Smoking

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-104
Author(s):  
Daniel Ashipala ◽  
Nestor Tomas ◽  
Joel M. H. Medusalem
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
The World

Smoking involves inhaling, exhaling, holding or otherwise having control over an ignited tobacco product. This practice remains a global budden and deaths caused by smoking-related conditions is believed to have escalated. Many countries in the world have policies in place that regulate the production, transportation, handling and utilization of tobacco products in order to compact this budden of smoking. Despite these effort, various contributing factors of smoking amongst which peer-pressure forms part, are believed to be cause of an increase in the number of new smokers. Nicotine is one of the constituents of tobacco smoke which causes a pleasant feelings which in return contributes to addiction. Cigarette smoke contains thousands of chemicals with some known to be carcinogens. Smoking during pregnancy poses danger to a pregnant mother and her unborn babe as they exchange blood. The public needs to be educated on the danger of smoking, and exposure to second-hand smoke as well as on strategies that one can follow to quit smoking.

scholarly journals High Particulate Matter Burden of Cigarettes from the United Arab Emirates and Germany: Are There Country-Specific Differences?

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2415
Author(s):  
Markus Braun ◽  
Rawya Al-Qaysi ◽  
Doris Klingelhöfer ◽  
Ruth Müller ◽  
David A. Groneberg
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
The Public ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Country Specific

Although the big tobacco companies offer the same cigarette brands across countries, little is known about the potential regional differences of the particulate matter (PM) emissions of apparently equal brands. PM emissions of three cigarette brands (Marlboro Gold, Winston Red resp. Classic, Parliament Platinum resp. Night Blue) from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Germany were analysed. Second-hand smoke was produced in a 2.88 m3 measuring cabin by an automatic environmental tobacco smoke emitter. PM size fractions PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were detected in real-time using laser aerosol spectrometry. Depending on the PM fraction Marlboro cigarettes from UAE showed 33%–35% higher PM amounts. Moreover, Winston cigarettes from UAE showed distinctly higher PM values (28–31%) than the German counterparts. The “lighter” Parliament from UAE emitted 3%–9% more PM than the German one. The measured mean PM10 values laid between 778 and 1163 µg/m3 (mean PM2.5: 777–1161 µg/m3; mean PM1: 724–1074 µg/m3). That means smoking in enclosed rooms causes massive PM burden. The PM emission of equal or similar tobacco products from different countries can differ distinctly. Hence, the declaration of PM emission values, besides nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide amounts, should be obligatory worldwide. Furthermore, complete information about the ingredients and production processes of tobacco products should be provided to health officials and the public. This can help to minimise or ban substances or product designs that make smoking even more harmful, and to enhance the awareness of the risks of smoking.

scholarly journals Harm Perceptions and Beliefs about Potential Modified Risk Tobacco Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 576
Author(s):  
Jennifer C. Morgan ◽  
Joseph N. Cappella
Keyword(s):  
Lower Risk ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
The Public ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Use Factors

Under US law, tobacco products may be authorized to claim lower exposure to chemicals, or lower risk of health harms. We sought to examine the harm perceptions and beliefs about potential modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs). We recruited 864 adult current and former smokers in August 2019. Participants read a paragraph describing the potential for the FDA to authorize MRTPs and a brief description of MRTPs. The most endorsed beliefs for each product were that they contained nicotine and that they were risky. Believing that e-cigarettes can help smokers quit smoking, that they tasted good, and looked cool were associated with greater odds of intending to try e-cigarettes after controlling for demographic and use factors. For snus, the beliefs that the product was not addictive and tasted good were associated with increased odds of intending to try snus. The beliefs that heated tobacco would taste good and would be a good quit aid was associated with increased odds of intentions to try heated tobacco products. Understanding what the public believes about products currently or potentially authorized to be marketed as modified risk tobacco products can inform communication efforts.

Assessment of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure by determining nicotine and its metabolites in meconium

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 535-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Köhler ◽  
S. Avenarius ◽  
A. Rabsilber ◽  
C. Gerloff ◽  
G. Jorch
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Maternal Smoking ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
Quit Smoking

Meconium samples collected from 115 neonates were analysed for nicotine, cotinine and trans -3-hydroxycotinine (OH-cotinine) by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to identify prenatal smoke exposure. The self-reported maternal smoking status during pregnancy was determined by means of a questionnaire and verified by measurements in urine prior to childbirth. The total sum of nicotine and its metabolites (Sumtot) of the first passed meconium samples was 1560 ± 1024 pmol/g in newborns of smoking mothers. Smoking of less than five cigarettes was clearly detected. Sumtot remained constant in all meconium samples passed by a neonate in succession. However, the proportion of nicotine decreased with the time of passage after birth and the OH-cotinine proportion increased, whereas cotinine hardly changed. Nicotine or its metabolites were not detectable in meconium (detection limit < 20 pmol/g), when the mothers were only exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) using the HPLC method. The hypothesis that the content of nicotine metabolites in meconium reflects long-term smoke exposure could not be confirmed in newborns whose mothers had quit smoking during the latter half of pregnancy. Determining Sumtot enables the intensity of continuous smoking during pregnancy to be estimated in all meconium samples passed by a newborn. Human & Experimental Toxicology (2007) 26: 535—544

scholarly journals Cigarette, E-Cigarette and Waterpipe Use among Young Adults: Differential Cognitions about These Three Forms of Smoking

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 3787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J.M. Sullman ◽  
Maria-Eugenia Gras ◽  
Antonios Kagialis ◽  
Ioulia Papageorgi ◽  
Sílvia Font-Mayolas
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Best Friend ◽  
Alternative Tobacco Products ◽  
Waterpipe Use ◽  
Clear Information

Background: Polytobacco use is common among young adults. The purpose of the present study was to investigate a number of cognitions related to the use of three tobacco products (cigarettes, e-cigarettes and waterpipes) among young adults. Methods: Participants (n = 799, 59.4% women) aged 18–25 years old (M = 21.8, SD = 1.7) completed an online tobacco cognitions questionnaire. Results: For all three tobacco products, there was significantly more agreement with the cognition “I would smoke if my best friend offered” among tobacco users (used one or more tobacco products) than among non-users. For e-cigarettes and waterpipes, there was significantly more agreement with the cognition “It would be easy to quit these products” than was reported by non-users. Polytobacco users (three tobacco products) endorsed the cognitions scale (the six cognition items were combined to form a single cognitions scale for each tobacco product) significantly more than non-users for cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Furthermore, waterpipe users, polytobacco users, dual users and single users all endorsed the combined cognitions scales more strongly than non-users. Conclusions: Efforts to prevent polytobacco use should ensure that young adults have the necessary self-efficacy to resist peer pressure and provide them with clear information about the health risks associated with using alternative tobacco products.

scholarly journals Automatic Cigarette Object Concealment in Video using R-CNN

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Kadek Utari Widiarsini ◽  
Duman Care Khrisne ◽  
I Made Arsa Suyadnya
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Application Performance ◽  
Nicotiana Rustica ◽  
Heart Attacks ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Lung Infections

Cigarettes are packaged processed tobacco products, produced from the Nicotiana Tabacum, Nicotiana Rustica plants and other species or synthetics that contain nicotine with or without additives. Smoking is known to the public as one of the causes of death in the world that is quite large such as asthma, lung infections, oral cancer, throat cancer, lung cancer, heart attacks, strokes, dementia, erectile dysfunction (impotence), and so on. This research aims to build an application that can recognize cigarettes automatically and conceal pictures so that people especially minors are not affected by cigarettes. The application is built using the Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (R-CNN) method. The study uses images that have cigarette objects in them. The test is carried out to find out the application performance such as the level of application accuracy in recognizing cigarette objects. Based on the test results with a sample of 126 cigarette images, the application built is able to recognize cigarette objects by obtaining an accuracy value of 63%.

scholarly journals The Concept of Harm Reduction from Tobacco: Past, Present, Future

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 405-415
Author(s):  
S. L. Babak ◽  
M. V. Gorbunova ◽  
A. G. Malyavin ◽  
I. V. Shashenkov
Keyword(s):  
Harm Reduction ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Negative Experience ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lower Health ◽  
Controversial Topic ◽  
Continued Use

The concept of tobacco harm reduction (THR) is a speculative and controversial topic in the context of the international battle against the use of all types of tobacco. This concept involves providing tobacco users who are unable or unwilling to quit smoking or using other types of tobacco (snuff, chewing), with modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) for continued use. Skepticism about THR is huge and is associated with the negative experience of tobacco companies to produce cigarettes with a low content of tobacco tar/nicotine, which should have had significantly lower health risks than conventional cigarettes. Paradoxically, such an experience served as a springboard to an increase in the number of tobacco products that potentially have the properties of MRTP. Moreover, some members of the anti-smoking coalition, including WHO, consider the transition of tobacco smokers to MRTP as a strategy with great potential. However, the European Group of Experts believes that the MRTP strategy does not work and will lead to another generation of young people getting used to tobacco. In this article, we have critically analyzed the history of the past and present of tobacco products, myths and contradictions around them. We have tried to evaluate the modern concept of S THR as objectively as possible, which has a high potential for a real reduction in the number of deaths associated with smoking.

scholarly journals Influence of Second-Hand Smoke and Prenatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure on Biomarkers, Genetics and Physiological Processes in Children—An Overview in Research Insights of the Last Few Years

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3212
Author(s):  
Markus Braun ◽  
Doris Klingelhöfer ◽  
Gerhard M. Oremek ◽  
David Quarcoo ◽  
David A. Groneberg
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Micro Rnas ◽  
Shs Exposure

Children are commonly exposed to second-hand smoke (SHS) in the domestic environment or inside vehicles of smokers. Unfortunately, prenatal tobacco smoke (PTS) exposure is still common, too. SHS is hazardous to the health of smokers and non-smokers, but especially to that of children. SHS and PTS increase the risk for children to develop cancers and can trigger or worsen asthma and allergies, modulate the immune status, and is harmful to lung, heart and blood vessels. Smoking during pregnancy can cause pregnancy complications and poor birth outcomes as well as changes in the development of the foetus. Lately, some of the molecular and genetic mechanisms that cause adverse health effects in children have been identified. In this review, some of the current insights are discussed. In this regard, it has been found in children that SHS and PTS exposure is associated with changes in levels of enzymes, hormones, and expression of genes, micro RNAs, and proteins. PTS and SHS exposure are major elicitors of mechanisms of oxidative stress. Genetic predisposition can compound the health effects of PTS and SHS exposure. Epigenetic effects might influence in utero gene expression and disease susceptibility. Hence, the limitation of domestic and public exposure to SHS as well as PTS exposure has to be in the focus of policymakers and the public in order to save the health of children at an early age. Global substantial smoke-free policies, health communication campaigns, and behavioural interventions are useful and should be mandatory.

scholarly journals Heated tobacco product regulation under US law and the FCTC

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. s118-s125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Kass Lempert ◽  
Stanton A Glantz
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Product Labelling ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Control Laws ◽  
The Public ◽  
Philip Morris ◽  
Product Regulation ◽  
The Usa

Tobacco companies are marketing new ‘heated tobacco products’ (HTPs) composed of battery-powered holders, chargers and tobacco plugs or sticks. The non-tobacco HTP components have escaped effective regulation under many countries’ tobacco control laws because they are packaged and sold separately from the tobacco-containing components. In the USA, HTPs cannot be marketed unless the Food and Drug Administration determines that allowing their sale would be ‘appropriate for the protection of the public health’. Philip Morris International (PMI) is seeking permission to market its IQOS HTP in the USA with ‘modified risk tobacco product’ (MRTP) claims that it reduces exposure to harmful substances and is less harmful than other tobacco products. However, PMI has not submitted adequate scientific evidence required by US law to demonstrate that the product is significantly less harmful to users than other tobacco products, that its labelling would not mislead consumers, or that its marketing—with or without MRTP claims—would benefit the health of the population as a whole. Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) must take measures to reduce tobacco use and nicotine addiction, and prevent false or misleading tobacco product labelling, advertising and promotions; the introduction of new HTPs must be assessed according to these goals. All components of HTPs should be regulated at least as stringently as existing tobacco products, including restrictions on labelling, advertising, promotion and sponsorship, sales to minors, price and taxation policies and smokefree measures. There is nothing in US law or the FCTC that prevents authorities from prohibiting HTPs.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Tobacco Use and Its Associated Factors among School Going Adolescents in Birgunj Sub-Metropolitan, Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-76
Author(s):  
Arbind Kumar Chaudhary ◽  
Tulsi Ram Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Global Youth Tobacco Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity

Tobacco use means consumption of any form of tobacco products either smoked or smokeless. Common used tobacco products are cigarette, cigars, pipe tobacco and favored Sisha tobacco, Surti/khaini, Panmasala, and Gutkha. It is one of the major causes of preventable mortality and morbidity worldwide. Objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of tobacco use and its associated factors among higher secondary school going adolescents of Birgunj Sub-metropolitan, Nepal. A schools based cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out using self-administrative questionnaire and it was prepared based on Global Youth Tobacco Survey. It was developed and validated for assessing the tobacco use among adolescents. Amongst 16 higher secondary schools, three public and three private schools were selected randomly. Similarly required sample (307) were recruited as proportionately from each school considering number of students studying in each selected school from August to December 2016. Prevalence of ever use of tobacco was 15.6 %. Cigarette was the most (70.8%) commonly used as tobacco product. The average age of initiation of tobacco use was 13.96++2.62 year. More than half (52.1%) of the tobacco users purchased tobacco from shops. Peer pressure (45.8%) was one of the major influencing factors of ever use of tobacco. Age, gender, friends pressure and parent's education were found significantly associated with ever use of tobacco among students. Nearly one-fifth adolescents used some type of tobacco products in last six month. Tobacco used by parents, peers and others family members at home and public places, and easy access of tobacco products were the major influencing factors of tobacco use among students. School and community based awareness programs and tobacco control legislations should be implemented consistently to control and discourage the consumption of tobacco products. Keywords: Adolescents, students, associated factors, tobacco use

scholarly journals High particulate matter burden by cigarettes from the United Arab Emirates and Germany: Are there country-specific differences?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Braun ◽  
Rawya Al-Qaysi ◽  
Doris Klingelhöfer ◽  
Nicole Zulauf ◽  
Ruth Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Environmental Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Country Specific

Abstract BackgroundAlthough the big tobacco companies offer the same cigarette brands across countries, little is known about regional differences of particulate matter (PM) emissions of apparently equal brands. PM emissions of three cigarette brands (Marlboro, Winston, Parliament) from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Germany were analysed. Second-hand smoke was produced in a 2.88m³ measuring cabin by an automatic environmental tobacco smoke emitter. PM size fractions PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 were detected in real time using laser aerosol spectrometry. ResultsDepending on the PM fraction Marlboro and Winston cigarettes from UAE showed 28-35% higher PM amounts than the German counterparts. The “lighter” Parliament from UAE emitted 3-9% more PM than the German one. The measured PM2.5 values laid between 777 µg/m³ and 1161 µg/m³. ConclusionPM emission of equal or similar tobacco products from different countries can differ distinctly. Hence, the declaration of PM emission values, beside nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide amounts, should be obligate worldwide. Furthermore, complete information about ingredients and production design of tobacco products should be provided to health officials and public. This can help to minimise or ban substances or production designs that make smoking even more harmful, and to enhance the awareness to risks of smoking.

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