Associations between Biomarkers of Exposure and Lung Cancer Risk among Exclusive Cigarette Smokers in the Golestan Cohort Study

Biomarkers of tobacco exposure are known to be associated with disease risk but previous studies are limited in number and restricted to certain regions. We conducted a nested case–control study examining baseline levels and subsequent lung cancer incidence among current male exclusive cigarette smokers in the Golestan Cohort Study in Iran. We calculated geometric mean biomarker concentrations for 28 matched cases and 52 controls for the correlation of biomarker levels among controls and for adjusted odds’ ratios (ORs) for lung cancer incidence by biomarker concentration, accounting for demographic characteristics, smoking quantity and duration, and opium use. Lung cancer cases had higher average levels of most biomarkers including total nicotine equivalents (TNE-2), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), and 3-hydroxyfluorene (3-FLU). Many biomarkers correlated highly with one another including TNE-2 with NNAL and N-Acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine (2CYEMA), and N-Acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine (t4HBEMA) with N-Acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl-1-methyl)-L-cysteine (3HMPMA) and N-Acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine (4HMBEMA). Lung cancer risk increased with concentration for several biomarkers, including TNE-2 (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.03, 4.78) and NNN (OR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.13, 5.27), and estimates were significant after further adjustment for demographic and smoking characteristics for 2CYEMA (OR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.03, 4.55), N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (2CAEMA) (OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.01, 4.55), and N-Acetyl-S-(2-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine (2HPMA) (OR = 2.85, 95% CI = 1.04, 7.81). Estimates were not significant with adjustment for opium use. Concentrations of many biomarkers were higher at the baseline for participants who subsequently developed lung cancer than among the matched controls. Odds of lung cancer were higher for several biomarkers including with adjustment for smoking exposure for some but not with adjustment for opium use.

Download Full-text

Metformin Use and Lung Cancer Risk in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Disease Markers ◽

10.1155/2019/6230162 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Long Yao ◽

Mengke Liu ◽

Yunlong Huang ◽

Kaiming Wu ◽

Xin Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Cohort Studies ◽

Cancer Incidence ◽

Lung Cancer Risk ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Lung Cancer Incidence ◽

Lower Lung ◽

The Relationship

Background. Antidiabetic medications (ADMs) can alter the risk of different types of cancer, but the relationship between lung cancer incidence and metformin remains controversial. Our aim was to quantitatively estimate the relationship between incidences of lung cancer and metformin in patients with diabetes in this meta-analysis. Methods. We performed a search in PubMed, Embase, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane Library until September 20, 2017. The odds ratio (OR), relative risk (RR) or hazard ratio (HR), and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated using the random-effect model. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the study quality. Results. A total of 13 studies (10 cohort studies and 3 case-control studies) were included in the meta-analysis. Compared to nonmetformin users, metformin probably decreased lung cancer incidence in diabetic patients (RR=0.89; 95% CI, 0.83-0.96; P=0.002) with significant heterogeneity (Q=35.47, I2=66%, P=0.0004). Subgroup analysis showed that cohort studies (RR=0.91; 95% CI, 0.85-0.98; P=0.008), location in Europe (RR=0.90; 95% CI, 0.86-0.94; P<0.0001), the control drug of the sulfonylurea group (RR=0.91; 95% CI, 0.86-0.96; P=0.001), and adjusting for smoking (RR=0.86; 95% CI, 0.75-1.00; P=0.05) may be related to lower lung cancer risk. No significant publication bias was detected using a funnel plot. Conclusion. Metformin use was related to a lower lung cancer risk in diabetic patients compared to nonusers, but this result was retrieved from observational studies and our findings need more well-designed RCTs to confirm the association.

Download Full-text

Active and passive smoking in relation to lung cancer incidence in the Women's Health Initiative prospective cohort study.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.1504 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. 1504-1504

Author(s):

Ange Wang ◽

Jessica Kubo ◽

Juhua Luo ◽

Manisha Desai ◽

Michael T Henderson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Incidence ◽

Passive Smoking ◽

Prospective Cohort ◽

Lung Cancer Risk ◽

Lung Cancer Incidence ◽

Cancer Subtypes ◽

Former Smokers ◽

Never Smokers

1504 Background: The relationship between both active and passive smoking and lung cancer incidence in post-menopausal women was examined in theWomen’s Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI-OS). Methods: The WHI-OS, a prospective cohort study conducted at 40 U.S. centers, enrolled women ages 50-79 from 1993-1998.Among 93,676 participants, 76,304 women with complete smoking and covariate data comprised the analytic cohort, in which the association of lung cancer incidence with active and passive (childhood, adult home, and work) smoking exposure was studied. Results: Over 10.5 meanyears of follow-up with 901 lung cancer cases, lung cancer incidence was higher in current smokers (HR 13.44, 95% CI 10.80-16.75) and former smokers (HR 4.20, 95% CI 3.48-5.08), compared to never smokers. This relationship was dose-dependent for both current and former smokers. Risk of all lung cancer subtypes, particularly small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC), was higher in smokers. Among never smokers, any passive smoking exposure (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.52-1.49) and most passive smoking categories did not significantly increase lung cancer risk, compared to no passive exposure; however, passive exposure as an adult at home for >=30 years was associated with increased risk, of borderline significance (HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.00-2.58). Current smokers had an annualized lung cancer incidence rate of 472.9 cases/100,000 person-years, compared to 158.1 for former smokers and 36.2 for never smokers (112.3 overall). Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine both active and passive smoking in relation to lung cancer incidence in a complete prospective cohort of U.S. women. Active smoking is associated with significant increases in incidence of all lung cancer subtypes in post-menopausal women, particularly SCLC and SqCC. Smoking cessation decreases lung cancer risk. Prolonged exposure as an adult at home may be the strongest passive smoking contributor to lung cancer risk in this cohort. The findings support continued need for investment in smoking prevention and cessation, research on passive smoking, and understanding of lung cancer risk factors other than smoking.

Download Full-text

Faculty Opinions recommendation of Aspirin and lung cancer risk in a cohort study of women: dosage, duration and latency.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1092064.545429 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Patrick Nana-Sinkam

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Lung Cancer Risk

Download Full-text

LUNG CANCER INCIDENCE AND CANCER RISK FROM RADIOACTIVITY – SOME DATA FOR THE CAPITAL OF MONTENEGRO

RAP 2019 Conference Proceedings ◽

10.37392/rapproc.2019.17 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Danko Živković ◽

Nevenka M. Antović

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Cancer Incidence ◽

Lung Cancer Incidence

Download Full-text

P07 Long-term trends in lung cancer incidence in UK non-smokers: a cohort study of 3.7 million people

10.1136/jech-2020-ssmabstracts.103 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

LJ Horsfall ◽

G Rait

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Cancer Incidence ◽

Lung Cancer Incidence ◽

Long Term Trends

Download Full-text

Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and risk of lung cancer in the Netherlands Cohort Study

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114517003737 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 119 (6) ◽

pp. 674-684 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Maya Schulpen ◽

Piet A. van den Brandt

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Cancer Research ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Mediterranean Diet ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Lung Cancer Risk ◽

Cox Regression ◽

The Mediterranean

AbstractThe evidence on a cancer-protective effect of the Mediterranean diet (MD) is still limited. Therefore, we investigated the association between MD adherence and lung cancer risk. Data were used from 120 852 participants of the Netherlands Cohort Study (NLCS), aged 55–69 years. Dietary habits were assessed at baseline (1986) using a validated FFQ and alternate and modified Mediterranean diet scores (aMED and mMED, respectively), including and excluding alcohol, were calculated. After 20·3 years of follow-up, 2861 lung cancer cases and 3720 subcohort members (case-cohort design) could be included in multivariable Cox regression analyses. High (6–8) v. low (0–3) aMED excluding alcohol was associated with non-significantly reduced lung cancer risks in men and women with hazard ratios of 0·91 (95 % CI 0·72, 1·15) and 0·73 (95 % CI 0·49, 1·09), respectively. aMED-containing models generally fitted better than mMED-containing models. In never smokers, a borderline significant decreasing trend in lung cancer risk was observed with increasing aMED excluding alcohol. Analyses stratified by the histological lung cancer subtypes did not identify subtypes with a particularly strong inverse relation with MD adherence. Generally, the performance of aMED and World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research dietary score variants without alcohol was comparable. In conclusion, MD adherence was non-significantly inversely associated with lung cancer risk in the NLCS. Future studies should focus on differences in associations across the sexes and histological subtypes. Furthermore, exclusion of alcohol from MD scores should be investigated more extensively, primarily with respect to a potential role of the MD in cancer prevention.

Download Full-text