroxyecdysone, 20E, is the most active form) govern female mosquito reproduction. Aedes aegypti genome codes for eight insulin-like peptides (ILPs) that are critical for controlling metabolism. We examined the effects of the JH and 20E pathways on mosquito ILP expression to decipher regulation of metabolism in a reproducing female mosquito. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed genomic interactions between ilp genes and the JH receptor, methoprene-tolerant, a transcription factor, Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1), and two isoforms of the ecdysone response early gene, E74. The luciferase reporter assays showed that Kr-h1 activates ilps 2, 6, and 7, but represses ilps 4 and 5. The 20E pathway displayed the opposite effect in the regulation of ilps. E74B repressed ilps 2 and 6, while E74A activated ilps 4 and 5. Combining RNA interference, CRISPR gene tagging and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we have shown that the JH and 20E regulate protein levels of all eight Ae. aegypti ILPs. Thus, we have established a regulatory axis between ILPs, JH, and 20E in coordination of metabolism during gonadotrophic cycles of Ae. aegypti.

Comparative Analysis Between Sampling Methods for Immature Mosquitoes in an Atlantic Forest Fragment in Brazil

ABSTRACT In this study, traps were set out to improve mosquito monitoring, study their viability, and determine the most suitable traps for female mosquito species of epidemiological importance during oviposition. The effectiveness of 3 types of traps (bamboo traps, tire traps, and ovitraps) were compared at 2 sampling sites. A total of 24 traps were installed on the ground at elevations of 3 m, 6 m, and 9 m in a fragment of the Atlantic Forest in the municipality of Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The samplings took place every 2 wk from July 2017 to June 2018. A total of 1,854 mosquitoes belonging to 16 different species were identified, of which 2 species are involved in the transmission of arbovirus: Haemagogus leucocelaenus (Dyar and Shannon) and Aedes albopictus Skuse. Larval tire traps were the most effective at trapping females laying eggs, followed by ovitraps. The results were consistent with the usual habitats of certain species that were found in tire traps, which are artificial objects commonly found in human environments.

A revised checklist of mosquitoes Genus Coquillettidia Dyar, 1905 (Diptera: Culicidae) from Indonesia with key to species

Nugroho SS, Ayuningrum FD, Setyaningsih RS, Astutu UNW. 2020. A revised checklist of mosquitoes Genus Coquillettidia Dyar, 1905 (Diptera: Culicidae) from Indonesia with key to species. Biodiversitas 21: 5772-5777. Mosquito species from Genus Coquillettidia are mostly found in Afrotropic Region, with some species distributed in the Oriental and Australasian Region including Indonesia. Some species are confirmed as the vector for human pathogens. As previous research stated that up to 1981, there were eight species of Coquillettidia that have been on the checklist of mosquitoes in Indonesia. Nowadays, eleven Coquillettidia species present in Indonesia entirely included in Subgenus Coquillettidia. Three species were added to the checklist, namely Cq. fuscopteron Theobald, Cq. novochracea Barraud, and Cq. xanthogaster Edwards. Research and publication about Genus Coquillettidia in Indonesia are still rare, besides that, the identification key of Coquillettidia female mosquito in Indonesia has never been published before. This paper intended to deliver information about the species checklist and distribution of Genus Coquillettidia in Indonesia and provide a species identification key for female mosquitoes.

Differentiation of Multiple Fluorescent Powders, Powder Transfer, and Effect on Mating in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Five different fluorescent powders (orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet) were tested on Aedes aegypti adults to evaluate the differentiation of multiple fluorescent powder colors applied externally in the same female mosquito, their effect on coupling time, copulation time, insemination success, mate choice, and the extent of transference of powders between marked and unmarked individuals, either during copulation or same-sex interactions. Marking with multiple powders was evaluated after applying different powders in the same female at different times and combinations. The comparative effect of powders on mating was explored using different cross-combinations of marked/unmarked couples. Transference of powders between marked/unmarked individuals after copulation was checked in mated individuals, and between same-sex interactions by allowing them to interact under crowded and uncrowded conditions. Identification of the colors included in multiple markings in the same individual was possible when exploring almost all combinations (exception: green–yellow). No important effect of powder marking between cross-combinations was found on coupling time (overall 95% CI (Confidence Interval) 37.6–49.6 min), copulation time (overall 95% CI 17–20 s), insemination success, nor their mate choice. Transferred powder after copulation activity, concentrated in genitalia, legs, and the tip of wings, occurred in >80% of females and 100% of males. Powder transference in legs and genitalia, between same-sex individuals, occurred only in males (ranged between 23–35%) under both density conditions. The lack of important effects of these powders on the studied aspects of Ae. aegypti provides information about their usefulness and limitations, which should be recognized for future applications and to avoid bias.

Evaluation of the resistance to insecticides in Aedes aegypti, transmitter of dengue, in Latin America

Dengue is an infectious disease with high rates of morbidity and mortality, transmitted by the bite of the female mosquito of the genus Aedes aegypti, vector distributed in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. America is one of the most affected regions. This vector is controlled through insecticides that due to its constant use in populations, a resistance phenomenon has been produced. The objective of this review is to identify the situation of insecticide resistance in populations of Aedes aegypti in Latin American countries. In this region, several insecticides have been used for vector control; in the last 10 years insecticides of the pyrethroid and organophosphorus group have been used as adulticides for the control of the mosquito, conditioning resistance. Some insecticides such as organophosphates and deltamethrin, despite of not being intensively used in Latin American countries, also show resistance. Improvements in vector control are required, including the rotation of the insecticides during the different seasons, as well as innovating techniques and forms of vector control