scholarly journals Influences of Differing Menarche Status on Motor Capabilities of Girls, 13 To 16 Years: A Two-Year Follow-Up Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5539
Author(s):  
Barry Gerber ◽  
Anita E. Pienaar ◽  
Ankebe Kruger
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Motor Fitness ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
The Status ◽  
Hand Eye Coordination ◽  
Upper Body Strength ◽  
D Values

Puberty and the onset of menarche influences the motor performance of girls. However, the magnitude of these influences during varying maturity status, is not clear. This longitudinal study over two years aimed to investigate differences in motor fitness between early and late developing girls based on pre- and post-menarche status. A convenience sample (n = 58) of girls aged 13.51 ± 3.51, divided by means of the Status Quo method into pre (n = 13) and post-menarche (n = 45) groups, was used. Motor fitness was tested once annually by standardized protocols. Basic statistics, independent t-testing and a repeated measures ANOVA with a post hoc Bonferonni correction were used (p < 0.05 = statistical significance). Effect sizes were determined by Cohen’s d-values. Only explosive upper body strength differed significantly between groups during baseline, favoring post-menarche girls. Initially, post-menarche girls showed advantages in hand-eye coordination and speed (p > 0.05) with pre-menarche girls performing better in agility and explosive leg strength (p > 0.05). At 15.51 years, no significant, between-group differences were found. Pre-menarche girls surpassed post-menarche girls in hand-eye coordination and 0–40 m speed and post-menarche girls displayed higher explosive leg and upper body strength scores (p > 0.05). Our data show that the potential to excel in sport based on motor capabilities can only be accurately estimated 1–2 years after reaching menarche.

scholarly journals Comparing periodised protocols for the maintenance of strength and power in resistance-trained women

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kok Lian Yee
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Power Training ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
Upper Body Strength ◽  
Lower Body Strength ◽  
Training Programmes

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to compare the effects of daily undulating periodisation (DUP) and session undulating periodisation (SUP) for maintaining strength and power over a 3-wk period in a group of resistance-trained women.  DUP comprised one session each of strength and power training while DUP combined both strength and power training within each session.  Both training programmes were equalised for training volume and intensity.  Methods: Sixteen resistance-trained women were pre-tested for body mass, mid-arm and mid-thigh girths, one-repetition maximum (1 RM) dynamic squat (SQ) and bench press (BP), and  power during countermovement jumps (CMJ) and bench press throws (BPT). The 1 RM SQ and BP data were used to assign the participants into groups for twice a week training.  Results:  A two-way (group x time) analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures for time found no significant changes in body mass, mid-arm girth, 1 RM BP and SQ, and BPT and CMJ power for both groups.  However, significant changes in mid-thigh girth were found (F1, 13 = 5.733, p = 0.032). Pooled BP data indicated improved upper body strength (BP: F1, 13 = 6.346, p = 0.025) and decreased CMJ power (p = 0.016).  Conclusions:  Both DUP and SUP programmes increased upper-body strength and maintained lower-body strength adequately across a 3-wk phase probably because the participants were weaker in the upper-body and the lower-body had a reduced capacity for strength adaptations and improvements.

scholarly journals Females Engaged in Elite Training Previously Only Open to Males: Exploring the Variables of Successful Outcomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 184 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 438-442
Author(s):  
Melissa L Givens ◽  
Kathryn Eklund
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Behavioral Issues ◽  
Special Operations ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
Upper Body Strength

Abstract To date, there has been no analysis of the skills or attributes predicting success in female trainees who undergo traditionally male elite military training. This retrospective case control study characterized variables specific to females in the Special Operations Combat Medic course. 20/39 males and 15/38 females successfully completed the course. Several objective variables of interest including height and body weight, marital status, dependents, and physical fitness scores revealed trends but marital status and dependents were the only variables that achieved statistical significance. Exploration of subjective measures also highlighted potential trends in upper body strength and personal versus behavioral issues. These variables should be explored further for applicability to altering selection criteria or adjusting training conditions to mitigate sex disparities without altering standards of performance or creating an imbalance of resource investment for intended returns. The variables identified in this sample can be explored in other populations as females are integrated in other previously closed realms of military service.

scholarly journals Comparison of Division II College Offensive and Defensive Football Players' Upper Body Strength Across One Repetition Maximum Test and The NFL-225 Test

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bulent Agbuga ◽  
John Slovak ◽  
Ferman Konukman ◽  
Ilker Yilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
College Football ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
Maximum Test ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
Upper Body Strength ◽  
Division Ii

Comparison of Division II College Offensive and Defensive Football Players' Upper Body Strength Across One Repetition Maximum Test and The NFL-225 TestThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of predicting actual one repetition maximum (1RM) bench press strength from the National Football League (NFL) 225-test in college football players. Forty-one Division II college football players participated in this study. Participants' upper body strength scores were expressed relative to body weight and results were compared across both tests. Mayhew et al. equation was used to predict 1RM. A repeated measures ANOVA and one-way ANOVA was used to compare the groups. The present study found that the Mayhew equation overestimated relative upper body strength of college football players, while high degree of reliability was found between the actual 1RM and the NFL-225 tests [Wilks λ = 0.43, F (1,40) = 53.07, p = 0.000, Eta-squared = 0.57] and the correlation between these two tests was very high (r = 0.94, p<0.001). The present study also found that defensive players were stronger than offensive players when scores were expressed relative to body weight. The finding of this study indicates that the NFL-225 test's applicability may not be identical for all college players. This study elucidates some of the difficulties associated with predicting 1RM. However, while it is difficult to predict 1RM, testing using sub-maximal loads are far less time consuming especially when they involve a large number of athletes. The results of this study should facilitate coaches in choosing the most appropriate strength testing procedure for their programs.

scholarly journals An Eye Tracking Examination of Men’s Attractiveness by Conceptive Risk Women

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 147470491769074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Garza ◽  
Roberto R. Heredia ◽  
Anna B. Cieślicka
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
Hispanic Women ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Body Hair ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
Upper Body Strength ◽  
Visual Attraction ◽  
Physical Shape

Previous research has indicated that women prefer men who exhibit an android physical appearance where fat distribution is deposited on the upper body (i.e., shoulders and arms) and abdomen. This ideal physical shape has been associated with perceived dominance, health, and immunocompetence. Although research has investigated attractability of men with these ideal characteristics, research on how women visually perceive these characteristics is limited. The current study investigated visual perception and attraction toward men in Hispanic women of Mexican American descent. Women exposed to a front-posed image, where the waist-to-chest ratio (WCR) and hair distribution were manipulated, rated men’s body image associated with upper body strength (low WCR 0.7) as more attractive. Additionally, conceptive risk did not play a strong role in attractiveness and visual attention. Hair distribution did not contribute to increased ratings of attraction but did contribute to visual attraction when measuring total time where men with both facial and body hair were viewed longer. These findings suggest that physical characteristics in men exhibiting upper body strength and dominance are strong predictors of visual attraction.

scholarly journals Comparison of upper body strength gains between men and women after 10 weeks of resistance training

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Gentil ◽  
James Steele ◽  
Maria C. Pereira ◽  
Rafael P.M. Castanheira ◽  
Antonio Paoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Elbow Flexor ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Upper Body Strength ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Flexor Strength

Resistance training (RT) offers benefits to both men and women. However, the studies about the differences between men and women in response to an RT program are not conclusive and few data are available about upper body strength response. The aim of this study was to compare elbow flexor strength gains in men and women after 10 weeks of RT. Forty-four college-aged men (22.63 ± 2.34 years) and forty-seven college-aged women (21.62 ± 2.96 years) participated in the study. The RT program was performed two days a week for 10 weeks. Before and after the training period, peak torque (PT) of the elbow flexors was measured with an isokinetic dynamometer. PT values were higher in men in comparison to women in pre- and post-tests (p< 0.01). Both males and females significantly increased elbow flexor strength (p< 0.05); however, strength changes did not differ between genders after 10 weeks of RT program (11.61 and 11.76% for men and women, respectively;p> 0.05). Effect sizes were 0.57 and 0.56 for men and women, respectively. In conclusion, the present study suggests that men and women have a similar upper body strength response to RT.

scholarly journals Reliability of Easy Applicable Non-laboratory Methods Used for Determination of the Upper Body Strength

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-81
Author(s):  
Serhat ÖZBAY ◽  
Süleyman ULUPINAR ◽  
Vedat ÇINAR ◽  
Taner AKBULUT
Keyword(s):  
Upper Body ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
Upper Body Strength

scholarly journals Upper‐Body Strength and Political Egalitarianism: Twelve Conceptual Replications

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Bang Petersen ◽  
Lasse Laustsen
Keyword(s):  
Upper Body ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
Upper Body Strength
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