Flexibility in Spanish Elite Inline Hockey Players: Profile, Sex, Tightness and Asymmetry

Limited ranges of motion (ROM) have been considered as a relevant risk factor for team sports injuries. The main purposes of the current study were to describe the lower extremity ROM profile, muscular tightness and asymmetries in elite inline hockey players and to examine sex-related differences. Twenty professional inline hockey players from 2 Spanish National Teams (male and female) were measured of passive hip extension [HE], hip adduction with hip flexed 90° [HAD-HF], hip flexion with the knee flexed [HF-KF] and extended [HF-KE], hip abduction with the hip neutral [HAB] and hip flexed 90° [HAB-HF], hip external [HER] and internal [HIR] rotation, knee flexion [KF], ankle dorsiflexion with the knee flexed [ADF-KF] and extended [ADF-KE] ROMs of the dominant and non-dominant leg ROMs were taken. A paired t-test was carried out to assess asymmetries. ROM values were classified as “normal versus tightness”, and “normal versus asymmetry” according to the proposed reference values. The effect size for each variable was analyzed. Male team exhibited asymmetry in HF-KF (133.2° dominant vs. 129.8° non-dominant; p = 0.042; d = 0.7243 [moderate effect sizes]) and female team in ADF-KF (38.8° dominant vs. 41.0 non-dominant; p = 0.001; d = 0.6 [moderate effect sizes]) and HAB ROM (41.2° dominant vs. 38.8 non-dominant; p = 0.005; d = 1.1767 [moderate effect sizes]). Male players reported asymmetry in HAD-HF (n = 5), HER (n = 4) and HE (n = 3), whereas female players presented asymmetries in HER (n = 4), HE (n = 3) and KF (n = 2). Overall, 20–100% of all participants showed limited KF, HF_KE, HIR, HE, ADF_KF, HAD-HF, HF-KF, ADF_KE, HTR and HER ROM. The results of this study reinforce the requirement of prescribing exercises aimed at improving hip, knee and ankle ROM within everyday inline hockey practices. In addition, as some asymmetries were found, unilateral flexibility training should be considered where appropriate.

Download Full-text

Development of an on-field injury screening test using wearable sensor technology

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967120s00513 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (9_suppl7) ◽

pp. 2325967120S0051

Author(s):

Pinar Melodi Caliskan ◽

Anne Benjaminse ◽

Alli Gokeler

Keyword(s):

Knee Flexion ◽

Motor Coordination ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Ankle Dorsiflexion ◽

Hip Abduction ◽

Knee Abduction ◽

Hip Flexion ◽

Injury Screening ◽

Coordination Patterns ◽

Hip Extension

Introduction: Injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) commonly occur during complex game situations when the athlete encounters multiple factors such as ball, opponent, field position, and game strategy (Grooms et al., 2018). Many of the current traditional injury screening programs are performed within a predictable, fixed or ‘closed’ environment which do not represent real game situations that require high neurocognitive demands (Dingenen & Gokeler, 2017; Grooms et al., 2018). A complementary approach to lab-based settings is necessary to incorporate the demands of the complex athletic environments. By using wearable sensor technology, we aim to develop an on-field injury screening test in elite youth male soccer players. Investigating the individual differences in motor coordination patterns of the players during sport-specific tasks might enhance our understanding of how ACL injuries occur. Hypotheses: We hypothesized that the motor coordination patterns of the players would be affected when they perform under different conditions manipulated with constraints (task and environmental). Methods: A football-specific test setup was created to analyse the kinematic and performance measures of a group of 17 male youth elite football players aged 15 years (height = 164 ± 9 cm, mass = 50.9± 7.4 kg). The players were grouped into two and measured on two consecutive days. All the players were instructed to complete the test setup (4 conditions, 5 trials) as fast as possible. Condition 1 includes no constraint, condition 2 includes a task constraint (football dummies), condition 3 includes an environmental constraint (stroboscopic glasses) (SENAPTEC, Beaverton, Oregon) and condition 4 includes both task and environmental constraints. 3-D kinematics of the hip, knee, ankle joints were captured using Xsens wearable full-body sensor suits (Xsens, MVN Link version, Enschede, The Netherlands). MATLAB (MATLAB R2019a, The MathWorks Inc., Massachusetts) was used to process and analyse the kinematic data. Data from condition 1 was determined as reference behavior/condition to be compared to other conditions. Kinematic data are presented in attitude vectors (ATV). Results: In total, 81% of the players demonstrated a significant difference (P < 0.05) in angles of hip, knee and ankle joints when performing under different conditions. The percentage of players with increased comparison-based joint movements as follows; condition 1 to condition 2 comparison; 41% hip flexion, 59% hip extension, 53% hip abduction, 47% hip adduction, 62% knee flexion, 38% knee extension, 59% knee abduction, 41% knee adduction, 47% ankle dorsiflexion, 53% ankle plantarflexion, condition 1 to condition 3 comparison; 35% hip flexion, 65% hip extension, 47% hip abduction, 53% hip adduction, 50% knee flexion, 50% knee extension, 41% knee abduction, 59% knee adduction, 59% ankle dorsiflexion, 41% ankle plantarflexion and condition 1 to condition 4 comparison; 31% hip flexion, 69% hip extension, 38% hip abduction, 62% hip adduction, 60% knee flexion, 40% knee extension, 44% knee abduction, 56% knee adduction, 69% ankle dorsiflexion, 31% ankle plantarflexion. Conclusion: The result of this pilot study demonstrated that manipulating task with different constraints caused significant changes in players’ motor coordination patterns which supported the hypothesis of our study. Our findings suggest to develop ACL injury screening tests in a sport-specific setting.

Download Full-text

Lower-Limb Flexibility Profile Analysis in Youth Competitive Inline Hockey Players

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17124338 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (12) ◽

pp. 4338 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Antonio Cejudo ◽

Víctor Jesús Moreno-Alcaraz ◽

Mark De Ste Croix ◽

Fernando Santonja-Medina ◽

Pilar Sainz de Baranda

Keyword(s):

Injury Risk ◽

Profile Analysis ◽

External Rotation ◽

Ankle Dorsiflexion ◽

Injury Incidence ◽

Hockey Players ◽

Hip Abduction ◽

The Individual ◽

Hip Flexion ◽

Low Prevalence

During puberty, the growth of the bones is faster than that of the muscles, which may result in muscular tightness. Muscular tightness and asymmetry have been associated with an increase in injury incidence. The assessment of a joint range of motion (ROM) could help to identify athletes classified as high injury risk. The objectives of the present study were to describe the lower-extremity flexibility profile (LEFP) of youth competitive inline hockey players using the ROM-SPORT battery (I) and to identify muscular tightness and asymmetry (II). Seventy-four young players were examined for maximum passive ankle, knee, and hip ROMs. Muscle asymmetry or tightness was classified according to cutoff scores previously described. The LEFP of the 74 players was 10.8° for hip extension, 26° for hip adduction, 33.6° for ankle dorsiflexion, 38.6° for ankle dorsiflexion with knee flexed, 36.7° for hip abduction, 46° for hip internal rotation, 60.6° for hip external rotation, 65.1° for hip abduction with the hip flexed, 66.3° for hip flexion with the knee extended, 119.7° for knee flexion, and 133.7° for hip flexion. The individual analysis of the flexibility values identified tightness in all players for one or more movement, except for hip abduction. A low prevalence of asymmetries was observed (range: 5.4% to 17.6% of players) depending on the ROM.

Download Full-text

Lower Extremity Flexibility Profile in Basketball Players: Gender Differences and Injury Risk Identification

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182211956 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (22) ◽

pp. 11956

Author(s):

Antonio Cejudo

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Lower Extremity ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Sports Injuries ◽

Risk Identification ◽

Ankle Dorsiflexion ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Risk Of Injury ◽

Hip Abduction ◽

Hip Flexion

Analysis of the flexibility profile of basketball players (BPs) can reveal differences in range of motion (ROM) by gender and also identify those players who are at higher risk for sports injuries. A descriptive observational study was conducted to determine the lower extremity flexibility profile of sixty-four basketball players and gender differences to identify players at higher risk of injury due to limited and asymmetric ROM in one or more movements. Participants: Sixty-four (33 male and 31 female) competitive athletes from the national leagues of the Spanish basketball league system participated in the present study (power of sample size ≥0.99). The eight passive ROM tests of the hip, knee and ankle were assessed using the ROM-SPORT battery. Each player completed a questionnaire on age, basic anthropometric data, dominant extremities, and training and sport-related variables. The lower extremity flexibility profile was established at 15° and 10° hip extension (HE), 39° and 38° ankle dorsiflexion with knee extended (ADF-KE), 40° and 39° ankle dorsiflexion with knee flexed (ADF-KF), 43° and 43° hip abduction (HAB), 75° and 61° hip abduction with the hip flexed (HAB-HF), 78° and 83° hip flexion with the knee extended (HF-KE), 134° and 120° knee flexion (KF), and 145° and 144° hip flexion (HF) by male and female basketball players, respectively. Sex differences in HE, HAB-HF, and KF were observed in BPs (p ≤ 0.01; Hedges’ g ≥ 1.04). Players reported limited ROM in ADF-KF, HE, HAB-HF, HF-KE, and KF; and asymmetric ROM mainly in HE, ADF-KE, KF, ADF-KF, and HF-KE. In conclusion, this study provides gender-specific lower extremity flexibility profile scores in BPs that can help athletic trainers and athletic and conditioning trainers to identify those players who are at higher risk of injury due to abnormal ROM scores.

Download Full-text

Are isokinetic leg torques and kick velocity reliable predictors of competitive level in taekwondo athletes?

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0235582 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. e0235582

Author(s):

Pedro Vieira Sarmet Moreira ◽

Coral Falco ◽

Luciano Luporini Menegaldo ◽

Márcio Fagundes Goethel ◽

Leandro Vinhas de Paula ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peak Torque ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Linear Velocity ◽

Group Differences ◽

Linear Discriminant ◽

Hip Muscle ◽

Hip Abduction ◽

Expertise Level ◽

Hip Flexion ◽

Hip Extension

The aim of this study is to analyze how isokinetic knee and hip peak torques and roundhouse kick velocities are related to expertise level (elite vs. sub-elite) in taekwondo athletes. Seven elite and seven sub-elite athletes were tested for kick-specific variables (KSV, composed of kinematic variables and power of impact) and for concentric isokinetic peak torque (PT) at 60°/s and 240°/s. First, KSVs and PTs were compared between groups, then PTs were correlated with KSVs. Parametric variables with larger effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were entered in a stepwise linear discriminant analysis (LDA), generating an equation to estimate competitive level. Between-group differences were found in hip flexors (p = 0.04, d = 0.92) and extensors (p = 0.04, d = 0.96) with PT at 240°/s. Hip flexion PT at 60°/s and 240°/s correlated negatively with kick time (R = –0.46, p = 0.0499 and R = –0.62, p = 0.01 respectively). Hip flexion torque at 60°/s correlated positively (R = 0.52, p = 0.03) with peak linear velocity of the foot (LVF) and power of impact (R = 0.51, p = 0.03). Peak torque of hip extension at 60°/s and hip abduction at 240°/s also correlated with LVF (R = 0.56, p = 0.02 and R = 0.46, p = 0.0499). Hip extension at 60°/s correlated positively with peak linear velocity of the knee (R = 0.48, p = 0.04). The LDA showed an accuracy of 85.7% (p = 0.003) in predicting expertise level based on hip flexion and extension torques at 240°/s and on knee extension velocity during the kick. The study demonstrates that hip muscle strength is probably the dominant muscular factor for determining kick performance. Knee angular velocity combined with hip torques is the best discriminator for competitive level in taekwondo athletes.

Download Full-text

Influence of Aerobic Power on Youth Players’ Tactical Behavior and Network Properties during Football Small-Sided Games

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports7030073 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 73 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gibson Moreira Praça ◽

Raphael Brito e Sousa ◽

Pablo Juan Greco

Keyword(s):

Effect Size ◽

Aerobic Power ◽

Team Sports ◽

Clustering Coefficient ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Power Group ◽

Moderate Effect Size ◽

Network Properties ◽

Moderate Effect ◽

Macro Variables

(1) Background: This study aimed to compare the incidence of tactical principles, the percentage of successful tactical principles, and the network properties between higher and lower aerobic power in young football players during small-sided games. (2) Methods: Eighteen Under-17 Brazilian players were recruited. Firstly, they performed the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2, which was used to split them into two groups with higher and lower aerobic power. In the sequence, they played three vs three small-sided games within each group. The System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer was used to analyze the tactical behavior demonstrated by measuring the incidence of tactical principles and the percentage of successful principles, while the macro variables, density and clustering coefficient from social network analysis for team sports was used to analyze players’ interactions. (3) Results: No differences were reported for the incidence of tactical principles (p > 0.05, small or small-to-moderate effect sizes), the percentage of successful offensive principles (p = 0.122, small-to-moderate effect size), or the network variables (p > 0.05; small effect sizes). The lower aerobic power group demonstrated a higher percentage of successful defensive tactical principles (p = 0.043; small-to-moderate effect size). (4) Conclusions: We concluded that aerobic power has a limited impact on player behavior, indicating that players’ actions within a small-sided game are mostly constrained by other parameters.

Download Full-text

Are isokinetic leg torques and kick velocity reliable predictors for competitive success in taekwondo athletes?

10.1101/2020.06.19.161158 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Pedro Vieira Sarmet Moreira ◽

Coral Falco ◽

Luciano Luporini Menegaldo ◽

Márcio Fagundes Goethel ◽

Leandro Vinhas de Paula ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peak Torque ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Group Differences ◽

Hip Abduction ◽

Competitive Success ◽

Expertise Level ◽

Hip Flexion ◽

The Relationship ◽

Hip Extension ◽

Flexion And Extension

AbstractThe aim of the study was to analyzed the relationship between isokinetic knee and hip peak torques and Roundhouse-kick velocities and expertise level (Elite vs. Subelite) of Taekwondo athletes. Seven elite and seven sub-elite athletes were tested for kick kinematic, power of impact and for isokinetic peak torque (PT) at slow (60°/s) and high (240°/s) concentric mode. PTs were compared between groups and correlated with the data of kick performance. It was found inter-group differences in hip flexors and extensors PT at the isokinetic fast speed. The hip flexion PT at 60°/s and 240°/s were negatively correlated with the kick time (R = −0.46, and R = −0.62, respectively). Hip flexion torque at 60°/s was also positively correlated (R = 0.52) with the peak of linear velocity of the foot (LVF) and the power of impact (R = 0.51). Peak torque of hip extension at 60°/s and hip abduction at 240°/s were correlated with the LVF (R= 0.56 and R = 0.46). Discriminant analysis presented an accuracy of 85.7% in predicting expertise level based on fast torques of hip flexion and extension and on the knee extension velocity during the kick. This study demonstrated that hip muscles strength is probably the dominant muscular factor for determining kick performance. Knee angular velocity combined with hip torques are the best discriminators for the competitive level in taekwondo athletes.

Download Full-text

Legal Update: North Dakota Supreme Court: Third Edition of Guides is “Most Current”

Guides Newsletter ◽

10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.1999.janfeb04 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 6-7

Author(s):

James J. Mangraviti

Keyword(s):

Internal Rotation ◽

External Rotation ◽

Measurement Techniques ◽

Fourth Edition ◽

Hip Motion ◽

The Difference ◽

The Right ◽

Hip Flexion ◽

Hip Rotation ◽

Hip Extension

Abstract The accurate measurement of hip motion is critical when one rates impairments of this joint, makes an initial diagnosis, assesses progression over time, and evaluates treatment outcome. The hip permits all motions typical of a ball-and-socket joint. The hip sacrifices some motion but gains stability and strength. Figures 52 to 54 in AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Fourth Edition, illustrate techniques for measuring hip flexion, loss of extension, abduction, adduction, and external and internal rotation. Figure 53 in the AMA Guides, Fourth Edition, illustrates neutral, abducted, and adducted positions of the hip and proper alignment of the goniometer arms, and Figure 52 illustrates use of a goniometer to measure flexion of the right hip. In terms of impairment rating, hip extension (at least any beyond neutral) is irrelevant, and the AMA Guides contains no figures describing its measurement. Figure 54, Measuring Internal and External Hip Rotation, demonstrates proper positioning and measurement techniques for rotary movements of this joint. The difference between measured and actual hip rotation probably is minimal and is irrelevant for impairment rating. The normal internal rotation varies from 30° to 40°, and the external rotation ranges from 40° to 60°.

Download Full-text

Test Re-test Reliability of Single and Multijoint Strength Properties in Female Australian Footballers

Sports Medicine - Open ◽

10.1186/s40798-020-00292-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Kadlec ◽

Matthew J. Jordan ◽

Leanne Snyder ◽

Jacqueline Alderson ◽

Sophia Nimphius

Keyword(s):

Knee Flexion ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Strength Properties ◽

Peak Force ◽

Test Reliability ◽

Leg Extension ◽

Hip Abduction ◽

Hip Flexion ◽

Voluntary Contractions ◽

Trunk Position

Abstract Purpose To examine the test re-test reliability of isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) of hip adduction (ADDISO), hip abduction (ABDISO), and multijoint leg extension (SQUATISO) in sub-elite female Australian footballers. Methods Data were collected from 24 sub-elite female Australian footballers (age 22.6 ± 4.5 years; height 169.4 ± 5.5 cm; body mass 66.6 ± 8.0 kg; 4.5 ± 4.4 years sport-specific training; 2.5 ± 2.0 years unstructured resistance training) from the same club on two non-consecutive days. Participants performed three isometric MVCs of ADDISO, ABDISO, and SQUATISO. The SQUATISO was performed at 140° knee flexion with a vertical trunk position and ADDISO and ABDISO measures were performed in a supine position at 60° of knee flexion and 60° hip flexion. Reliability was assessed using paired t tests and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), typical error (TE), and coefficient of variation (CV%) with 95% CI. Results SQUATISO peak force (ICC .95; CV% 4.1), ABDISO for left, right, and sum (ICC .90–.92; CV% 5.0–5.7), and ADDISO for left, right, and sum (ICC .86–.91; CV% 6.2–6.9) were deemed acceptably reliable based on predetermined criteria (ICC ≥ .8 and CV% ≤ 10). Conclusion SQUATISO, ABDISO, and ADDISO tests demonstrated acceptable reliability for the assessment of peak force in sub-elite female Australian footballers, suggesting these assessments are suitable for muscle strength testing and monitoring adaptations to training.

Download Full-text

On the role of sports nutrition in modern sports and society

Food processing industry ◽

10.52653/ppi.2021.5.5.018 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 75-79

Author(s):

Сергей Валерьевич Штерман ◽

Михаил Юрьевич Сидоренко ◽

Юрий Ильич Сидоренко ◽

Валерий Соломонович Штерман ◽

Наталья Ивановна Чеботарева

Keyword(s):

Sports Injuries ◽

Team Sports ◽

Recovery Process ◽

Sports Nutrition ◽

Theory And Practice ◽

Motivating Factors ◽

Team Leaders ◽

Individual Sports ◽

Improve Health

Спортивное питание в настоящее время - это неразделимый сплав, представляющий на практике реализацию современных достижений спортивной физиологии на основе использования специально разработанных продуктов питания со строго научно обоснованным составом. Цель работы заключалась в оценке распространенности в настоящее время продуктов спортивного питания среди различных групп спортсменов и широких слоев населения; в выявлении основных целей, которые ставят перед собой их потребители; в анализе динамики ассортимента продукции на рынке; в определении мотивирующих факторов, оказывающих влияние на потребление этих продуктов и прогнозирование направлений дальнейшего их развития. Доля спортсменов различного уровня, использующих продукты спортивного питания, в настоящее время в разных странах мира составляет от 48 до 81 %. В качестве основных целей их потребления рассматривается повышение уровня спортивных достижений, укрепление состояния здоровья, ускорение процесса восстановления после тренировок и соревнований, улучшение внешнего вида и снижение вероятности получения спортивных травм. Распространенность, объем потребления и ассортимент продуктов спортивного питания увеличиваются с ростом спортивной квалификации атлетов. По причине того, что индивидуальные спортивные дисциплины предъявляют более жесткие психологические требования к их участникам по сравнению с командными, распространенность спортивного питания среди спортсменов в индивидуальных видах спорта установлена выше, чем в командных. Данные проведенных исследований указывают на настоятельную необходимость, с целью обеспечения эффективности применения спортивного питания и предотвращения возникновения нежелательных побочных последствий, постоянного повышения квалификации спортсменов, тренеров, руководителей команд и сопровождающих их медицинских работников в области теории и практики применения современных продуктов спортивного питания. Sports nutrition nowadays is an indivisible alloy, representing in practice the implementation of modern achievements in sports physiology by using specially developted food products with a strictly scientifically formed composition. The purpose of this article was to assess the prevalence of sports nutrition products among various groups of athletes and general population; identifying the main goals that consumers set for themselves in this case; analyzing of the product dynamics on the market; establishing motivating factors that influence consumers behavior and forecasting directions of further sports nutrition development. The share of athletes of various levels using sports nutrition products in different countris of the world currently estimates from 48 to 81 %. The main goals of their consumption are comsidered to increase the level of athletics performance; improve health; accelerate the recovery process after training and competion; improve appearance and reduce the probability of sports injuries. The prevalence, consuption and variety of sports nutrition products used increase with the growth athletes` sports qualification. Due to the fact that individual sports disciplinces impose more stringent physological requirements on their participants compared to team sports, the prevalence of sports nutrition among athletes in individual sports is higher than in team sports. The data of studies indicate the urgent need, in order to ensure the proper effectiveness of the sports nutrition consumption and to avoid the occurance of undesirable side effects, of the carring out continuous knowledge upgrading of athletes, team leaders and accompaning medical personal in the field of theory and practice of sports nutrition.

Download Full-text

The modified Thomas test is not a valid measure of hip extension unless pelvic tilt is controlled

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.2325 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. e2325 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Andrew D. Vigotsky ◽

Gregory J. Lehman ◽

Chris Beardsley ◽

Bret Contreras ◽

Bryan Chung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Body Mass ◽

Pelvic Tilt ◽

Flexion Contracture ◽

Valid Measure ◽

Valid Test ◽

Hip Flexion ◽

Hip Extension

The modified Thomas test was developed to assess the presence of hip flexion contracture and to measure hip extensibility. Despite its widespread use, to the authors’ knowledge, its criterion reference validity has not yet been investigated. The purpose of this study was to assess the criterion reference validity of the modified Thomas test for measuring peak hip extension angle and hip extension deficits, as defined by the hip not being able to extend to 0º, or neutral. Twenty-nine healthy college students (age = 22.00 ± 3.80 years; height = 1.71 ± 0.09 m; body mass = 70.00 ± 15.60 kg) were recruited for this study. Bland–Altman plots revealed poor validity for the modified Thomas test’s ability to measure hip extension, which could not be explained by differences in hip flexion ability alone. The modified Thomas test displayed a sensitivity of 31.82% (95% CI [13.86–54.87]) and a specificity of 57.14% (95% CI [18.41–90.10]) for testing hip extension deficits. It appears, however, that by controlling pelvic tilt, much of this variance can be accounted for (r= 0.98). When pelvic tilt is not controlled, the modified Thomas test displays poor criterion reference validity and, as per previous studies, poor reliability. However, when pelvic tilt is controlled, the modified Thomas test appears to be a valid test for evaluating peak hip extension angle.

Download Full-text