scholarly journals The Impact of Different Periods of Walking Experience on Kinematic Gait Parameters in Toddlers

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Marta Gimunová ◽  
Martin Sebera ◽  
Michal Bozděch ◽  
Kateřina Kolářová ◽  
Tomáš Vodička ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Step Length ◽  
Gait Pattern ◽  
Step Width ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Hip Flexion ◽  
The Impact

This study aimed to analyse the kinematic differences in gait between three groups of toddlers who differed in their weeks of independent walking (IW) experience, but not in anthropometrical characteristics, to determine the relationship between walking experience without the side effect of morphological differences on gait parameters. Twenty-six toddlers participated in this study. Depending on the week of their IW, toddlers were divided into three groups: Group 1 (1–5 weeks of IW), Group 2 (6–10 weeks of IW), and Group 3 (11–15 weeks of IW). Each toddler walked barefooted over a 2-m long pathway, and 3D kinematic data were obtained. A decrease in the upper limb position, hip flexion, and step width, i.e., changes towards the adult gait pattern, were observed in Group 3. Less experienced walkers exhibited a wider step width despite no statistically significant difference in body mass and height between groups. Results of this study show no statistically significant difference in step length between groups, suggesting that step length is more related to height than to the walking experience. The increased step length in more experienced walkers reported in previous studies may therefore be a result of different heights and not walking experience.

scholarly journals Impact of Renal Function on Long-Term Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Coronary Chronic Total Occlusions: Results From an Observational Single-Center Cohort Study During the Last 12 Years

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Guo ◽  
Huaiyu Ding ◽  
Haichen Lv ◽  
Xiaoyan Zhang ◽  
Lei Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Renal Insufficiency ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Group 1

Background: The number of coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO) patients with renal insufficiency is huge, and limited data are available on the impact of renal insufficiency on long-term clinical outcomes in CTO patients. We aimed to investigate clinical outcomes of CTO percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) vs. medical therapy (MT) in CTO patients according to baseline renal function.Methods: In the study population of 2,497, 1,220 patients underwent CTO PCI and 1,277 patients received MT. Patients were divided into four groups based on renal function: group 1 [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 90 ml/min/1.73 m2], group 2 (60 ≤ eGFR <90 ml/min/1.73 m2), group 3 (30 ≤ eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2), and group 4 (eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m2). Major adverse cardiac event (MACE) was the primary end point.Results: Median follow-up was 2.6 years. With the decline in renal function, MACE (p < 0.001) and cardiac death (p < 0.001) were increased. In group 1 and group 2, MACE occurred less frequently in patients with CTO PCI, as compared to patients in the MT group (15.6% vs. 22.8%, p < 0.001; 15.6% vs. 26.5%, p < 0.001; respectively). However, there was no significant difference in terms of MACE between CTO PCI and MT in group 3 (21.1% vs. 28.7%, p = 0.211) and group 4 (28.6% vs. 50.0%, p = 0.289). MACE was significantly reduced for patients who received successful CTO PCI compared to patients with MT (16.7% vs. 22.8%, p = 0.006; 16.3% vs. 26.5%, p = 0.003, respectively) in group 1 and group 2. eGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2, age, male gender, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, multivessel disease, and MT were identified as independent predictors for MACE in patients with CTOs.Conclusions: Renal impairment is associated with MACE in patients with CTOs. For treatment of CTO, compared with MT alone, CTO PCI may reduce the risk of MACE in patients without chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, reduced MACE from CTO PCI among patients with CKD was not observed. Similar beneficial effects were observed in patients without CKD who underwent successful CTO procedures.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Effect of Corrective Exercises With and Without Suit Therapy on Gait Kinematic and Balance in Autism Children With Toe Walking

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 532-545
Author(s):  
Majid Khodadadi ◽  
◽  
Hooman Minoonejad ◽  
Yusef Moghadas Tabrizi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stride Length ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Therapy Group ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Step Width ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hip Flexion ◽  
Toe Walking

Background and Aims: Autism is an evolutional syndrome that causes social and interactional disorders and changes movement patterns. Corrective exercises can positively affect gait and balance in autistic children. The suit therapy is jointed with hooks and elastic bands that balance pressure and support muscles and joints. This study compares the effect of corrective exercise with and without suit therapy on gait kinematic and balance in autistic children with toe walking. Methods: A group of 30 autistic boys with toe walking (Mean±SD: age= 5.7±1.7 years, height= 106.4±19.5 cm, and weight= 20.8±5.8 kg) were chosen voluntarily and purposefully in this study and then randomly assigned into two groups of with and without suit therapy. Both groups received 8 weeks of corrective exercises, including 5 sessions per week, each session for 2 hours. The cases gait kinematic (Tree dimensional movement analysis) and balance (Tinetti) were evaluated in the pre and posttest. Paired and independent t-test were used for statistical analyses using SPSS v. 16. Results: The result revealed a significant difference in the gait kinematic between the two groups. Treatment in the corrective exercises group with suit therapy was significantly more effective in stride length (P=0.001), step length (P=0.001), step width (P=0.021), walking speed (P=0.001), ankle dorsiflexion in stance (P=0.001), and swing (P=0.001) phase than that corrective exercises without suit therapy group. But between these two groups, no significant difference was observed in stride time (P=0.444), cadence (P=0.361), deviation foot (P=0.614), and hip flexion (P=0.135). The results of the study also showed no significant difference in balance (P=0.927) between groups. Conclusion: Corrective exercises with suit therapy are more effective than ones without suit therapy. Therefore, corrective exercises sessions with suit therapy are suggested for autistic boys with toe walking.

scholarly journals Innocent victims of passive smoking: An institutional experience.

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 2676-2680
Author(s):  
Wardah Anwar ◽  
Muhammad Hashim Ghouri ◽  
Maria Anwar ◽  
Ambreen Anjum ◽  
Maryam Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Medical Institute ◽  
P Value ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Second Hand Smoking ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Group 1

Objectives: To determine the impact of exposure to second hand smoking on fetal birth weight and length. Study Design: Comparative Cross Sectional study. Setting: Physiology Department of Shaikh Zayed Postgraduate Medical Institute. Period: December 2015 to May 2016. Material & Methods: Non-probability convenience sampling was used to collect data from 120 women and their neonates, who were further divided in four equal groups based on level of exposure to second hand smoking. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data regarding level of exposure of mothers, while weight and length of neonates were measured objectively. Results: Mean birth weight (kg) in group-1 was 3.31 ± 0.50, in group-2 was 3.00 ± 0.28, in group-3 was 2.92 ± 0.48 and in group-4 was 2.66 ± 0.41. The p-value calculated by one way ANOVA was 0.001 which shows that birth weight was significantly different in all the groups. Mean birth weight of neonates showed inverse relation with SHS exposure of the mothers. Mean length (cm) of neonates in group-1 was 49.30 ± 1.70, in group-2 was 48.77 ± 1.47, in group-3 was 49.40 ± 2.12 and in group-4 was 48.53 ± 1.65. It was seen that there was no significant difference in length of neonates belonging to different groups. Incidence of low birth weight among all the groups was 11.6%. Conclusion: Second hand smoking of mothers affects birth weight of neonates which in turn influence the intellectual abilities and developmental milestones of neonates. Awareness should be made in society in this regard to prevent the burden of the disease in silent victims of smoking.

scholarly journals Comparing the Impact of Serum GPER-1 and Oxidant/Antioxidant Levels on Retinopathy in Diabetic Patients and Healthy Individuals: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Beyoğlu ◽  
Ergül Belge Kurutaş ◽  
Yalçın Karaküçük ◽  
Ayşegül Çömez ◽  
Ali Meşen
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Aims This research sought to determine the impact of serum G receptor-mediated protein-1 (GPER-1) levels on the development of retinopathy in diabetic patients, comparing them to healthy individuals. Methods Forty patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) (Group 1), 40 patients without DR (NDR) (Group 2) and 40 healthy individuals (Group 3) were included in this study. Serum progesterone, GPER-1, oestradiol, oxidant/antioxidant and thyroid-releasing hormone (TSH) levels were analysed and compared among the groups. Post hoc analysis was performed to compare the sub-groups in which statistically significant differences were found. Results A significant difference was found among all groups in terms of GPER-1, oxidant/antioxidant and oestradiol levels (p < 0.01), but no significant difference was found in terms of TSH or progesterone (p = 0.496, p = 0.220, respectively). In the post hoc analysis of the groups with statistically significant differences, another significant difference was found among all groups for GPER-1 and oxidant/antioxidant levels (p < 0.05). GPER-1 and oxidant levels were positively correlated, while GPER-1 and antioxidant levels were negatively correlated (r = 0.622/p < 0.01, r = 0.453/p < 0.01, r = 0.460/p < 0.01, respectively). The multiple regression analysis showed that increased GPER-1 may help prevent DR. Conclusions GPER-1 levels, which were highest in the DR group, increased as the oxidant/antioxidant balance changed in favour of oxidative stress. This seems to be a defence mechanism for preventing neuronal damage.

Comparison of gait parameters of pregnant women with non-pregnant women

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Bosede Abidemi Tella ◽  
Olufunke Adewumi Ajiboye ◽  
Daniel Olufemi Odebiyi ◽  
Oluwatoyin Mauren Johnson ◽  
Rose Ihuoma Anorlu
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Gait Training ◽  
Gait Pattern ◽  
Gait Velocity ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Base Of Support ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Background/Aims The changes in body weight, body shape and hormones of pregnant women alter the posture and gait pattern of these individuals compared to non-pregnant women. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pregnancy on selected gait parameters by evaluating footprints at the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and comparing with apparently healthy, non-pregnant women. Methods A total of 40 consenting women (20 pregnant and 20 non-pregnant age-matched women) aged 22–35 years old (mean 28.25±0.68 years) participated in this study. Footprints were obtained from each participant and selected gait parameters were computed from the footprints. Paired t-tests and independent t-tests were used to compare the variables at P<0.05. Results There was a significant difference in the gait parameters measured between the pregnant and non-pregnant women: gait velocity (P=0.001), cadence (P=0.001), right foot angle (P=0.001), left foot angle (P=0.002), base of support (P=0.001), right step length (P=0.001), left step length (P=0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the gait parameters measured between the pregnant women in their second and third trimesters. Conclusions Pregnancy is associated with significant changes in most gait variables compared to non-pregnant women, although no significant change was observed between the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. The inclusion of gait training during antenatal care may help reduce the effect on the musculoskeletal system.

In-vivo evaluation of the effect of cyanoacrylate on prosthetic vascular graft infection – does cyanoacrylate increase the severity of infection?

VASA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-284
Author(s):  
Atıf Yolgosteren ◽  
Gencehan Kumtepe ◽  
Melda Payaslioglu ◽  
Cuneyt Ozakin
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Graft ◽  
Graft Infection ◽  
Vascular Graft Infection ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Prosthetic Vascular Graft Infection ◽  
Group 1

Summary. Background: Prosthetic vascular graft infection (PVGI) is a complication with high mortality. Cyanoacrylate (CA) is an adhesive which has been used in a number of surgical procedures. In this in-vivo study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between PVGI and CA. Materials and methods: Thirty-two rats were equally divided into four groups. Pouch was formed on back of rats until deep fascia. In group 1, vascular graft with polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) was placed into pouch. In group 2, MRSA strain with a density of 1 ml 0.5 MacFarland was injected into pouch. In group 3, 1 cm 2 vascular graft with PET piece was placed into pouch and MRSA strain with a density of 1 ml 0.5 MacFarland was injected. In group 4, 1 cm 2 vascular graft with PET piece impregnated with N-butyl cyanoacrylate-based adhesive was placed and MRSA strain with a density of 1 ml 0.5 MacFarland was injected. All rats were scarified in 96th hour, culture samples were taken where intervention was performed and were evaluated microbiologically. Bacteria reproducing in each group were numerically evaluated based on colony-forming unit (CFU/ml) and compared by taking their average. Results: MRSA reproduction of 0 CFU/ml in group 1, of 1410 CFU/ml in group 2, of 180 200 CFU/ml in group 3 and of 625 300 CFU/ml in group 4 was present. A statistically significant difference was present between group 1 and group 4 (p < 0.01), between group 2 and group 4 (p < 0.01), between group 3 and group 4 (p < 0.05). In terms of reproduction, no statistically significant difference was found in group 1, group 2, group 3 in themselves. Conclusions: We observed that the rate of infection increased in the cyanoacyrylate group where cyanoacrylate was used. We think that surgeon should be more careful in using CA in vascular surgery.

scholarly journals Isometric Handgrip Exercise Training Improves Spirometric Parameters and Pulmonary Capacity

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-338
Author(s):  
Ogbutor Udoji Godsday ◽  
Nwangwa Eze Kingsley ◽  
Nwogueze Bartholomew Chukwuebuka ◽  
Chukwuemeka Ephraim ◽  
Ezunu Emmanuel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Isometric Exercise ◽  
Handgrip Exercise ◽  
Isometric Handgrip ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Isometric Handgrip Exercise ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Decline in normal physiological pulmonary function has been attributed to premorbid conditions such as prehypertension. Research evidence suggests that physical activity reduces age-related decline in pulmonary function and improves the efficiency of the lungs in prehypertensive patients. However, there is a scarcity of data evidence relating to isometric exercise and pulmonary function. Furthermore, the interrelationship between the intensity and duration of isometric exercise and pulmonary function in these patients is still uncertain. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the effect of isometric handgrip exercise on pulmonary function capacity in adults with prehypertension. To determine the effectiveness of isometric handgrip exercise on pulmonary function capacity in adults with prehypertension. A quasi experiment using a pre- and post-exercise method was carried out in two out-patients hospital settings. The sample comprised 192 sedentary pre-hypertensive subjects, aged between 30–50 years, that were randomly distributed into three groups of 64 participants each. The subjects performed, for 24 consecutive days, an isometric handgrip exercise at 30% Maximum Voluntary Contraction (M.V.C.). At the end of the 24 days, group one (GP1) discontinued, while group two (GP2) continued the exercise protocol for another 24 consecutive days and group three (GP3) continued with the exercise protocol for another 24 consecutive days but at 50% M.V.C. Determinants of lung function (outcomes) were Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s (FEV1), Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC Ratio and Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR). The study shows that there was no statistically significant difference in the pre- and post-exercise outcomes for FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC Ratio and PEFR after 24 days for group 1. In group 2, there was a statistically significant difference in the FVC [(mean = 0.12 ± 0.12), (p = 0.002)], FEV1 [(mean = 0.15 ± 0.17), (p = 0.003)] and PEF [(mean = 0.85 ± 0.35), (p = 0.001)] after 48 days. In group 3, there was a statistically significant difference (p = 0.001) in all the outcomes assessed after 48 days. There was a between groups difference in favour of group 2 compared with group 1 for outcomes of FEV1 [(mean = 0.142 ± 0.68), (p = 0.005)] and PEF [(mean = 0.83 ± 0.19), (p = 0.0031)]. There was statistically significant difference in favour of group 3 compared to group 2, by increasing the exercise intensity from 30% to 50% M.V.C., for outcomes of FVC [mean change = 0.10 ± 0.052), (p = 0.005)], FEV1/FVC [mean change = 3.18 ± 0.75), (p = 0.017)] and PEF [(mean change = 0.86 ± 0.35), (p = 0.001)] after 48 days. Isometric handgrip exercise (after 48 days at 30% to 50% M.V.C.) improves outcomes of pulmonary function capacity in adults with prehypertension. Meanwhile, duration and/or increase in intensity of the isometric effort significantly contributed to the affects attained.

scholarly journals QOL-49. THE IMPACT OF OTOTOXICITY AND VISUAL IMPAIRMENT ON EDUCATION IN CHILDREN TREATED FOR CNS TUMOURS

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii440-iii440
Author(s):  
Harriet Dulson ◽  
Rachel McAndrew ◽  
Mark Brougham
Keyword(s):  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Impaired Hearing ◽  
Cranial Radiotherapy ◽  
Radiotherapy Group ◽  
Platinum Based Chemotherapy ◽  
Cns Tumours ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Group 1

Abstract INTRODUCTION Children treated for CNS tumours experience a very high burden of adverse effects. Platinum-based chemotherapy and cranial radiotherapy can cause ototoxicity, which may be particularly problematic in patients who have impaired vision and cognition as a result of their tumour and associated treatment. This study assessed the prevalence of impaired hearing and vision and how this may impact upon education. METHODS 53 patients diagnosed with solid tumours in Edinburgh, UK between August 2013–2018 were included in the study. Patients were split into three groups according to treatment received: Group 1 – cisplatin-based chemotherapy and cranial radiotherapy; Group 2 - platinum-based chemotherapy, no cranial radiotherapy; Group 3 – benign brain tumours treated with surgery only. Data was collected retrospectively from patient notes. RESULTS Overall 69.5% of those treated with platinum-based chemotherapy experienced ototoxicity as assessed by Brock grading and 5.9% of patients had reduced visual acuity. Patients in Group 1 had the highest prevalence of both. 44.4% of patients in Group 1 needed increased educational support following treatment, either with extra support in the classroom or being unable to continue in mainstream school. 12.5% of Group 2 patients required such support and 31.3% in Group 3. CONCLUSIONS Children with CNS tumours frequently require support for future education but those treated with both platinum-based chemotherapy and cranial radiotherapy are at particular risk, which may be compounded by co-existent ototoxicity and visual impairment. It is essential to provide appropriate support for this patient cohort in order to maximise their educational potential.

scholarly journals Effects of posterior tibial slope on the mid-term results of medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty

Arthroplasty ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhijie Chen ◽  
Kaizhe Chen ◽  
Yufei Yan ◽  
Jianmin Feng ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Tibial Slope ◽  
Posterior Tibial ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Medial Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Postoperative Knee ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effect of medial posterior tibial slope (PTS) on mid-term postoperative range of motion (ROM) and functional improvement of the knee after medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). Methods Medical records of 113 patients who had undergone 124 medial UKAs between April 2009 through April 2014 were reviewed retrospectively. The mean follow-up lasted 7.6 years (range, 6.2–11.2 years). Collected were demographic data, including gender, age, height, weight of the patients. Anteroposterior (AP) and lateral knee radiographs of the operated knees were available in all patients. The knee function was evaluated during office follow-up or hospital stay. Meanwhile, postoperative PTS, ROM, maximal knee flexion and Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee score (pre−/postoperative) of the operated side were measured and assessed. According to the size of the PTS, patients were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (<4°), group 2 (4° ~ 7°) and group 3 (>7°). The association between PTS and the knee function was investigated. Results In our cohort, the average PTS was 2.7° ± 0.6° in group 1, 5.6° ± 0.9° in group 2 and 8.7° ± 1.2° in group 3. Pairwise comparisons showed significant differences among them (p < 0.01). The average maximal flexion range of postoperative knees in each group was 112.4° ± 5.6°, 116.4° ± 7.2°, and 117.5° ± 6.1°, respectively, with significant difference found between group 1 and group 2 (p < 0.05), and between group 1 and group 3 (p < 0.05). However, the gender, age, and body mass index (BMI) did not differ between three groups and there was no significant difference between groups in terms of pre−/postoperative HSS scores or postoperative knee ROM. Conclusion A mid-term follow-up showed that an appropriate PTS (4° ~ 7°) can help improve the postoperative flexion of knee. On the other hand, too small a PTS could lead to limited postoperative knee flexion. Therefore, the PTS less than 4° should be avoided during medial UKA.

The Relationship between Serum Ferritin Levels and 5-Year All-Cause Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Emre Erdem ◽  
Ahmet Karatas ◽  
Tevfik Ecder
Keyword(s):  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Group 1

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The effect of high serum ferritin levels on long-term mortality in hemodialysis patients is unknown. The relationship between serum ferritin levels and 5-year all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients was investigated in this study. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A total of 173 prevalent hemodialysis patients were included in this study. The patients were followed for up to 5 years and divided into 3 groups according to time-averaged serum ferritin levels (group 1: serum ferritin &#x3c;800 ng/mL, group 2: serum ferritin 800–1,500 ng/mL, and group 3: serum ferritin &#x3e;1,500 ng/mL). Along with the serum ferritin levels, other clinical and laboratory variables that may affect mortality were also included in the Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Eighty-one (47%) patients died during the 5-year follow-up period. The median follow-up time was 38 (17.5–60) months. The 5-year survival rates of groups 1, 2, and 3 were 44, 64, and 27%, respectively. In group 3, the survival was lower than in groups 1 and 2 (log-rank test, <i>p</i> = 0.002). In group 1, the mortality was significantly lower than in group 3 (HR [95% CI]: 0.16 [0.05–0.49]; <i>p</i> = 0.001). In group 2, the mortality was also lower than in group 3 (HR [95% CI]: 0.32 [0.12–0.88]; <i>p</i> = 0.026). No significant difference in mortality between groups 1 and 2 was found (HR [95% CI]: 0.49 [0.23–1.04]; <i>p</i> = 0.063). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Time-averaged serum ferritin levels &#x3e;1,500 ng/mL in hemodialysis patients are associated with an increased 5-year all-cause mortality risk.

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