scholarly journals Task-Oriented Visualization Approaches for Landscape and Urban Change Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Schiewe
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Values ◽  
Urban Change ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Complex Data ◽  
Visual Methods ◽  
Change Analysis ◽  
Value Differences ◽  
Geovisual Analytics ◽  
Manual Processing ◽  
Task Oriented

Approaches to landscape and urban change analysis are still far away from being fully automatic or operational. For this reason, the concept of Geovisual Analytics is proposed, combining computational and visual/manual processing steps. This contribution concentrates on the latter part with the overall goal of improving its usability. For this purpose, a classification of tasks is created, which often occur in the context of change analysis. This serves as the basis for the assignment of suitable map types to change processing results. Beyond this, it is pointed out that in many cases an appropriate pre-processing of data is imperative to preserve or enhance certain spatial relationships or characteristics for visualization. This is demonstrated using the example of data classification prior to choropleth mapping. Methods are described which allow the preservation of local extreme values, large value differences between adjacent polygons, clusters, and hot/cold spots. Finally, discussing future research and developments, it will be stressed that the importance of visual methods in the context of big data change analysis will continue to increase, which is due to the particular ability of maps to generalize and reduce complex data to a minimum.

scholarly journals Data classification methods for preserving spatial patterns

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Jochen Schiewe
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Classification Methods ◽  
Value Differences ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
Choropleth Maps ◽  
Data Driven Approach ◽  
Special Relationships ◽  
Task Oriented

Abstract. The primary purpose of choropleth maps is to display or even to emphasize special relationships or patterns in the spatial distribution of attribute values. However, because classification methods commonly used and implemented in software packages (such as equidistance, quantiles, Jenks, etc.) are data-driven, a preservation of such spatial patterns is not guaranteed. Instead of such a data-driven approach in the following a task-oriented procedure is pursued: For typical patterns (local and global extreme values, large value differences to neighbours, spatial clusters, hot/cold spots) specific algorithms have been developed, implemented and tested.

scholarly journals Distortion Effects in Equal Area Unit Maps

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Schiewe
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Equal Area ◽  
Topological Relationships ◽  
Area Unit ◽  
Task Oriented ◽  
Local Topology ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Local Extreme

AbstractMaps that correctly represent the geographic size and shape of regions, taking into account scaling and generalization, have the disadvantage that small regions can easily be overlooked or not seen at all. Hence, for some map use tasks where small regions are of importance, alternative map types are needed. One option is the so-called equal area unit maps (EAUMs), where every enumeration unit has the same area size, possibly also the same basic shape such as squares or hexagons. The geometrical distortion of EAUMs, however, leads to a more difficult search for regions as well as a falsification of topological relationships and spatial patterns. To describe these distortions, a set of analytical measures is proposed. But it turns out that the expressiveness of these measures is rather limited. To better understand and to model the influence of distortions, two user studies were conducted. The study on the search in EAUMs (also with the aim of reconstruct the search strategies of the users) revealed how important it is to consider the local topology (e.g. corner or border positions of regions) during the generation process. With regard to pattern identification, it could be shown that EAUMs significantly increase the detection rate of local extreme values. On the other hand, global lateral gradients or geostatistical hot spots often get blurred or even lost. As a consequence, a task-oriented selection of map types and further developments are recommended.

scholarly journals Mask-Making and Drawing as Method: Arts-Based Approaches to Data Collection With War-Affected Children

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 160940691983247
Author(s):  
Amber Green ◽  
Myriam Denov
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Research Team ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Northern Uganda ◽  
Visual Methods ◽  
Conflict Zones ◽  
Mask Making ◽  
In Captivity

Globally, the numbers of children living in conflict zones and displaced by war have risen dramatically over the past two decades, and with this, scholarly attention to the impacts of war on children. More recently, researchers have examined how war-affected children are being studied, revealing important shortcomings. These limitations relate to the lack of child participation in research, the need for researchers to engage children in the research process as “active agents” rather than “passive objects” under study, as well as the need for researchers to pay closer attention to ethical dilemmas associated with researching war-affected children. To address these realities, innovative research methods that can be adapted across diverse sociocultural contexts are warranted. In light of these shortcomings, our research team integrated two arts-based methods: mask-making and drawing, alongside traditional qualitative data collection methods with a particularly marginalized population of young people: children born in captivity within the Lord’s Resistance Army in northern Uganda. In this article, we provide information on the context of northern Uganda. We describe how the use of mask-making and drawing was used as data gathering tools and the ways in which these arts-based methods had important benefits for the research participants, researchers, and impacted on the validity of the research as a whole. We propose that the use of these participatory visual methods enriched the themes elicited through more traditional methods. The article describes how these arts-based mediums fostered community building among children typically excluded from their communities and were successful as a tool to build trust between participants and the research team when exploring sensitive topics. The article concludes with implications for future research with war-affected children.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Survey on Local Differential Privacy

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingxing Xiong ◽  
Shubo Liu ◽  
Dan Li ◽  
Zhaohui Cai ◽  
Xiaoguang Niu
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Data Privacy ◽  
Statistical Estimation ◽  
Differential Privacy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Reference Source ◽  
Complex Data ◽  
Comprehensive Survey

With the advent of the era of big data, privacy issues have been becoming a hot topic in public. Local differential privacy (LDP) is a state-of-the-art privacy preservation technique that allows to perform big data analysis (e.g., statistical estimation, statistical learning, and data mining) while guaranteeing each individual participant’s privacy. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of LDP. We first give an overview on the fundamental knowledge of LDP and its frameworks. We then introduce the mainstream privatization mechanisms and methods in detail from the perspective of frequency oracle and give insights into recent studied on private basic statistical estimation (e.g., frequency estimation and mean estimation) and complex statistical estimation (e.g., multivariate distribution estimation and private estimation over complex data) under LDP. Furthermore, we present current research circumstances on LDP including the private statistical learning/inferencing, private statistical data analysis, privacy amplification techniques for LDP, and some application fields under LDP. Finally, we identify future research directions and open challenges for LDP. This survey can serve as a good reference source for the research of LDP to deal with various privacy-related scenarios to be encountered in practice.

scholarly journals Building tourism-resilient communities by incorporating residents’ perceptions? A photo-elicitation study of tourism development in Bruges

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Janusz ◽  
Sofie Six ◽  
Dominique Vanneste
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Photo Elicitation ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Visual Methods ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Resilient Communities ◽  
Historical Center

Purpose In a current trend of a growing amount of short city trips, it becomes crucial to understand how local residents perceive the presence of tourists and tourism in their cities and how their socio-cultural context influences those perceptions. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to this understanding which will enable the city planners to take actions to create the well-balanced and resilient communities in which the needs of residents and tourists are equally met. Design/methodology/approach To understand residents’ perceptions’ about tourism in Bruges, this research applied photo-elicitation interviews with 28 residents who lived in various locations in the historical center to understand socio-cultural background of residents, their tourism-related concerns and whether they are in line with what is commonly perceived as problematic in Bruges. Findings Results show that as long as residents can benefit from tourism and tourism-related infrastructure, they support tourism. On the other hand, tourism decreases the liveability of the historical center due to supersession of infrastructure serving the residents by tourist-oriented amenities. Practical implications To build a sustainable and resilient city in the future, the authorities of Bruges should cease further “museumification” of the historical city by breaking the hegemony of tourism industry, providing affordable housing and rethinking the concentration model of tourism. Originality/value The photo-elicitation method proved to produce rich content and good-quality data by stimulating respondents’ memories and evoking experiences and emotions. Thus, this paper recommends that future research about residents’ attitudes is developed around visual methods as they give voice to the residents and are able to uncover issues which are difficult to capture with other methods.

scholarly journals Experimentation or projectification of urban change? A critical appraisal and three steps forward

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Torrens ◽  
Timo von Wirth
Keyword(s):  
Urban Governance ◽  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Urban Change ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Change Processes ◽  
Transformation Mechanism ◽  
Urban Transformations ◽  
Sustainability Challenges ◽  
Primary Transformation

AbstractUrban experimentation has proliferated in recent years as a response to sustainability challenges and renewed pressures on urban governance. In many European cities, diverse and rapidly changing experimental forms (e.g. urban living laboratories, pilots, trials, experimental districts) are becoming commonplace, addressing ambitious goals for smartness, circularity, and liveability. Academically, there is a growing concern for moving beyond the focus on individual experiments and the insistence on upscaling their primary transformation mechanism. However, the phenomena of ‘projectification’ – whereby project-based forms of organising have become ubiquitous, shaping expectations about experimentation – is increasingly perceived as a barrier. Nevertheless, how specifically experimentation and projectification intersect remains unclear. Our theoretical perspective examines how the widespread tendency towards projectification shapes urban experimentation and the potential implications for urban transformations. It problematises the current wave of experimentation and how it contributes to the projectification of urban change processes. We present three steps to redress this issue and indicate directions for future research.

scholarly journals From Manual to Intelligent: A Review of Input Data Preparation Methods for Geographic Modeling

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Wei Hou ◽  
Cheng-Zhi Qin ◽  
A-Xing Zhu ◽  
Peng Liang ◽  
Yi-Jie Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Service Composition ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Knowledge Bases ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Knowledge Representation And Reasoning ◽  
Data Preparation ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Construction Of Knowledge ◽  
Task Oriented ◽  
Geographic Modeling

One of the key concerns in geographic modeling is the preparation of input data that are sufficient and appropriate for models. This requires considerable time, effort, and expertise since geographic models and their application contexts are complex and diverse. Moreover, both data and data pre-processing tools are multi-source, heterogeneous, and sometimes unavailable for a specific application context. The traditional method of manually preparing input data cannot effectively support geographic modeling, especially for complex integrated models and non-expert users. Therefore, effective methods are urgently needed that are not only able to prepare appropriate input data for models but are also easy to use. In this review paper, we first analyze the factors that influence data preparation and discuss the three corresponding key tasks that should be accomplished when developing input data preparation methods for geographic models. Then, existing input data preparation methods for geographic models are discussed through classifying into three categories: manual, (semi-)automatic, and intelligent (i.e., not only (semi-)automatic but also adaptive to application context) methods. Supported by the adoption of knowledge representation and reasoning techniques, the state-of-the-art methods in this field point to intelligent input data preparation for geographic models, which includes knowledge-supported discovery and chaining of data pre-processing functionalities, knowledge-driven (semi-)automatic workflow building (or service composition in the context of geographic web services) of data preprocessing, and artificial intelligent planning-based service composition as well as their parameter-settings. Lastly, we discuss the challenges and future research directions from the following aspects: Sharing and reusing of model data and workflows, integration of data discovery and processing functionalities, task-oriented input data preparation methods, and construction of knowledge bases for geographic modeling, all assisting with the development of an easy-to-use geographic modeling environment with intelligent input data preparation.

The personal values of tomorrow's workforce: Similarities and differences across sex and nationality

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Lindorff
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Young People ◽  
Personal Values ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Work Activities ◽  
Value Differences ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
And Gender

AbstractPrevious research has identified that values affect attitudes and behaviour, and value differences may be associated with conflict in organizations. This paper examines potential national and gender differences in values in a group of 345 young people soon to be entering the Australian workforce. Although there were national, and small gender, differences in the importance placed on particular values, the young people in the study were consistent in the relative importance placed on happiness, work success and friendship, and the unimportance of life and work activities that contributed to society. Implications for organizations and suggestions for future research are explored.

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