scholarly journals Attention Bias and Recognition of Sexual Images in Depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8880
Author(s):  
Ondřej Novák ◽  
Klára Bártová ◽  
Kateřina Klapilová
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Attention Bias ◽  
Sexual Problems ◽  
Memory Bias ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Sexual Content ◽  
Delay Effect ◽  
Bias Score ◽  
Main Factor

Depression greatly affects sexuality. Theoretical and empirical evidence account for the existence of attention bias to sex-related stimuli. This attention bias might be impaired in depression, resulting in sexual problems. A sample of 13 patients with depression and 13 matched healthy controls were tested using the dot-probe and picture recognition task to measure attention to erotic images. No difference in attention to sex-related stimuli (ω2 = 0, p = 0.22) and in memory bias (ω2 = 0, p = 0.72) was found between the two groups. Explorative analyses were conducted to identify the sexual content-induced delay effect in the data, assess variability differences, and compare trial-level bias score-based indexes between groups. Across all analyses, there was little evidence for depression affecting sexual-related cognitive processing, and even this might be explained by other means. Our results suggest that restrained attention is probably not the main factor behind sexual problems in depression.

Impaired Recognition of Negative Facial Emotions in Body Dysmorphic Disorder

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (08) ◽  
pp. 884-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally A. Grace ◽  
Wei Lin Toh ◽  
Ben Buchanan ◽  
David J. Castle ◽  
Susan L. Rossell
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Facial Emotion Recognition ◽  
Facial Emotion ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Facial Emotions ◽  
Healthy Control

Abstract Objectives: Patients with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) have difficulty in recognising facial emotions, and there is evidence to suggest that there is a specific deficit in identifying negative facial emotions, such as sadness and anger. Methods: This study investigated facial emotion recognition in 19 individuals with BDD compared with 21 healthy control participants who completed a facial emotion recognition task, in which they were asked to identify emotional expressions portrayed in neutral, happy, sad, fearful, or angry faces. Results: Compared to the healthy control participants, the BDD patients were generally less accurate in identifying all facial emotions but showed specific deficits for negative emotions. The BDD group made significantly more errors when identifying neutral, angry, and sad faces than healthy controls; and were significantly slower at identifying neutral, angry, and happy faces. Conclusions: These findings add to previous face-processing literature in BDD, suggesting deficits in identifying negative facial emotions. There are treatment implications as future interventions would do well to target such deficits.

Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: relation to depression, physical impairment, personality and action control

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1161-1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.-K. Penner ◽  
N. Bechtel ◽  
C. Raselli ◽  
M. Stöcklin ◽  
K. Opwis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Action Control ◽  
Physical Impairment ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Physical Fatigue ◽  
Stepwise Linear Regression ◽  
Main Factor

Athough fatigue is one of the most common symptoms of multiple sclerosis, it is yet poorly understood and therefore difficult to manage. To clarify the nature of fatigue we investigated its relationship to depression, physical impairment, personality and action control and compared these variables between a sample of 41 MS patients and 41 healthy controls. Physical impairment was assessed by the EDSS and all other dimensions, using questionnaires. Stepwise linear regression analyses revealed that physical impairment was related to physical fatigue in MS patients. Depression was the main factor influencing fatigue among both, MS patients and controls. What clearly differentiated the two groups was the correlation between fatigue and action control. Decreased levels of action control imply attentional and motivational deficits and were only found in fatigued MS patients. Our study indicates that motivational disturbances might be specific for MS related fatigue. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 1161—1167. http://msj.sagepub.com

AN INVESTIGATION OF FALSE MEMORIES IN ANXIOUS AND FEARFUL INDIVIDUALS

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Wenzel ◽  
Candice Jostad ◽  
Jennifer R. Brendle ◽  
F. Richard Ferraro ◽  
Chad M. Lystad
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Memory Bias ◽  
Socially Anxious ◽  
Social Evaluative Threat ◽  
Word Lists ◽  
Target Words

The present study applied the Deese-Roediger-McDermott false memory paradigm to examine whether anxious and fearful individuals exhibit higher recall and recognition rates of never presented threat words than nonanxious individuals. In Study 1, 39 spider fearful individuals, 28 blood fearful individuals, and 41 nonfearful individuals learned four word lists associated with unpresented target words: “spider”, “blood”, “river”, and “music”. Regardless of whether participants completed only a recognition task or a recall task and then a recognition task, there were no differences as a function of group in the degree to which they falsely remembered unpresented target threat words. In Study 2, 48 socially anxious and 51 nonanxious individuals learned four lists associated with social/evaluative threat unpresented target words and four lists associated with neutral unpresented target words. Similar to the findings from Study 1, groups did not differ in the degree to which they falsely remembered target words. These findings add to an increasingly large literature suggesting that anxious individuals are not characterized by a memory bias toward threat.

scholarly journals Attention Bias and Memory Bias in Social Anxiety

2013 ◽  
Vol 77 (0) ◽  
pp. 3EV-057-3EV-057
Author(s):  
Nozomi TOMITA ◽  
Yuko NISHI ◽  
Shoji IMAI ◽  
Hiroaki KUMANO
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Attention Bias ◽  
Memory Bias

scholarly journals Sensory suppression and increased neuromodulation during actions disrupt memory encoding of unpredictable self-initiated stimuli

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Paraskevoudi ◽  
Iria SanMiguel
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Memory Bias ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Differential Processing ◽  
Sensory Suppression ◽  
Sensory Attenuation

Actions modulate sensory processing by attenuating responses to self- compared to externally-generated inputs, which is traditionally attributed to stimulus-specific motor predictions. Yet, suppression has been also found for stimuli merely coinciding with actions, pointing to unspecific processes that may be driven by neuromodulatory systems. Meanwhile, the differential processing for self-generated stimuli raises the possibility of producing effects also on memory for these stimuli, however, evidence remains mixed as to the direction of the effects. Here, we assessed the effects of actions on sensory processing and memory encoding of concomitant, but unpredictable sounds, using a combination of self-generation and memory recognition task concurrently with EEG and pupil recordings. At encoding, subjects performed button presses that half of the time generated a sound (motor-auditory; MA) and listened to passively presented sounds (auditory-only; A). At retrieval, two sounds were presented and participants had to respond which one was present before. We measured memory bias and memory performance by having sequences where either both or only one of the test sounds were presented at encoding, respectively. Results showed worse memory performance — but no differences in memory bias — and attenuated responses and larger pupil diameter for MA compared to A sounds. Critically, the larger the sensory attenuation and pupil diameter, the worse the memory performance for MA sounds. Nevertheless, sensory attenuation did not correlate with pupil dilation. Collectively, our findings suggest that sensory attenuation and neuromodulatory processes coexist during actions, and both relate to disrupted memory for concurrent, albeit unpredictable sounds.

scholarly journals Emotional Infant Face Processing in Women With Major Depression and Expecting Parents With Depressive Symptoms

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Bohne ◽  
Dag Nordahl ◽  
Åsne A. W. Lindahl ◽  
Pål Ulvenes ◽  
Catharina E. A. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Emotional Facial Expressions ◽  
Facial Memory ◽  
Infant Faces

Processing of emotional facial expressions is of great importance in interpersonal relationships. Aberrant engagement with facial expressions, particularly an engagement with sad faces, loss of engagement with happy faces, and enhanced memory of sadness has been found in depression. Since most studies used adult faces, we here examined if such biases also occur in processing of infant faces in those with depression or depressive symptoms. In study 1, we recruited 25 inpatient women with major depression and 25 matched controls. In study 2, we extracted a sample of expecting parents from the NorBaby study, where 29 reported elevated levels of depressive symptoms, and 29 were matched controls. In both studies, we assessed attentional bias with a dot-probe task using happy, sad and neutral infant faces, and facial memory bias with a recognition task using happy, sad, angry, afraid, surprised, disgusted and neutral infant and adult faces. Participants also completed the Ruminative Responses Scale and Becks Depression Inventory-II. In study 1, we found no group difference in either attention to or memory accuracy for emotional infant faces. Neither attention nor recognition was associated with rumination. In study 2, we found that the group with depressive symptoms disengaged more slowly than healthy controls from sad infant faces, and this was related to rumination. The results place emphasis on the importance of emotional self-relevant material when examining cognitive processing in depression. Together, these studies demonstrate that a mood-congruent attentional bias to infant faces is present in expecting parents with depressive symptoms, but not in inpatients with Major Depression Disorder who do not have younger children.

scholarly journals A Short Empathy Paradigm to Assess Empathic Deficits in Schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Foteini Peveretou ◽  
Sina Radke ◽  
Birgit Derntl ◽  
Ute Habel
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Short Version ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Clinical Routine ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Do So ◽  
Affective Responsiveness

Empathy is important for successful social interaction and maintaining relationships. Several studies detected impairments in empathic abilities in schizophrenia, with some even indicating a broader deficit in several components, including emotion recognition, perspective taking, and affective responsiveness. The aim of our study was to validate a short version of the previous empathy paradigm as a reliable and easily applicable method to assess empathic deficits in patients with schizophrenia potentially within clinical routine. To do so, we applied the short version to 30 patients (14 females) diagnosed with schizophrenia meeting the DSM-5 criteria and 30 well-matched healthy controls (14 females). The data analysis indicates a significant empathic deficit in patients due to worse performance in all three domains. We managed to replicate most of the findings of our previous study. In contrary to the previous study, significant correlations between performance in the empathy tasks and psychopathology occurred: the severity of negative symptoms was negatively associated with performance in the emotion recognition task and the affective responsiveness task. Gender did not significantly affect performance in the empathy tasks. Regarding the results, our short empathy paradigm appears to be a valid method in assessing empathic impairments in schizophrenia that may be useful in clinical routine.

Emotion Processing Abnormalities in Eating Disorders: An FMRI Pilot Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S289-S290
Author(s):  
P. Zemánková ◽  
M. Gajdoš ◽  
T. Kašpárek ◽  
M. Bareš
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Emotion Processing ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Cingulate Gyrus ◽  
Supramarginal Gyrus ◽  
Competing Interest

IntroductionAbnormalities in emotional functioning is one of the key features of eating disorders (ED), such as anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). These patients show increased levels of alexithymia, problems understanding one's own emotion, which has been simultaneously, associated with difficulties in recognizing others emotions.ObjectivesIn this study, we were interested in the neuronal mechanism of emotion processing from both, self and others perspective, and we aimed to compare the underlying brain activations in eating disorder patients and healthy controls.MethodsA sample of 12 women with ED (10 AN, 2 BN) and 11 age and education matched healthy controls (HC) underwent fMRI examination while performing emotion recognition task, which requires either inferring mental states of depicted figures, or assessing participant's own feelings evoked by the pictures.ResultsThe task activated superior temporal sulcus bilaterally, left temporo-parietal junction, and medial prefrontal cortex. Those regions have been consistently identified in literature to be active while thinking about other people. Interestingly, group differences analysis revealed that ED patients group showed higher activations in right supramarginal gyrus, compared to HC group. This structure is critical to overcome egocentricity bias in social judgment. Contrary to ED patients, HC group showed greater activations in cingulate gyrus and insula, regions involved in emotion formation and processing.ConclusionWe hypothesize that ED patients tend to suppress their own perspective while thinking about emotional states of others more strongly than HC, probably due to alexithymia and the lack of awareness of their mental states.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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