Aedes Aegypti and other Mosquito Control Measures in Port Sudan, by J. C. EDWARDS (Member), Chief Public Health Inspector, Sudan Medical Service, Khartoum

1949 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 718-720 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Medical Service ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Control Measures

scholarly journals Re-emergence of dengue virus in regional Queensland: 2019 dengue virus outbreak in Rockhampton, Central Queensland, Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacina Walker ◽  
Alyssa Pyke ◽  
Paul Florian ◽  
Fred Moore ◽  
Nicolas Smoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Vector Surveillance

Objective(s): To describe an autochthonous dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) outbreak in Central Queensland from May 2019 and subsequent public health actions. Design and setting: Public health outbreak investigation of locally acquired DENV-2 cases in Rockhampton, Central Queensland. This included laboratory investigations, associated mosquito vector surveillance, and control measures implemented in response to the outbreak. Results: Twenty-one locally-acquired DENV-2 cases were identified during the Rockhampton outbreak (from 23 May to 7 October 2019): 13 laboratory-confirmed and eight probable cases. Clinical symptoms included lethargy (100%); fever (95%); headache (95%); and aches and pains (90%). Inspections of premises demonstrated that <i>Aedes aegypti</i> was present in 9.5% of those investigated which was more than half of the premises identified as containing mosquitoes. Nucleotide sequencing of a DENV-2 isolate recovered from the first confirmed case and DENV-2 RNA from an additional 5 patients indicated a single DENV-2 strain was responsible for the outbreak which was most closely related to DENV-2 strains from Southeast Asia. Conclusions: The 2019 DENV-2 outbreak in Rockhampton, Central Queensland, Australia, likely resulted from the importation of a strain, most closely related to DENV-2 strains from Southeast Asia and is the first reported outbreak in the region specifically implicating DENV-2. Given the presence of <i>Aedes aegypti</i> in Rockhampton, appropriate medical and mosquito avoidance advice; ongoing surveillance; and deployment of mosquito control strategies for the prevention of dengue and other mosquito-borne diseases should be priorities for this region.

scholarly journals Zika virus epidemiology: from Uganda to world pandemic, an update

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (6) ◽  
pp. 673-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Talero-Gutiérrez ◽  
A. Rivera-Molina ◽  
C. Pérez-Pavajeau ◽  
I. Ossa-Ospina ◽  
C. Santos-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Zikv Infection

AbstractZika virus (ZIKV) infection is an emergent worldwide public health problem. Historically, 84 countries have reported vector-borne ZIKV transmission, 61 of which report on-going transmission. It is a Flavivirus transmitted through arthropods belonging to the Aedes genus. Since 2015, ZIKV infections have increased dramatically; with 1.3 million people infected during 2015 in Brazil alone. This paper's objective is to highlight the conjectural epidemiological points of the virus’ dissemination. The digital archives Pubmed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane were searched for papers that assessed aspects of ZIKV transmission and epidemiology. The first isolation occurred in Uganda in 1947. Since then, important outbreaks were documented globally. Consequently, an emergent public health problem arose from a rapidly increasing incidence and its association with the development of neurological diseases such as microcephaly and Guillain–Barré syndrome. Key factors in the successful containment of outbreaks include surveillance of mosquitos in the neighbourhood, an early mosquito control treatment, an assertive information campaign, and the involvement of the local population and healthcare workers. As such, while ZIKV seems to be spreading globally in a similar manner to other arboviruses, such as Dengue and Chikungunya viruses, it can also be rapidly contained due to the pre-existing availability of necessary resources and regulatory tools as control measures. This review aims to provide a description of those characteristics of ZIKV infection that may be useful in the construction of effective outbreak control strategies.

scholarly journals The impacts of the transgenic mosquito on man and the environment

2020 ◽  
pp. 158-176
Author(s):  
Agnaldo Plácido da Silva ◽  
Eloá Jessica Mendes dos Santos Plácido ◽  
Walber Breno de Souza Moraes
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Constant Density ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
The Individual

One of the biggest challenges currently for public health in Brazil and worldwide are vector-borne diseases, and current control measures are inefficient. Mosquitoes are among the vectors of various diseases, because they are hematophagous, females require blood in the ovulation period for reproduction and once contaminated, the mosquito can contain bacteria, protozoa and viruses that are allocated in their salivary glands, thus infecting the individual directly into the bloodstream. Aedes aegypti is responsible for the diseases: dengue, zika, chikungunya and yellow fever. The forms of control for vector mosquitoes so far are ineffective, and with this several technologies have been developed as alternatives in the control and combat of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. With recent approvals for the release of genetically modified insects, there is a need for more detailed studies to assess their ecological potential and evolutionary effects. These effects can occur in two phases: a transient phase when the focal population changes in density, and a steady state phase when it reaches a new and constant density. With the innovations in vector control through genetically modified insects give us a new perspective in relation to genetic manipulation. This study aims to evaluate the potential effects of a rapid change in the density of the Aedes aegypti mosquito related to biological control through the genetically modified mosquito. So we wonder, can biotechnology be a solution to public health problems in the case of the Aedes aegypti mosquito or a problem? Since the transformation or modifications of these living beings in laboratories are new techniques that so far it is impossible to know what the long-term consequences will be.

scholarly journals Vector Competence of Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus from Brazil and New Caledonia for Three Zika Virus Lineages

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosilainy S. Fernandes ◽  
Olivia O’Connor ◽  
Maria Ignez L. Bersot ◽  
Dominique Girault ◽  
Marguerite R. Dokunengo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Viral Surveillance ◽  
Virus Strains

Zika virus (ZIKV) has caused severe epidemics in South America beginning in 2015, following its spread through the Pacific. We comparatively assessed the vector competence of ten populations of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus from Brazil and two of Ae. aegypti and one of Culex quinquefasciatus from New Caledonia to transmit three ZIKV isolates belonging to African, Asian and American lineages. Recently colonized mosquitoes from eight distinct sites from both countries were orally challenged with the same viral load (107 TCID50/mL) and examined after 7, 14 and 21 days. Cx. quinquefasciatus was refractory to infection with all virus strains. In contrast, although competence varied with geographical origin, Brazilian and New Caledonian Ae. aegypti could transmit the three ZIKV lineages, with a strong advantage for the African lineage (the only one reaching saliva one-week after challenge). Brazilian Ae. albopictus populations were less competent than Ae. aegypti populations. Ae. albopictus generally exhibited almost no transmission for Asian and American lineages, but was efficient in transmitting the African ZIKV. Viral surveillance and mosquito control measures must be strengthened to avoid the spread of new ZIKV lineages and minimize the transmission of viruses currently circulating.

General Observations on Mosquitos in relation to Yellow Fever in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

1947 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
General Survey ◽  
History Of

1. Owing to the history of yellow fever in the Sudan and the lines of communication which traverse the country, a general survey of the mosquitos, particularly the Culicines, is of practical interest. The known potential vectors of yellow fever are listed.2. Observations on the man-biting or man-ignoring habits of some species are recorded and also notes on the bionomics of Taeniorhynchus africanus, T. uniformis, Aëdes aegypti and other species.3. For purposes of description the country is divided into sub-divisions of the recognized faunal areas and notes are given on the Culicines of each.4. Brief observations are made on mosquito control measures against yellow fever.

Assessment of Resistance to Organophosphates and Pyrethroids in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): Do Synergists Affect Mortality?

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1992-1996
Author(s):  
Natalie P Cataldo ◽  
C Suzanne Lea ◽  
Timothy Kelley ◽  
Stephanie L Richards
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Diethyl Maleate ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Diagnostic Time ◽  
Primary Vector ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Tributyl Phosphorotrithioate

Abstract Aedes aegypti (L.) is the primary vector of Zika, dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya viruses. Insecticides used in mosquito control can help prevent the spread of vector-borne diseases. However, it is essential to determine insecticide resistance (IR) status before control measures are undertaken. Only the most effective insecticides should be used to avoid ineffective control and/or promotion of IR. Pyrethroids and organophosphates are the most commonly used insecticides for mosquito control. Here, the efficacy of two active ingredients (AIs; permethrin [pyrethroid], chlorpyrifos [organophosphate]), two formulated products (FPs; Biomist [AI: permethrin]) and (Mosquitomist [AI: chlorpyrifos]), and three synergists (piperonyl butoxide, diethyl maleate, S-S-S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate) was evaluated in two Ae. aegypti colonies (pyrethroid resistant and susceptible). Mosquitomist was most effective against the pyrethroid-resistant colony (100% mortality at diagnostic time). Pre-exposure to synergists did not increase the efficacy of AIs against the pyrethroid-resistant colony. Further research is needed to discover how synergists may affect the efficacy of insecticides when used on pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes.

scholarly journals Zika virus (ZIKV) disease: past, present and future

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (6-s) ◽  
pp. 320-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sweety Khatri ◽  
Chandni Dhanoriya ◽  
Deepak Kumar Jain
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Public Health Authority ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
The World

The mosquito-borne arbovirus Zika virus (positive-stranded RNA virus, ZIKV, Flavivirus, Flaviviridae), has caused an outbreak imposing by its extent and quick spread. This became the focus of a current pandemic and public health crisis all around the world because of the incessant geographic growth of both the virus and its mosquito vectors; it is often misdiagnosed with other disease like yellow fever, west nile, dengue and chikungunya because of same clinical manifestation. After unprecedented huge scale outbreak of ZIKV in Pacific, Micronesian island of Yap in 2007, though ZIKV infections are in general sporadic cases or causing mild self-limiting illness, harsh symptoms have been explained including neurological disorders, autoimmune disorder, fetal anomalies, impaired central nervous system of the fetus, microcephaly in newborns, meningoencephalitis, myelitis and Guillain Barre´Syndrome supposed to be linked with ZIKV. The virus is transmitted mainly by a mosquito Aedes aegypti, whereas, other routes of viral broadcast includes monkey bite, coitus and body fluids such as semen, blood and saliva which needs further corroboration. The relationship between these conditions with ZIKV infection is still not established and is under assessment. Till now there is no vaccine or specific antiviral against ZIKV, therefore the public health authority focuses on preventing infection, mainly in pregnant women and virus transmitted area. WHO and other health officials are working on the expansion of new projects and mosquito control techniques to manage up with infection as there is very fewer literature present on the pathogenesis of the ZIKV to help understand the clinical disease spectrum and target treatments to decrease or stop infection. The future status of ZIKV dispersal to other parts of the world is still unknown. The present review emphasizes various features of ZIKV and its history, epidemiology, transmission, clinical manifestations, progress  and advances in developing effective diagnostics, vaccines and drugs/therapeutics along with accepting suitable avoidance and control strategies to undertake this deadly emerging disease. Keywords: Zika virus, Flavivirus, Aedes aegypti, Pregnancy, Transmission, Microcephaly, Africa

scholarly journals Short Communication: A checklist of the mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Suan Phueng District, Ratchaburi Province, Thailand

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 468-473
Author(s):  
TANAWAT CHAIPHONGPACHARA
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Armigeres Subalbatus ◽  
Anopheles Barbirostris

Abstract. Chaiphongpachara T. 2019. Short Communication: A checklist of the mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Suan Phueng District, Ratchaburi Province, Thailand. Biodiversitas 20: 468-473. Mosquito is a medically important insect, which is a vector to transmit pathogens to humans. There are several methods to reduce the numbers mosquitoes, which requires entomological knowledge. It is critical to know the species of mosquitoes in the area to choose the most suitable method to provide vector control, specifically, to target mosquito species. In this study, we investigated the species of mosquito vectors in the Huay Nam Nak Village in the Suan Phueng District, Ratchaburi Province, Thailand, which is an endemic area of mosquito-borne diseases, especially malaria and dengue fever. Mosquito species were collected by the Mosquito Magnet® Independence trap from the Huay Nam Nak Village. A total of 1,002 mosquitoes, divided into eight species in four genera, including Anopheles barbirostris s.l. van der Wulp (118 individuals), An. subpictus s.l. Grassi (127 individuals), Culex quinquefasciatus Say (186 individuals), Cx. vishnui Theobald (204 individuals), Cx. whitmorei Giles (198 individuals), Aedes aegypti Linnaeus (45 individuals), Ae. albopictus Skuse (78 individuals), and Armigeres subalbatus Coquillett (46 individuals). This checklist of the mosquito species is very important information to set mosquito control measures that suit each area.

scholarly journals Abundance and Updated Distribution of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Cabo Verde Archipelago: A Neglected Threat to Public Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1291
Author(s):  
Silvânia Da Veiga Leal ◽  
Isaias Baptista Fernandes Varela ◽  
Aderitow Augusto Lopes Gonçalves ◽  
Davidson Daniel Sousa Monteiro ◽  
Celivianne Marisia Ramos de Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Cabo Verde ◽  
Larval Survey ◽  
Vector Borne

Background: Mosquito-borne viruses, such as Zika, dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya, are important causes of human diseases nearly worldwide. The greatest health risk for arboviral disease outbreaks is the presence of the most competent and highly invasive domestic mosquito, Aedes aegypti. In Cabo Verde, two recent arbovirus outbreaks were reported, a dengue outbreak in 2009, followed by a Zika outbreak in 2015. This study is the first entomological survey for Ae. aegypti that includes all islands of Cabo Verde archipelago, in which we aim to evaluate the actual risk of vector-borne arboviruses as a continuous update of the geographical distribution of this species. Methods: In order to assess its current distribution and abundance, we undertook a mosquito larval survey in the nine inhabited islands of Cabo Verde from November 2018 to May 2019. Entomological larval survey indices were calculated, and the abundance analyzed. We collected and identified 4045 Ae. aegypti mosquitoes from 264 positive breeding sites in 22 municipalities and confirmed the presence of Ae. aegypti in every inhabited island. Results: Water drums were found to be the most prevalent containers (n = 3843; 62.9%), but puddles (n = 27; 0.4%) were the most productive habitats found. The overall average of the House, Container, and Breteau larval indices were 8.4%, 4.4%, and 10.9, respectively. However, 15 out of the 22 municipalities showed that the Breteau Index was above the epidemic risk threshold. Conclusion: These results suggest that if no vector control measures are considered to be in place, the risk of new arboviral outbreaks in Cabo Verde is high. The vector control strategy adopted must include measures of public health directed to domestic water storage and management.

scholarly journals The effects of exposure to pyriproxyfen and predation on Zika virus infection and transmission in Aedes aegypti

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. e0008846
Author(s):  
Abdullah A. Alomar ◽  
Bradley H. Eastmond ◽  
Barry W. Alto
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Adult Mosquito ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Prevention Measures

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne pathogen that can cause global public health threats. In the absence of effective antiviral medications, prevention measures rely largely on reducing the number of adult mosquito vectors by targeting juvenile stages. Despite the importance of juvenile mosquito control measures in reducing adult population size, a full understanding of the effects of these measures in determining mosquito phenotypic traits and in mosquito-arbovirus interactions is poorly understood. Pyriproxyfen is a juvenile hormone analog that primarily blocks adult emergence, but does not cause mortality in larvae. This mechanism has the potential to work in combination with other juvenile sources of mortality in nature such as predation to affect mosquito populations. Here, we experimentally evaluated the effects of juvenile exposure to pyriproxyfen and predatory mosquito Toxorhynchites rutilus on Aedes aegypti phenotypes including susceptibility to ZIKV infection and transmission. We discovered that combined effects of pyriproxyfen and Tx. rutilus led to higher inhibition of adult emergence in Ae. aegypti than observed in pyriproxyfen or Tx. rutilus treatments alone. Adult body size was larger in treatments containing Tx. rutilus and in treatments mimicking the daily mortality of predation compared to control or pyriproxyfen treatments. Susceptibility to infection with ZIKV in Ae. aegypti was reduced in predator treatment relative to those exposed to pyriproxyfen. Disseminated infection, transmission, and titers of ZIKV in Ae. aegypti were similar in all treatments relative to controls. Our data suggest that the combination of pyriproxyfen and Tx. rutilus can inhibit adult Ae. aegypti emergence but may confer a fitness advantage in survivors and does not inhibit their vector competence for ZIKV relative to controls. Understanding the ultimate consequences of juvenile mosquito control measures on subsequent adults’ ability to transmit pathogens is critical to fully understand their overall impacts.

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