scholarly journals Removal of Escherichia coli and Faecal Coliforms from Surface Water and Groundwater by Household Water Treatment Devices/Systems: A Sustainable Solution for Improving Water Quality in Rural Communities of the Southern African Development Community Region

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyne K. Mwabi ◽  
Bhekie B. Mamba ◽  
Maggy N. B. Momba
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Southern African Development Community ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
African Development ◽  
Household Water

scholarly journals Assessing Drinking Water Quality at the Point of Collection and within Household Storage Containers in the Hilly Rural Areas of Mid and Far-Western Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2172 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Daniel ◽  
Arnt Diener ◽  
Jack van de Vossenberg ◽  
Madan Bhatta ◽  
Sara J. Marks
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Storage Container ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Storage Containers

Accurate assessments of drinking water quality, household hygenic practices, and the mindset of the consumers are critical for developing effective water intervention strategies. This paper presents a microbial quality assessment of 512 samples from household water storage containers and 167 samples from points of collection (POC) in remote rural communities in the hilly area of western Nepal. We found that 81% of the stored drinking water samples (mean log10 of all samples = 1.16 colony-forming units (CFU)/100 mL, standard deviation (SD) = 0.84) and 68% of the POC samples (mean log10 of all samples = 0.57 CFU/100 mL, SD = 0.86) had detectable E. coli. The quality of stored water was significantly correlated with the quality at the POC, with the majority (63%) of paired samples showing a deterioration in quality post-collection. Locally applied household water treatment (HWT) methods did not effectively improve microbial water quality. Among all household sanitary inspection questions, only the presence of livestock near the water storage container was significantly correlated with its microbial contamination. Households’ perceptions of their drinking water quality were mostly influenced by the water’s visual appearance, and these perceptions in general motivated their use of HWT. Improving water quality within the distribution network and promoting safer water handling practices are proposed to reduce the health risk due to consumption of contaminated water in this setting.

scholarly journals Promoting Household Water Treatment through Women's Self Help Groups in Rural India: Assessing Impact on Drinking Water Quality and Equity

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. e44068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Freeman ◽  
Victoria Trinies ◽  
Sophie Boisson ◽  
Gregory Mak ◽  
Thomas Clasen
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Self Help Groups

scholarly journals A rapid assessment of drinking water quality in informal settlements after a cholera outbreak in Nairobi, Kenya

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 714-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Blanton ◽  
Natalie Wilhelm ◽  
Ciara O'Reilly ◽  
Everline Muhonja ◽  
Solomon Karoki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Water And Sanitation Infrastructure

Populations living in informal settlements with inadequate water and sanitation infrastructure are at risk of epidemic disease. In 2010, we conducted 398 household surveys in two informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya with isolated cholera cases. We tested source and household water for free chlorine residual (FCR) and Escherichia coli in approximately 200 households. International guidelines are ≥0.5 mg/L FCR at source, ≥0.2 mg/L at household, and <1 E. coli/100 mL. In these two settlements, 82% and 38% of water sources met FCR guidelines; and 7% and 8% were contaminated with E. coli, respectively. In household stored water, 82% and 35% met FCR guidelines and 11% and 32% were contaminated with E. coli, respectively. Source water FCR ≥0.5 mg/L (p = 0.003) and reported purchase of a household water treatment product (p = 0.002) were associated with increases in likelihood that household stored water had ≥0.2 mg/L FCR, which was associated with a lower likelihood of E. coli contamination (p < 0.001). These results challenge the assumption that water quality in informal settlements is universally poor and the route of disease transmission, and highlight that providing centralized water with ≥0.5 mg/L FCR or (if not feasible) household water treatment technologies reduces the risk of waterborne cholera transmission in informal settlements.

Evaluation of Field Testing Techniques Used in a Household Water Treatment Study in Posoltega, Nicaragua

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason C. Vanderzwaag ◽  
Karen H. Bartlett ◽  
James W. Atwater ◽  
Derek Baker
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Control Procedure ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Household Water

Abstract A field evaluation of biosand filters, a method of household water treatment, was conducted in Posoltega, Nicaragua. The evaluation consisted of water quality testing for Escherichia coli and total coliforms using membrane filtration (MF) with m-coliBlue24 growth media, and SolarCult dipslides. For each sample tested, the MF procedure was applied to two volumes differing by an order of magnitude to capture the expected range of microbial contamination. A follow-up laboratory quality assurance/quality control procedure was undertaken to validate the field methods. The average coefficient of variation was 51%, with no statistically significant difference between the field and laboratory data. The MF procedure used with m-coliBlue24 produced useful reproducible results for the microbial concentrations encountered in the field. Dipslide results were found to correlate poorly to the membrane filtration results from the field, and should not be used to test drinking water due to the high limit of detection. They may still be useful for preliminary testing of highly contaminated source water as part of a household water treatment project. Dipslides may also be a useful tool for local health representatives to promote safe water practices within the community since they are simple to use and provide a visual indicator of water quality.

scholarly journals A comparative study on the effect of household water treatment on diarrhoea morbidity among under-fives in Plateau State, Nigeria using two treatment modalities

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (05) ◽  
pp. 1789-1799
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Onyi Okoh ◽  
Esther Awazzi Envuladu ◽  
Chundung Asabe Miner ◽  
Amina Mohammed ◽  
Gloria Nengi Ode ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite Solution ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Plateau State

Background: Consumption of unsafe water contributes to diarrhoeal burden in sub-Sahara Africa. This burden can be reduced by simple and affordable methods of household water treatment. The study aims at comparing the effect of two of such methods on diarrheal burden among under-fives in rural communities of Plateau State. Methodology: A community-based quasi experimental study was conducted among 202 underfive-caregiver pairs in two selected rural communities of Plateau State, involving household water treatment with flocculant-disinfectant powder in intervention group and sodium hypochlorite solution in control group respectively. History of diarrhoea before intervention, at 2 weekly intervals during the intervention and after intervention was assessed. Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 23. Prevalence and incidence of diarrhoea were calculated and compared among the two groups. Result: Diarrhoea prevalence at pre-intervention was 19.6% in flocculant-disinfectant group and 17.0% in sodium hypochlorite group. At post intervention, the prevalence reduced significantly by 94.7% (19.6% to 1%) in intervention group and by 76.5% (17% to 4.2%) in control group. There was no statistical significant difference in the prevalence of diarrhoea between the two groups, however, diarrhoea incidence in the sodium hypochlorite group (1.12 episode per child per year) was significantly higher than the incidence in the flocculant-disinfectant group (0.59 episodes per child per year) with a  risk-ratio of 1.93 (95% CI: 1.037 - 3.703). Conclusion: Household water treatment with flocculant-disinfectant reduced diarrhoea burden better than sodium hypochlorite. This technology should be made more available and assessible to rural communities where diarrhea burden is high.

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