scholarly journals Assessment of the Emission of Pollutants from Public Transport Based on the Example of Diesel Buses and Trolleybuses in Gdynia and Sopot

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8379
Author(s):  
Marcin Połom ◽  
Paweł Wiśniewski
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Operating Regime ◽  
Damage Costs ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Specific Emissions ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
Diesel Buses ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Operational Data

The present study attempts to examine the research gap in terms of comparing the environmental impact of trolleybuses and diesel buses in the conditions of a country with an unfavourable energy mix. The analysed example concerns the trolleybus transport system in Gdynia, in northern Poland, which also partially serves the neighbouring city of Sopot. In the last few years, two bus lines have been electrified with trolleybuses in the In-Motion-Charging technology, which enables operation on sections without an overhead network. Using the actual operational data, a comparative analysis of the emissivity of diesel buses and trolleybuses used on the same lines in an identical operating regime was conducted. Moreover, an attempt was made to estimate the damage costs of the emission of air pollutants for the above-mentioned means of transport. Research has shown that trolleybuses significantly help to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides, non-methane volatile organic compounds and particulate matter, while increasing sulphur dioxide emissions on the served lines. They also generate lower specific emissions of carbon dioxide compared to diesel buses. However, taking into account the differences in the number of seats in these vehicles, the length of routes resulting from a need to provide access to the necessary infrastructure and the total amount of kilometres covered on a given route, they may cause higher emissions per year and per the product life cycle than diesel buses. This is related to the unfavourable structure of energy production in Poland, which is dominated by coal sources. The research results clearly show that the use of trolleybuses in public transport contributes to a reduction of the damage costs of the emission of pollutants that amount to approximately EUR (€) 30,000–60,000 per year for the analysed lines.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Automotive Products Regarding the Influence of Eco-Friendly Methods to Emissions’ Reduction

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anca N. Iuga (Butnariu) ◽  
Vasile N. Popa ◽  
Luminița I. Popa
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
Automotive Production ◽  
Reduce Emissions

This article utilized a multicriterial quantitative and qualitative analysis of the influence of eco-friendly methods in reducing emissions over the life cycle of automotive products. The new proposed multicriterial method is applicable where preferential criteria are independent of each other, and where uncertainty has not been incorporated into a formal model. The linear model showed how the values of several criteria related to the options could be combined into an overall value. The main objective of this research was to apply a multicriterial methodology to improve the accuracy of existing approaches in identifying the influence of eco-friendly methods to reduce emissions over the product life cycle, and to assist decision makers in the manufacturing process. The research questions were as follows: Which one of two automotive products (“Bus” or “Truck”) has the best environmental performance (EPP)? Which one of two automotive products (“Bus” or “Truck”) has the best overall environmental performance (EPAPL)? This research provided a detailed comparative analysis of a “Crosstown bus” and a “Tractor truck”, both made at the Industrial Park Romania Brasov, Romania, using a multicriterial analysis. This article provided an answer to the first research question, whilst only presenting the results for the second question. The results of the proposed multicriterial method applications provide a decision support base for environmental managerial decisions in the field of automotive production processes.

scholarly journals A Transport Policy Whose Injury Impacts May Go Unnoticed: More Walking, Cycling and Use of Public Transport

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (19) ◽  
pp. 3668
Author(s):  
Rune Elvik
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Road Accident ◽  
Transport Policy ◽  
Official Statistics ◽  
Traffic Injury ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
The City ◽  
Accident Statistics ◽  
Made In

It is an objective of transport policy in many countries and cities to promote walking, cycling and the use of public transport. This policy seeks to improve public health and reduce emissions contributing to global warming. It is, however, very likely that more walking, cycling and use of public transport will be associated with an increase in traffic injury. Moreover, it is likely that most of this increase will go unnoticed and not be recorded in official road accident statistics. Official statistics on traffic injury are known to be very incomplete as far as injuries to pedestrians, cyclists and public transport passengers are concerned. This incompleteness is a problem when assessing health impacts of more walking, cycling and travel by public transport. In this paper, studies made in the city of Oslo, Norway (population 700,000) are used to develop numerical examples showing how the estimated real and recorded number of injuries may change when 10% of person km of travel performed by car are transferred to walking, cycling or public transport. It is shown that not more than about 2% of the estimated change in the actual number of injured road users will be recorded by official statistics on traffic injury.

scholarly journals Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Swine Manure with the Surficial Application of Biochars

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly ◽  
Jacek A. Koziel ◽  
Baitong Chen ◽  
Andrzej Białowiec ◽  
Myeongseong Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Reduce Emissions

Environmental impact associated with odor and gaseous emissions from animal manure is one of the challenges for communities, farmers, and regulatory agencies. Microbe-based manure additives treatments are marketed and used by farmers for mitigation of emissions. However, their performance is difficult to assess objectively. Thus, a comprehensive, practical, and low-cost treatments are still in demand. We have been advancing such treatments based on physicochemical principles. The objective of this research was to test the effect of the surficial application of a thin layer (¼"; 6.3 mm) of biochar on the mitigation of gaseous emissions from swine manure. Two types of biochar were tested: highly alkaline and porous (HAP) biochar made from corn stover and red oak (RO), both with different pH and morphology. Three 30-day trials were conducted with a layer of HAP and RO (2.0 & 1.65 kg∙m-2, respectively) applied on manure surface, and emissions of ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), greenhouse gases (GHG), and odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured. A significant reduction of NH3 and phenol emissions was observed. In the case of H2S, CH4, CO2, N2O, and other odorous VOCs, the biochar treatment reduced the emissions during the first 1~2 weeks, followed by either no effect or even (in some cases) increase of emissions. Based on this initial lab-scale testing, biochar is promising to be an effective, practical, and economical treatment to reduce emissions from stored swine manure. However, larger-scale experiments are needed to understand how biochar properties and the dose and frequency of application can be optimized to mitigate odor and gaseous emissions from swine manure. The lessons learned can also be applicable to consider using biochar for surficial applications to mitigate gaseous emissions from other types of waste and area sources.

scholarly journals Rebuilding Sustainable Commuting in Christchurch? A mixed-methods study of the effects of workplace relocation on transport choice and emissions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kate Whitwell
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
Sustainable Transport ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Mode Shift ◽  
Commute Time ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Business District ◽  
The Impact

<p>Tackling the challenge of climate change will require rapid emissions reductions across all sectors, including transport. This study adds to the literature by investigating factors that may encourage sustainable transport choices at a time of change and therefore reduce emissions. A mix of quantitative and qualitative methods was used to explore the impact of a relocation of employees from several dispersed work locations back to one office building in the central business district on transport choices and carbon emissions in Christchurch, New Zealand.  This case study found that such a recentralisation of employment can result in employees making more sustainable transport choices and can contribute to decreases in transport emissions from commuting, even in a highly car-dependent city. The relocation led to a 12 percent rise in the proportion of employees commuting actively or by public transport and resulted in a significant drop in commuting emissions (16 percent). The primary contributing factor was the change in location of the office itself, reducing the average commuting distance and increasing accessibility to public transport and active travel. A further contributing factor was the perceived reduction in parking availability at the new location. Further results support the existing literature on barriers to sustainable transport, identifying any factor that impacts on the feasibility of the journey by alternative modes, such as commute time or safety, as a significant barrier to uptake. Overall findings suggest that relocating offices provides a good opportunity to encourage employees to consider changing to a more sustainable commute mode, and that significant numbers may make such a shift if commute time or distance are reduced. Realising substantial mode shift however will depend on cities providing feasible and efficient sustainable alternatives to driving a car to work.</p>

APPLICATION OF LIMITING MARGINAL ABATEMENT COSTS IN OPTIMISED STRATEGIES TO REDUCE ACIDIFICATION AND EUTROPHICATION IN EUROPE: ILLUSTRATIONS USING THE ABATEMENT STRATEGIES ASSESSMENT MODEL (ASAM)

2000 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 119-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
RACHEL F. WARREN ◽  
HELEN M. APSIMON
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Marginal Cost ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Transboundary Air Pollution ◽  
Investment Level ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Abatement Strategies ◽  
Reduce Emissions

The Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution has led to the setting up of international protocols to reduce emissions of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, ammonia, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Policy makers have made use of optimised abatement strategies derived by integrated assessment models (IAMs) which cost-effectively reduce acidification, eutrophication and tropospheric ozone. IAMs use information on costs of potential emission abatement options in individual countries. This paper explores the implications of limiting the abatement options in IAMs to those with moderate marginal costs. Three methods of applying this constraint to the optimisation are described. All methods indicate a loss of cost-effectiveness, this being most severe when marginal costs are constrained and environmental constraints are not compromised. However, when the overall investment level is capped and the strategy re-optimised taking into account marginal cost limitation whilst allowing violation of the original environmental targets, the loss of cost-effectiveness is less severe. For all three methods, significant changes occur in patterns of country expenditures and environmental protection, which tends to decrease significantly in those areas most difficult to protect. However, the re-optimisation method does provide the opportunity for "compensating" improvements to be achieved in other areas which are easier to protect. The choice of marginal cost limits strongly affects the extent and nature of these changes, as does the nature of the original optimised strategy.

scholarly journals Air pollution inside public transport vehicles of Kathmandu Valley

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.B. Dhital ◽  
W.T. Hung ◽  
R.M. Byanju
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Total Volatile Organic Compounds

Owing to widespread road widening activities and the growing vehicular traffic, air quality of Kathmandu Valley has been a matter of grave concern. In this study, we monitored air quality inside public vehicles of Kathmandu Valley which would help assess the exposure of public transport users to air pollution. Problem of particulate pollution, especially PM10, was found severe inside the buses. Carbon monoxide and total volatile organic compounds were mostly within acceptable levels but benzene exceeded guidelines in few samples. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) were dominant among all detected volatile organic compounds. There was high degree of correlation among BTEX. Similarly, significant correlation was found between carbon monoxide and total volatile organic compounds. PM10 and PM2.5 were also significantly correlated suggesting common source of emission. Gaseous pollutants had significant negative correlation with traffic speed suggesting that traffic congestion (responsible for low traffic speed and high traffic density) is causing higher emission.

scholarly journals Plant-Bacteria Interactions for the Elimination of Atmospheric Contaminants in Cities

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 493
Author(s):  
Lázaro Molina ◽  
Regina-Michaela Wittich ◽  
Pieter van van Dillewijn ◽  
Ana Segura
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Green Architecture ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Reduce Emissions

One of the major health risks for humans, especially for those living in large cities, is air pollution. Air pollution consists mainly of emissions of particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, ammonia and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The organic carbon fraction of particulate matter is a mixture of hundreds of organic compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), or polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), some of which are mutagenic and/or carcinogenic. Because this particulate matter represents a serious threat for human health, measures to reduce emissions and to eliminate contaminants need to be strongly reinforced, with a focus on novel biotechnologies. In this review, we will explore the possibilities that bacteria associated with plants may offer the amelioration of atmospheric contaminants in cities, and we will discuss this strategy in the context of “Green Architecture”.

scholarly journals Environment and Pollution Management of Pollution Volatile Organic Compounds in Cluj-Napoca

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florean Carmen ◽  
Henriette Szilagyi ◽  
Andreea Hegyi
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Car Traffic ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
The City ◽  
Mean Concentration

Abstract Pollution negative influences the environmental, human health, buildings and increase the production of waste. We are currently witnessing pollution and degradation in some cases irreversible, of the environment. Environmental issues are extremely complex and cover all sectors. Worldwide, industrial pollution strategies necessary to reduce emissions to the atmosphere hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other polluants in urban areas. The highest concentrations of volatile organic compounds of more than 80 mg/m3 occur in densely populated areas. The latest data reported in the residential area of Cluj-Napoca values did not exceed 20 m /m3. However peaks reported VOC concentrations, depending on the season, exceeding the upper limit that according to Law. 104/2011 is 75 μ/m3. It was identified due to increase annual mean concentration of VOCs as, in particular, road traffic exceeding sanitary standards on the main traffic routes within the city. In this paper the results obtained after carrying out an analysis of the average VOC concentration recorded in the city Cluj-Napoca as a result of car traffic. They were pursued average concentrations of VOCs resulting from the combustion of liquid fuels, petrol and diesel type. Analyzing the results obtained are proposed solutions for reducing VOC emissions. The rule under which these solutions have been proposed to reduce the concentration of VOCs took into account the possibility implementation and maintenance costs thereof.

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