scholarly journals Agreement of Four Analytical Methods Applied to Pb in Soils from the Small City of St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9863
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Gonzales ◽  
Anna A. Paltseva ◽  
Trevor Bell ◽  
Eric T. Powell ◽  
Howard W. Mielke
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Coal Ash ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Small City ◽  
Analytical Instruments ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Us Epa ◽  
1960S And 1970S

In the small city of St. John’s, NL (2020 population ~114,000), 100% of the soils of the pre-1926 properties exceeded the Canadian soil Pb standard, 140 mg/kg. The Pb was traced to high-Pb coal ash used for heating and disposed on the soils outside. Analytical instruments became available in the late 1960s and 1970s and were first used for blood Pb and clinical studies and repurposed for measuring environmental Pb. The environmental research part of this study compared four common soil Pb analysis methods on the same set (N = 96) of St. John’s soil samples. The methods: The US EPA method 3050B, portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF), The Chaney–Mielke leachate extraction (1 M nitric acid), and the relative bioaccessibility leaching procedure (US EPA method 1340). Correlation is not the same as agreement. There is strong agreement (Berry–Mielke’s Universal R) among the four soil Pb analytical methods. Accordingly, precaution is normally advisable to protect children from the high-Pb garden soils and play areas. A public health reality check by Health Canada surveillance of St. John’s children (N = 257) noted remarkably low blood Pb. The low blood Pb of St. John’s’ children is contrary to the soil Pb results. Known urban processes causing the rise of environmental Pb and children’s Pb exposure includes particle size, aerosol emission by traffic congestion, and quantities of leaded petrol during the 20th century. Smaller cities had minor traffic congestion and limited combustion particles from leaded petrol. From the perspective of the 20th century era of urban Pb pollution, St. John’s, NL, children have blood Pb characteristics of a small city.

The History of Motorization in Japan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Car Ownership ◽  
Forthcoming Article ◽  
The Social ◽  
Full Capacity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Asian History ◽  
1960S And 1970S

This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. Please check back later for the full article. In 1907 the first Japanese-made motorcar was unveiled. A century later, the phenomenon of kuruma banare [車離れ], literally “turning one’s back on the car,” but often translated as “de-motorization,” appeared in the international press. Falling sales suggested that Japan’s domestic car market had reached full capacity reversing an almost continuous historical trend of increasing car ownership. In the 1960s and 1970s, personal car ownership changed the social and cultural fabric of everyday life and transformed the urban environment and landscape. However, the automobile also became the focus of anxieties about traffic congestion, air pollution, noise levels, and safety and by the end of the 20th century was seen as ultimately damaging to community, social harmony, and the environment. While reports of the death of the motorcar turned out to be exaggerations, Japan became the “Asian pathfinder” for setting ultimate limits for the growth of fossil-fueled automobiles worldwide. Historiographically, the focus on the astounding success of Japan’s major automobile manufacturers in international markets drew attention away from the social and cultural history of the car itself in Japan. Yet the story of how Japan was transformed from an essentially wheel-less society at the dawn of the 20th century into the first industrial power to have achieved almost full-capacity car ownership is no less remarkable and sheds light on current dilemmas surrounding car use and sustainability in developing countries such as China and India.

Smart Solution of Traffic Congestion through Bike Sharing System in a Small City

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 868-875
Author(s):  
Mária Holienčinová ◽  
Zdenka Kádeková ◽  
Tomáš Holota ◽  
Ľudmila Nagyová
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Small City ◽  
Bike Sharing

Public Lands and Their Administration

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam M. Sowards
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Public Lands ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Resource Scarcity ◽  
The Public ◽  
Conflicting Demands ◽  
Park Service ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

For more than a century after the republic’s founding in the 1780s, American law reflected the ideal that the commons—the public domain—should be turned into private property. As Americans became concerned about resource scarcity, waste, and monopolies at the end of the 19th century, reform-minded bureaucrats and scientists convinced Congress to maintain in perpetuity some of the nation’s land as public. This shift offered a measure of protection and an alternative to private property regimes. The federal agencies that primarily manage these lands today—U.S. Forest Service (USFS), National Park Service (NPS), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), and Bureau of Land Management (BLM)—have worked since their origins in the early decades of the 20th century to fulfill their diverse, competing, evolving missions. Meanwhile, the public and Congress have continually demanded new and different goals as the land itself has functioned and responded in interdependent ways. In the mid-20th century, the agencies intensified their management, hoping they could satisfy the rising—and often conflicting—demands American citizens placed on the public lands. This intensification often worsened public lands’ ecology and increased political conflict, resulting in a series of new laws in the 1960s and 1970s. Those laws strengthened the role of science and the public in influencing agency practices while providing more opportunities for litigation. Predictably, since the late 1970s, these developments have polarized public lands’ politics. The economies, but also the identities, of many Americans remain entwined with the public lands, making political standoffs—over endangered species, oil production, privatizing land, and more—common and increasingly intractable. Because the public lands are national in scope but used by local people for all manner of economic and recreational activities, they have been and remain microcosms of the federal democratic system and all its conflicted nature.

Surface Transportation and Administrative Law: Growing up Together in the 20th Century

1996 ◽  
Vol 1527 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-20
Author(s):  
Edward V. A. Kussy
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
New Technology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Federal Aid ◽  
Federal Grant ◽  
1960S And 1970S

The concurrent development of administrative law and America's modern transportation system is no accident. Both reflect the technological and societal changes that have defined what the United States is today. The importance of transportation is reflected by the fact that so many of the important events, statutes, and court decisions in the history of 20th century administrative law have involved transportation. The first really powerful administrative agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission, was created to regulate railroads and, later, interstate trucking. The Federal-Aid Highway Program, which can trace its roots to 1893, has been the largest federal grant program for much of this century. The statutory framework for this program, established by the Federal Road Act of 1916 and the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1921, became the model for all federal grant programs. The Interstate system and other highway programs helped shape the great economic expansion that followed World War II. The effects of these vast new road systems were among the most important factors leading to the growth of modern environmental law in the 1960s and 1970s. In the years ahead, with the accelerating integration of new technology into the transportation system, further concurrent change in transportation and administrative law is inevitable.

Keynote Address: “Sociology of Law in Germany”

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Raiser
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
National Socialism ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
German Law ◽  
Keynote Address ◽  
Sociology Of Law ◽  
International Conference ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

The following essay was the keynote delivered at the International Conference of the German Law & Society Association in Bremen, Germany, in March 2010. In seeking to understand the formation of the Association of the Sociology of Law it is important to be mindful of the context of the spirit of the 1960s and 1970s in which it arose. Sociology of law's beginnings can be traced to the start of the 20th century with especially Eugen Ehrlich, Max Weber, Hermann Kantorowicz, Arthur Nußbaum and Theodor Geiger. However, after nearly being wiped out under German National Socialism, it began to re-emerge slightly in the 1960s.

Emissions Characteristics of a Legacy Military Aircraft

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Corporan ◽  
Matthew J. DeWitt ◽  
Christopher D. Klingshirn ◽  
Shannon M. Mahurin ◽  
Meng-Dawn Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Volatile Fraction ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Military Aircraft ◽  
Analytical Instruments

Emissions from aircraft and associated ground equipment are major sources of local pollution at airports and military bases. These pollutant emissions, especially particulate matter (PM), have been receiving significant attention lately due to their proven harmful health and environmental effects. As the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tightens environmental standards, it is likely that military operations, including the basing of advanced and legacy aircraft, will be impacted. Accurate determination of emission indices from aircraft is necessary to properly assess their environmental burden. As such, the gaseous and PM emissions of a B-52 Stratofortress aircraft were characterized in this effort. This emissions study supports the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) project WP-1401 to determine emissions factors from military aircraft. The main purpose of the project is to develop a comprehensive emissions measurement program using both conventional and advanced techniques to determine emissions factors for pollutants of fixed and rotating wing military aircraft. Standard practices for the measurement of gaseous emissions from aircraft have been well established; however, there is no certified methodology for the measurement of aircraft PM emissions. In this study, several conventional aerosol instruments were employed to physically characterize the PM emissions from two of the aircraft’s TF33 turbofan engines. Exit plane pollutant emissions were extracted via probes and transported through heated lines to the analytical instruments. Particle concentrations, size distributions and mass emissions, as well as engine smoke numbers (SN), soot volatile fraction and total hydrocarbon emissions were measured. The engines were tested at four power settings, from idle to 75% normal rated thrust (NRT) (95% N2 – turbine speed). Test results show relatively consistent PM and gaseous emissions between the two engines for most conditions tested. The measured TF33 PM mass emission indices (EI), including estimated sampling line losses, were in the range of 1.0–3.0 g/kg-fuel and the particle number (PN) EI were between 4.0–10.0E+15 particles/kg-fuel. The particle size data followed a single mode lognormal distribution for all power settings with particle geometric mean diameters ranging from 52 to 85 nm. In general, the aerosol instrumentation provided consistent and reliable measurements throughout the test campaign, therefore increasing confidence on their use for turbine engine PM emissions measurements.

The History of Psychological Psychotherapy in Germany: The Rise of Psychology in Mental Health Care and the Emergence of Clinical Psychology During the 20th Century

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Malich
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Mental Health Care ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
West Germany ◽  
History Of ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Professional Fields

Two different but related developments played an important role in the history of psychologists in the fields of mental health care in Germany during the 20th century. The first development took place in the field of applied psychology, which saw psychological professionals perform mental testing, engage in counseling and increasingly, in psychotherapy in practical contexts. This process slowly began in the first decades of the 20th century and included approaches from different schools of psychotherapy. The second relevant development was the emergence of clinical psychology as an academic sub-discipline of psychology. Having become institutionalized in psychology departments at German universities during the 1960s and 1970s, clinical psychology often defines itself as a natural science and almost exclusively focuses on cognitive-behavioral approaches. There are four phases of the growing relationship between psychology and psychotherapy in Germany in which the two developments were increasingly linked: first, the entry of psychology into psychiatric and psychotherapeutic fields from approximately 1900 until 1945; second, the rise of psychological psychotherapy and the emergence of clinical psychology after World War II until 1972, when the diploma-regulations in West Germany were revised; third, a phase of consolidation and diversification from 1973 until the pivotal psychotherapy law of 1999; and fourth, the shifting equilibrium as established profession and discipline up to the reform of the psychotherapy law in 2019. Overall, the emergence of psychological psychotherapy has not one single trajectory but rather multiple origins in the different and competing academic and professional fields of mental health care.

The Central Business District in American Cities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Remus
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Land Values ◽  
White Families ◽  
Race And Class ◽  
Business District ◽  
American Cities ◽  
The City

The central business district, often referred to as the “downtown,” was the economic nucleus of the American city in the 19th and 20th centuries. It stood at the core of urban commercial life, if not always the geographic center of the metropolis. Here was where the greatest number of offices, banks, stores, and service institutions were concentrated—and where land values and building heights reached their peaks. The central business district was also the most easily accessible point in a city, the place where public transit lines intersected and brought together masses of commuters from outlying as well as nearby neighborhoods. In the downtown, laborers, capitalists, shoppers, and tourists mingled together on bustling streets and sidewalks. Not all occupants enjoyed equal influence in the central business district. Still, as historian Jon C. Teaford explained in his classic study of American cities, the downtown was “the one bit of turf common to all,” the space where “the diverse ethnic, economic, and social strains of urban life were bound together, working, spending, speculating, and investing.” The central business district was not a static place. Boundaries shifted, expanding and contracting as the city grew and the economy evolved. So too did the primary land uses. Initially a multifunctional space where retail, wholesale, manufacturing, and financial institutions crowded together, the central business district became increasingly segmented along commercial lines in the 19th century. By the early 20th century, rising real estate prices and traffic congestion drove most manufacturing and processing operations to the periphery. Remaining behind in the city center were the bulk of the nation’s offices, stores, and service institutions. As suburban growth accelerated in the mid-20th century, many of these businesses also vacated the downtown, following the flow of middle-class, white families. Competition with the suburbs drained the central business district of much of its commercial vitality in the second half of the 20th century. It also inspired a variety of downtown revitalization schemes that tended to reinforce inequalities of race and class.

Determination of PAHs in marine sediments: analytical methods and environmental concerns

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-405 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Priority List ◽  
Bathing Waters ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Us Epa

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the major categories of pollutants entering the marine environment and finally accumulating in the sediments. Their occurrence raises major concerns for human health, especially during coastal activities (bathing waters, aquaculture, etc), having combined adverse effects still largely unknown when they are present as mixtures. Moreover, during their remobilization (e.g. dredging activities), their bioavailability can increase resulting in a risk for marine environment. Several of them are known to be potential human carcinogens including benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[ghi]perylene. Therefore they have been included in the priority list of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and also sixteen of them have been regulated by the US EPA as priority pollutants, and their distributions in the environment and potential human health risks have become the focus of much attention. The determination of PAHs in environmental matrices has been subject of great scientific attention during the latest years, as the accuracy and sensitivity of analytical methods need to be improved in order to be able to detect the compounds of interest in a complex matrix such as sediments. Therefore, significant research is being devoted to the optimization of analytical methodologies. A great number of studies have been performed on PAHs analysis in marine sediments. Various analytical procedures based on gas chromatographic analyses are reviewed and comparatively discussed in this paper.

scholarly journals No Parking Here to Corner

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald T. Bloomfield
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Business Sector ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Physical Layout ◽  
Three Phases

The motor vehicle has been a powerful force reshaping cities in the 20th century. This study, with a focus on London, Ont., examines the role of the automobile in urban areas. Motorization, highway development, and the growth of the automotive business sector are considered in three phases of growth. Until the late 1930s the automobile could be accommodated within the existing urban structure with only comparatively minor changes. The increase of traffic congestion after this period, however, was a compelling force in the decentralization of activities to a new suburban zone. Wider ownership of automobiles in the 1950s resulted in greater consumer mobility, which in turn was a major contributor to the development of a new physical layout for London.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document