scholarly journals High Particulate Matter Burden of Cigarettes from the United Arab Emirates and Germany: Are There Country-Specific Differences?

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2415
Author(s):  
Markus Braun ◽  
Rawya Al-Qaysi ◽  
Doris Klingelhöfer ◽  
Ruth Müller ◽  
David A. Groneberg
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
The Public ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Country Specific

Although the big tobacco companies offer the same cigarette brands across countries, little is known about the potential regional differences of the particulate matter (PM) emissions of apparently equal brands. PM emissions of three cigarette brands (Marlboro Gold, Winston Red resp. Classic, Parliament Platinum resp. Night Blue) from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Germany were analysed. Second-hand smoke was produced in a 2.88 m3 measuring cabin by an automatic environmental tobacco smoke emitter. PM size fractions PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were detected in real-time using laser aerosol spectrometry. Depending on the PM fraction Marlboro cigarettes from UAE showed 33%–35% higher PM amounts. Moreover, Winston cigarettes from UAE showed distinctly higher PM values (28–31%) than the German counterparts. The “lighter” Parliament from UAE emitted 3%–9% more PM than the German one. The measured mean PM10 values laid between 778 and 1163 µg/m3 (mean PM2.5: 777–1161 µg/m3; mean PM1: 724–1074 µg/m3). That means smoking in enclosed rooms causes massive PM burden. The PM emission of equal or similar tobacco products from different countries can differ distinctly. Hence, the declaration of PM emission values, besides nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide amounts, should be obligatory worldwide. Furthermore, complete information about the ingredients and production processes of tobacco products should be provided to health officials and the public. This can help to minimise or ban substances or product designs that make smoking even more harmful, and to enhance the awareness of the risks of smoking.

scholarly journals High particulate matter burden by cigarettes from the United Arab Emirates and Germany: Are there country-specific differences?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Braun ◽  
Rawya Al-Qaysi ◽  
Doris Klingelhöfer ◽  
Nicole Zulauf ◽  
Ruth Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Environmental Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Country Specific

Abstract BackgroundAlthough the big tobacco companies offer the same cigarette brands across countries, little is known about regional differences of particulate matter (PM) emissions of apparently equal brands. PM emissions of three cigarette brands (Marlboro, Winston, Parliament) from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Germany were analysed. Second-hand smoke was produced in a 2.88m³ measuring cabin by an automatic environmental tobacco smoke emitter. PM size fractions PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 were detected in real time using laser aerosol spectrometry. ResultsDepending on the PM fraction Marlboro and Winston cigarettes from UAE showed 28-35% higher PM amounts than the German counterparts. The “lighter” Parliament from UAE emitted 3-9% more PM than the German one. The measured PM2.5 values laid between 777 µg/m³ and 1161 µg/m³. ConclusionPM emission of equal or similar tobacco products from different countries can differ distinctly. Hence, the declaration of PM emission values, beside nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide amounts, should be obligate worldwide. Furthermore, complete information about ingredients and production design of tobacco products should be provided to health officials and public. This can help to minimise or ban substances or production designs that make smoking even more harmful, and to enhance the awareness to risks of smoking.

Smoking

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-104
Author(s):  
Daniel Ashipala ◽  
Nestor Tomas ◽  
Joel M. H. Medusalem
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
The World

Smoking involves inhaling, exhaling, holding or otherwise having control over an ignited tobacco product. This practice remains a global budden and deaths caused by smoking-related conditions is believed to have escalated. Many countries in the world have policies in place that regulate the production, transportation, handling and utilization of tobacco products in order to compact this budden of smoking. Despite these effort, various contributing factors of smoking amongst which peer-pressure forms part, are believed to be cause of an increase in the number of new smokers. Nicotine is one of the constituents of tobacco smoke which causes a pleasant feelings which in return contributes to addiction. Cigarette smoke contains thousands of chemicals with some known to be carcinogens. Smoking during pregnancy poses danger to a pregnant mother and her unborn babe as they exchange blood. The public needs to be educated on the danger of smoking, and exposure to second-hand smoke as well as on strategies that one can follow to quit smoking.

scholarly journals Particulate Matter Emissions of Four Different Cigarette Types of One Popular Brand: Influence of Tobacco Strength and Additives

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Braun ◽  
Friedemann Koger ◽  
Doris Klingelhöfer ◽  
Ruth Müller ◽  
David Groneberg
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Environmental Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Cigarette Filter ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions ◽  
Enclosed Space

The inhalation of particulate matter (PM) in second-hand smoke (SHS) is hazardous to health of smokers and non-smokers. Tobacco strength (amount of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide) and different additives might have an effect on the amount of PM. This study aimed to investigate the influence of tobacco strength or additives on PM. Four cigarette types of the brand Marlboro with different strengths and with or without additives were analyzed in comparison to the 3R4F reference cigarette. SHS was generated by an automatic environmental tobacco smoke emitter (AETSE) in an enclosed space with a volume of 2.88 m³. PM concentrations (PM10, PM2.5, PM1) were measured with a laser aerosol spectrometer followed by statistical analysis. The two strongest Marlboro brands (Red and Red without additives) showed the highest PM concentrations of all tested cigarettes. The measured mean concentrations Cmean of PM10 increased up to 1458 µg/m³ for the Marlboro Red without additives (PM2.5: 1452 µg/m³, PM1: 1263 µg/m³). The similarly strong Marlboro Red showed very similar PM values. The second strongest type Marlboro Gold showed 36% (PM10, PM2.5) and 32% (PM1) lower values, respectively. The “lightest” type Marlboro Silver Blue showed 54% (PM10, PM2.5) or 50% (PM1) lower PM values. The results indicate that the lower the tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide amounts, as well as the longer the cigarette filter, the lower are the PM levels. An influence of additives could not be determined.

scholarly journals High particulate matter burden by cigarillos: A laser spectrometric analysis of second-hand smoke of common brands with and without filter

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254537
Author(s):  
Markus Braun ◽  
Maike Dehm ◽  
Doris Klingelhöfer ◽  
David A. Groneberg
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Exposure Risk ◽  
Measuring Chamber ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Exposure Risk Assessment

Although the global tobacco market of cigarillos is substantial, little is known about their particulate matter (PM) emissions. For exposure risk assessment of cigarillos, the PM fractions PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 of eight cigarillo brands (four with filters) and a reference cigarette were measured. For this purpose, second-hand smoke was generated by an automatic smoke pump in a measuring chamber with a volume of 2.88 m³. The mean particle concentrations of the cigarillos ranged from 2783 μg/m³ to 6686 μg/m³ for PM10, from 2767 μg/m³ to 6585 μg/m³ for PM2.5, and from 2441 to 4680 μg/m³ for PM1. Mean concentrations of the reference cigarette for PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were 4400 μg/m³, 4335 μg/m³, and 3289 μg/m³, respectively. Filter-tipped cigarillos showed between 5% and 38% lower PM10 and PM2.5 levels, respectively, and between 4% and 30% lower PM1 levels. Our findings show generally high PM emissions for all investigated tobacco products. Therefore, the declaration of PM amounts to government authorities should be mandatory for all tobacco products. Policymakers should ensure that corresponding information will be provided in the future.

scholarly journals Recent Developments in the Determination of Biomarkers of Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Biological Specimens: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1768
Author(s):  
Hernâni Marques ◽  
Pedro Cruz-Vicente ◽  
Tiago Rosado ◽  
Mário Barroso ◽  
Luís A. Passarinha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Exposure ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETS) and smoking have been described as the most prevalent factors in the development of certain diseases worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, more than 8 million people die every year due to exposure to tobacco, around 7 million due to direct ETS and the remaining due to exposure to second-hand smoke. Both active and second-hand exposure can be measured and controlled using specific biomarkers of tobacco and its derivatives, allowing the development of more efficient public health policies. Exposure to these compounds can be measured using different methods (involving for instance liquid- or gas-chromatographic procedures) in a wide range of biological specimens to estimate the type and degree of tobacco exposure. In recent years, a lot of research has been carried out using different extraction methods and different analytical equipment; this way, liquid–liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction or even miniaturized procedures have been used, followed by chromatographic analysis coupled mainly to mass spectrometric detection. Through this type of methodologies, second-hand smokers can be distinguished from active smokers, and this is also valid for e-cigarettes and vapers, among others, using their specific biomarkers. This review will focus on recent developments in the determination of tobacco smoke biomarkers, including nicotine and other tobacco alkaloids, specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. The methods for their detection will be discussed in detail, as well as the potential use of threshold values to distinguish between types of exposure.

scholarly journals Intergenerational Upward (Im)mobility and Political Support of Public Education Spending

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debora Di Gioacchino ◽  
Laura Sabani ◽  
Stefano Usai
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Education Spending ◽  
The Public ◽  
Education Decisions ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Public Education Spending ◽  
Country Specific

AbstractThis paper provides a simple model of hierarchical education to study the political determination of public education spending and its allocation between different tiers of education. The model integrates private education decisions by allowing parents, who are differentiated according to income and human capital, to top up public expenditures with private transfers. We identify four groups of households with conflicting preferences over the the size of the public education budget and its allocation. In equilibrium, public education budget, private expenditures and expenditure allocation among different tiers of education, depend on which group of households is in power and on country-specific features such as income inequality and intergenerational persistence in education. By running a cluster analysis on 32 OECD countries, we seek to establish if distinctive ‘education regimes’, akin to those identified in the theoretical analysis, could be discerned. Our main finding is that a high intergenerational persistence in education might foster the establishment of education regimes in which the size and the allocation of the public budget among different tiers of education prevent a stable and significant increase of the population graduation rate, thus plunging the country in a ‘low education’ trap.

scholarly journals Harm Perceptions and Beliefs about Potential Modified Risk Tobacco Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 576
Author(s):  
Jennifer C. Morgan ◽  
Joseph N. Cappella
Keyword(s):  
Lower Risk ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
The Public ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Use Factors

Under US law, tobacco products may be authorized to claim lower exposure to chemicals, or lower risk of health harms. We sought to examine the harm perceptions and beliefs about potential modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs). We recruited 864 adult current and former smokers in August 2019. Participants read a paragraph describing the potential for the FDA to authorize MRTPs and a brief description of MRTPs. The most endorsed beliefs for each product were that they contained nicotine and that they were risky. Believing that e-cigarettes can help smokers quit smoking, that they tasted good, and looked cool were associated with greater odds of intending to try e-cigarettes after controlling for demographic and use factors. For snus, the beliefs that the product was not addictive and tasted good were associated with increased odds of intending to try snus. The beliefs that heated tobacco would taste good and would be a good quit aid was associated with increased odds of intentions to try heated tobacco products. Understanding what the public believes about products currently or potentially authorized to be marketed as modified risk tobacco products can inform communication efforts.

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