scholarly journals Vulnerability and Resilience of Urban Traffic to Precipitation in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12342
Author(s):  
Min Zhang ◽  
Yufu Liu ◽  
Yixiong Xiao ◽  
Wenqi Sun ◽  
Chen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Healthy Cities ◽  
Smart Transportation

The concept of Healthy Cities, introduced by the World Health Organization, demonstrates the value of health for the whole urban system. As one of the most important components of urban systems, transportation plays an important role in Healthy Cities. Many transportation evaluation systems focus on factors such as road networks, parking spaces, transportation speed, accessibility, convenience, and commuting time, while the vulnerability and resilience of urban transportation are rarely evaluated. This study presents the preliminary progress in the evaluation of traffic vulnerability and resilience during precipitation events in 39 Chinese cities. Traffic congestion index data, derived from the Baidu Map Smart Transportation Platform, and rainfall data, derived from NASA’s global precipitation measurement, are utilized. Traffic vulnerability index, traffic resilience index, and the corresponding quantitative methods are proposed, and the analysis results are presented. This study is of value in improving the understanding of urban traffic vulnerability and resilience, and in enabling the quantitative evaluation of them in urban health assessment and the Healthy Cities program.

scholarly journals Impact of Rainfall on Traffic Speed in Major Cities of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 9074
Author(s):  
Min Zhang ◽  
Yufu Liu ◽  
Wenqi Sun ◽  
Yixiong Xiao ◽  
Chang Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Physical Examinations ◽  
Traffic Speed ◽  
Evaluation Mechanism ◽  
Congestion Index ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Important Basis

The construction of healthy transportation is an important ingredient for promoting the healthy development of cities. The establishment of an urban traffic evaluation mechanism can provide an important basis for the construction of healthy transportation. This study focused on the impact of precipitation on traffic speed and developed an urban traffic vulnerability index. This index reflects the degree of traffic affected by precipitation, which is calculated based on the traffic congestion index under different rainfall intensities. The traffic vulnerability indices of 41 major cities in China under rainfall conditions were evaluated. Based on the above traffic vulnerability indexes, the impact of socioeconomic factors on urban traffic vulnerability was analyzed. The three key findings of this study are as follows: there was a positive correlation between the vulnerability index and the gross domestic product (GDP); the urban population (POP) had a significant impact on the urban traffic vulnerability; and urban car ownership had little impact on traffic vulnerability. Based on these findings, possible measures to improve urban traffic vulnerability are proposed. The construction of an index system provides a basis for enhancing the urban traffic assessment mechanism, promoting the development of urban physical examinations and building healthy transportation and healthy cities.

scholarly journals Smart Transportation System for Solving Urban Traffic Congestion

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-59
Author(s):  
Godson S. Olusanya ◽  
Monday O. Eze ◽  
Oluwaseun Ebiesuwa ◽  
Charles Okunbor
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Smart Transportation

scholarly journals Health in cities: Getting out and about as we age

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Ma ◽  
R Ivers ◽  
E de Leeuw ◽  
K Clapham ◽  
C Kobel
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
The Public ◽  
Housing Developments ◽  
Health Community

Abstract Transportation influences health through its effects on people's access to goods, services, and life chance opportunities; social interactions; physical activity levels; air pollution exposures; and road injury risks. Given the ageing of populations, it is essential that decisions about land use and transportation systems are appropriate to meet the mobility needs of older people and support healthy ageing. Not all transportation options, however, may be accessible to older people. Factors that affect accessibility relate to the spatial and physical characteristics of places, personal and social contexts of individuals, and rules and norms underpinning planning and policy making. This research aimed to understand how different parts and processes of urban systems interact to influence transportation options for older people. Using the Greater Sydney area as a case, we drew on key informant interviews and public policy documents to identify the considerations that inform planning and policy making as they pertain to the nature of cities and the opportunities of older people to get out and about. We compared and integrated these findings with peer-reviewed literature of similar urban growth areas. Our analysis mapped the factors of the human-urban system that are central to enabling transportation mobility for older people, articulated their interrelationships, and identified the actors that influence them. Our results point to the involvement of actors from the public health, community development, transportation, and urban planning sectors at multiple levels of government. Each of these actors operate within their own remit to influence a part of the urban system relevant to older people's transportation, such as the zoning of land, the approval of housing developments, and the location of bus stops. However, these individual actions are constrained by others in the system. We interpret this complexity with a governance lens. Key messages Efforts to promote mobility in old age should move beyond ‘single solutions to single issues’ approaches toward those that reflect the complexity of cities and the ways that people move within them. For sustained realization of desired outcomes, age-friendly initiatives cannot occur in isolation, but rather must take into account the behaviours and dynamics of the urban system.

Research on Understanding the vulnerabilities of Children with Disabilities Living in Alternative Care

2021 ◽  
pp. 234930032110228
Author(s):  
Shamim Ferdous ◽  
Mohammad Deloar Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Children With Disabilities ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
Residential Institutions ◽  
The Government

Children with disabilities (CWDs) are one of the most marginalised and excluded groups in the society. Facing daily discrimination in the form of negative attitudes, lack of adequate policies and legislation, they are effectively barred from realising their rights to healthcare, education and even survival. It has been estimated that exposure towards all forms of violence against CWDs is four-time greater than that of children without disabilities. Bangladesh has an estimated 7–10 million CWDs (out of a total of 72 million children, World Health Organisation Report). Most of the time, these children are treated as a burden to their families or the community and thus become subject to violence. There are very few specialised institutions with residential facility to take care of them. So, they are institutionalised in general residential institutions at a significantly higher rate than other children. But both the special and general residential institutions have lack of skilled human resources and knowledge of the special situation and needs of CWDs. Peer groups of the CWDs are also less sensitised, which result in further stigma and discrimination of CWDs. A 2010 study was done by the Ministry of Women and children Affairs. The findings from interviews with adolescents’ aged 13–16 in 12 locations of Dhaka City revealed their extreme vulnerability. In 2010, a study by Bangladesh Protibondhi Foundation that conducted a survey supported by the Save the Children Sweden–Denmark found that 51.4% of CWDs are either at risk of sexual abuse (12.5%) or have been sexually abused (38.9%).The government of Bangladesh has taken a number of legislative and policy steps that indicate commitment to advancing the rights of persons with disabilities. In terms of international instruments, Department of Social Services under Ministry of Social Welfare operates various types of institutions for the children and also CWDs. The study will adopt qualitative and quantitative methods to collect information from both primary and secondary sources and also assess the situation of government non-government organisations/religious institutions where CWDs have residential facilities in order to understand which factors contribute to increased vulnerability of these children.

scholarly journals Population Density or Populations Size. Which Factor Determines Urban Traffic Congestion?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4280
Author(s):  
Yu Sang Chang ◽  
Sung Jun Jo ◽  
Yoo-Taek Lee ◽  
Yoonji Lee
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Small Population ◽  
High Density ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Contradictory Result ◽  
Low Density

A large number of articles have documented that as population density of cities increases, car use declines and public transit use rises. These articles had a significant impact of promoting high-density compact urban development to mitigate traffic congestion. Another approach followed by other researchers used the urban scaling model to indicate that traffic congestion increases as population size of cities increases, thus generating a possible contradictory result. Therefore, this study examines the role of both density and population size on traffic congestion in 164 global cities by the use of Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology model. We divide 164 cities into the two subgroups of 66 low density cities and 98 high density cities for analysis. The findings from the subgroups analysis indicated a clear-cut difference on the critical role of density in low-density cities and the exclusive role of population size in high-density cities. Furthermore, using threshold regression model, 164 cities are divided into the two regions of large and small population cities to determine population scale advantage of traffic congestion. Our findings highlight the importance of including analysis of subgroups based on density and/or population size in future studies of traffic congestion.

scholarly journals DataStorm: Coupled, Continuous Simulations for Complex Urban Environments

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Hans Walter Behrens ◽  
K. Selçuk Candan ◽  
Xilun Chen ◽  
Yash Garg ◽  
Mao-Lin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parameter Space ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Decision Criterion ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Parallel Execution ◽  
Effective Density ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Space Partitioning ◽  
Imperfect Knowledge

Urban systems are characterized by complexity and dynamicity. Data-driven simulations represent a promising approach in understanding and predicting complex dynamic processes in the presence of shifting demands of urban systems. Yet, today’s silo-based, de-coupled simulation engines fail to provide an end-to-end view of the complex urban system, preventing informed decision-making. In this article, we present DataStorm to support integration of existing simulation, analysis and visualization components into integrated workflows. DataStorm provides a flow engine, DataStorm-FE , for coordinating data and decision flows among multiple actors (each representing a model, analytic operation, or a decision criterion) and enables ensemble planning and optimization across cloud resources. DataStorm provides native support for simulation ensemble creation through parameter space sampling to decide which simulations to run, as well as distributed instantiation and parallel execution of simulation instances on cluster resources. Recognizing that simulation ensembles are inherently sparse relative to the potential parameter space, we also present a density-boosting partition-stitch sampling scheme to increase the effective density of the simulation ensemble through a sub-space partitioning scheme, complemented with an efficient stitching mechanism that leverages partial and imperfect knowledge from partial dynamical systems to effectively obtain a global view of the complex urban process being simulated.

Health Assessment and Screening During Adolescence

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-1-158
Author(s):  
Andrea Marks ◽  
Martin Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Health Professional ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Health Screening ◽  
Medical Professional ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Medical Checkup ◽  
American Tradition ◽  
Health Organization

The "medical checkup," like hot dogs and apple pie, has become an American tradition. Adolescents have checkups requested by schools, summer camps, sports teams, employers, parents, and, less frequently, themselves. At such times, a cursory chat between the teenager and health professional, followed by a quick physical examination, is unlikely to detect the most prevalent and significant health problems of young people today. The very nature of such an interaction may even serve to alienate the teenager from the health care system or provider. Alternatively, if properly focused and thorough, a checkup may not only uncover important areas of disease or dysfunction, but also should initiate a meaningful dialogue and relationship between the adolescent patient and health professional. A checkup generally occurs when an individual feels well and visits a medical professional without complaint or a checkup may be had in conjunction with medical attention to a specific problem. In either case, the primary purpose of a checkup is health assessment and screening. Health screening has been defined by the World Health Organization as ". . . the presumptive identification of unrecognized disease or defect by the application of tests, examinations, or other procedures which can be applied rapidly." The purpose of health screening is to detect a problem (or problems) before it would usually become apparent or before medical attention is sought, with the intent of initiating treatment at an earlier and more optimal time, so as to prevent or favorably alter its course and consequences. Screening is not in itself diagnostic.

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