Leptin and Ghrelin in Excessive Gestational Weight Gain—Association between Mothers and Offspring

Two-thirds of pregnant women exceed gestational weight gain recommendations. Excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG) appears to be associated with offspring’s complications induced by mechanisms that are still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether umbilical cord leptin (UCL) and ghrelin (UCG) concentrations are altered in full-term neonates born to EGWG mothers and whether neonatal anthropometric measurements correlate with UCL and UCG levels and maternal serum ghrelin and leptin as well as urine ghrelin concentrations. The study subjects were divided into two groups, 28 healthy controls and 38 patients with EGWG. Lower UCL and UCG levels were observed in neonates born to healthy mothers but only in male newborns. In the control group UCG concentrations correlated positively with neonatal birth weight, body length and head circumference. In the control group maternal serum ghrelin levels correlated negatively with neonatal birth weight, body length and head circumference as well as positively with chest circumference. In the EGWG group UCG concentrations correlated negatively with neonatal birth weight and birth body length. UCL correlated positively with birth body length in EGWG group and negatively with head circumference in the control group. In conclusion, EGWG is associated with disturbances in UCL and UCG concentrations.

Download Full-text

Effect of Behavioural Interventions for Obesity Prevention in Pregnancy on the Adequacy of Gestational Weight Gain and Retention: Metabolic Health of Indian Women

Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research ◽

10.2478/sjecr-2018-0068 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 35-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alka Pawalia ◽

Sivachidambaram Кulandaivelan ◽

Satya Savant ◽

Vikram Singh Yadav

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Diet Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Weight Retention ◽

Indian Women ◽

Behavioural Interventions ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Supervised Exercise

AbstractThe aim of this study was to measure the adequacy of gestational weight gain (GWG) in Indian women using various behavioural interventions during pregnancy, which primarily aim to observe the effects on obesity markers and weight retention.In this experimental study, one hundred and forty pregnant women underwent interventions in 5 groups, control (C), diet (D), home exercise (HE), supervised exercise (SE) and supervised exercise with diet (SED), from pregnancy through delivery with 2 months follow-up post-delivery. The outcome measures were GWG and baby birth weight.A one-way ANOVA indicated no differences in the mean GWG between groups (12.39±4.71 kg, p=0.947). The control group had the most (50%) and both the supervised exercise groups had the fewest (32%) women who gained above the recommended GWG, followed by the diet group (33.3%). The D and HE groups had the most women who gained within the GWG range, while both the SE and SED groups had the most women who gained below the GWG range. However, these results did not affect the birth weight between the groups (mean 2.96 kg±0.40, p=0.203). In women with normal BMIs, (18.5-22.9 kg/m2), the diet group had the most effective maintenance of adequate GWG, with 15%, 55%, and 30% of the women gaining above, within, and below the recommended GWG, respectively. The SE and SED groups had the least postpartum weight retention (PPWR) at 2 months, followed by the HM, D and C groups; i.e., the results showed a trend in the desired direction clinically, although they were not statistically significant (p=0.12).Supervised exercise can be effectively used as a pregnancy intervention to prevent excess GWG in Indian women. Diet counselling was found to be the next best intervention in combination with exercise, as well as for women with normal BMI.

Download Full-text

Interaction Between Pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain to Newborn Outcomes: Results From the VDPM Cohort Study in Indonesia

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab046_067 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 770-770

Author(s):

Dyah Ayu Larasati Kisworo Putri ◽

Nur Indrawaty Lipoeto ◽

Arif Sabta Aji

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Body Mass ◽

Head Circumference ◽

Pregnancy Outcomes ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Newborn Outcomes

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to analyze the interaction between pre-pregnancy body mass index (PP BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG), and newborn outcomes among pregnant mothers in West Sumatera, Indonesia. Methods This VDPM cohort study was conducted from September 2017 to March 2018 in West Sumatra, Indonesia. We obtained 195 healthy mother-infant pairs. GWG status created by comparing PP BMI and GWG guidelines based on the World Health Organization (WHO). Newborn birth weight, birth length, and head circumference were taken immediately after delivery as pregnancy outcomes. SPSS version 20.0 was used to analyze bivariate and multivariate analysis to assess the interaction between PP BMI and gestational weight gain in pregnancy outcomes with adjusting potential confounders. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered as a significant association. Results Of the 195 mother-infant pairs (Mean 29.66 years) included in the main sample, Most of the mothers had 46.7% normal PP BMI with most of them had an inadequate GWG status during pregnancy with 53.3%. Adequate and excessive GWG statuses were 34.4% and 12.3%, respectively. There was a significant association between PP BMI and GWG (p < 0.01). This study had no interaction between PP BMI and GWG to the newborn outcomes (p > 0.05). Adverse newborn outcomes were not statistically significant among groups. However, mothers who had inadequate GWG status may have significant lower birth weight and head circumference compared to normal and excessive GWG status (p < 0.05). Conclusions This study had no interaction between PP BMI and GWG status to newborn outcomes. However, the GWG status associated with newborn outcomes in birth weight and head circumference level. Further prospective studies with a larger number are required to confirm this finding. Funding Sources Indonesian Danone Institute Foundation.

Download Full-text

Association among pre-pregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain and neonatal birth weight: a prospective cohort study in China

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth ◽

10.1186/s12884-020-03323-x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yawen Wang ◽

Haihui Ma ◽

Yahui Feng ◽

Yongle Zhan ◽

Sansan Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Body Mass ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Chinese Women ◽

Response Analysis ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Neonatal Birth Weight

Abstract Background This study aims to explore the relationships between pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG), rate of GWG during the second and third trimesters (GWGrate) and birth weight among Chinese women. Methods Women were enrolled by 24 hospitals in 15 different provinces in mainland China from July 25th, 2017 to 26 November 2018. Pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG and GWGrate were calculated and divided in to different groups. The multinomial logistic regression model and restrictive cubic spline model were used to explore the relationships. Results Of the 3585 participants, women who were underweight, had insufficient GWG or GWGrate had 1.853-, 1850- or 1.524-fold higher risks for delivering small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infant compared with women who had normal BMI, sufficient GWG or GWGrate. Women who were overweight/obese, had excessive GWG or GWGrate had 1.996-, 1676- or 1.673-fold higher risks for delivering large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infant. The effects of GWG and GWGrate on birth weight varied by pre-pregnancy BMI statuses. Dose-response analysis demonstrated L-shaped and S-shaped relationships between pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG, GWGrate and neonatal birth weight. Conclusions Pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG or GWGrate were associated with neonatal birth weight among Chinese women. Both body weight before and during pregnancy should be maintained within the recommendations to prevent abnormal birth weight.

Download Full-text

Interprovincial variation in pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain and their impact on neonatal birth weight with respect to small and large for gestational age

Can J Public Health ◽

10.17269/s41997-018-0086-x ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 109 (4) ◽

pp. 527-538 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Sarah D. McDonald ◽

Christy Woolcott ◽

Núria Chapinal ◽

Yanfang Guo ◽

Phil Murphy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Body Mass ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Large For Gestational Age ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Neonatal Birth Weight

Download Full-text

The Effect of Gestational Weight Gain on Neonatal Birth Weight in Obese Women With Type 2 Diabetes [38P]

Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.1097/01.aog.0000558922.10997.6c ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 133 (1) ◽

pp. 180S-180S

Author(s):

Julia Kabacka ◽

D. Yvette LaCoursiere ◽

Louise Laurent ◽

Gladys Ramos

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Obese Women ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Neonatal Birth Weight

Download Full-text

Asupan zat gizi makro dan kenaikan berat badan selama hamil terhadap luaran kehamilan

Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia ◽

10.22146/ijcn.39163 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 66

Author(s):

Imelda Fitri ◽

Rizki Natia Wiji

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Control Group ◽

Case Group ◽

Chi Square ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Low Weight ◽

Chi Square Test

Background: Based on neonatal nursing installation data at Arifin Achmad Regional Hospital in Riau Province, newborns with low birth weight have always been the highest cases.Objective: This study aimed to examine the effect of macronutrient status (carbohydrate, protein, fat) and gestational weight gain on pregnancy outcomes.Method: The design used in this study was case-control. The study sample was 74 respondents, the case group was 37 mothers with babies born with low birth weight and the control group was 37 mothers with babies born with normal birth weight. Macronutrient intake was collected with a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Data were analyzed by using the Chi-Square test (p<0,05).Results: Intake of low carbohydrate has 3 times risk for low birth weight (OR=3.46; 95%CI:1.25-9.47), intake of low fat has 5 times risk for low birth weight (OR=5.11; 95%CI:1.88-13.93), and intake of low protein has a 12 times risk for low birth weight (OR=12.21; 95%CI:3,97-37,94). A gestational weight gain is not following the IOM recommendations increased the risk of giving birth to a low weight baby (OR=3,96; 95%CI:1,49-10,53).Conclusion: Pregnant women with a low intake of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and weight gain are not following the recommended increased the risk of giving birth to a low weight baby.

Download Full-text

Impact of Second Trimester Maternal Dietary Intake on Gestational Weight Gain and Neonatal Birth Weight

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu9060627 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 627 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Malshani Pathirathna ◽

Kayoko Sekijima ◽

Mieko Sadakata ◽

Naoshi Fujiwara ◽

Yoshiyuki Muramatsu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Second Trimester ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Neonatal Birth Weight ◽

Maternal Dietary Intake

Download Full-text

Maternal nutritional adequacy and gestational weight gain and their associations with birth outcomes among Vietnamese women

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth ◽

10.1186/s12884-019-2643-6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nga Thuy Tran ◽

Lam Thi Nguyen ◽

Yatin Berde ◽

Yen Ling Low ◽

Siew Ling Tey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Birth Outcomes ◽

Maternal Nutrition ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Control Group ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Vietnamese Women

Abstract Background During pregnancy, a mother’s nutritional needs increase to meet the added nutrient demands for fetal growth and development. An enhanced understanding of adequate nutrition and sufficient weight gain during pregnancy can guide development of policies and strategies for maternal nutrition care, actions that will ultimately promote better pregnancy outcomes. In a sample of pregnant women in Vietnam, this study characterized maternal nutrition status and gestational weight gain at a mid-pregnancy baseline, then examined the association of these variables with specific birth outcomes. Methods The study used baseline data from a randomized, controlled trial that compared pregnant Vietnamese women who received a nutritional intervention group with those who received only standard dietary counseling (control group). At baseline (26–29 weeks gestation), mothers’ dietary reports were collected, and intake of 10 macro- and micronutrients was estimated; data for baseline gestational weight gain was collected for all pregnant women enrolled into the study (n = 228). This analysis also used weights, lengths, and head circumferences at birth for infants of mothers in the control group. Results At baseline, 95% of the pregnant women had concurrent inadequacies for more than five nutrients, and nearly half had concurrent inadequacies for more than ten nutrients. Almost two-thirds of the pregnant women did not meet recommendations for gestational weight gain. We found a significant, inverse association between the number of nutrient inadequacies and gestational weight gain (overall p ≤ 0.045). After adjusting for potential confounders, gestational weight gain was positively associated with birth weight, length at birth, birth weight-for-age z-score and length-for-age z-score (all p ≤ 0.006). Conclusions Our findings raise concern over the high proportion of pregnant women in Vietnam who have multiple concurrent nutrient inadequacies and who fall short of meeting recommended gestational weight gain standards. To ensure better birth outcomes in this population, policies and strategies to improve the status of maternal nutrition are greatly needed. Trial registration The trial was retrospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov on December 20, 2013, registration identifier: NCT02016586.

Download Full-text