scholarly journals Identification and Characterization of Glycoproteins and Their Responsive Patterns upon Ethylene Stimulation in the Rubber Latex

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Yu ◽  
Boxuan Yuan ◽  
Lingling Wang ◽  
Yong Sun ◽  
Guohua Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Mevalonate Pathway ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Protein Isoforms ◽  
Wild Type Plant ◽  
Rubber Latex ◽  
Rubber Biosynthesis ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Natural Rubber Biosynthesis

Natural rubber is an important industrial material, which is obtained from the only commercially cultivated rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis. In rubber latex production, ethylene has been extensively used as a stimulant. Recent research showed that post-translational modifications (PTMs) of latex proteins, such as phosphorylation, glycosylation and ubiquitination, are crucial in natural rubber biosynthesis. In this study, comparative proteomics was performed to identify the glycosylated proteins in rubber latex treated with ethylene for different days. Combined with Pro-Q Glycoprotein gel staining and mass spectrometry techniques, we provided the first visual profiling of glycoproteomics of rubber latex and finally identified 144 glycosylated protein species, including 65 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) after treating with ethylene for three and/or five days. Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation showed that these ethylene-responsive glycoproteins are mainly involved in cell parts, membrane components and metabolism. Pathway analysis demonstrated that these glycosylated rubber latex proteins are mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, degradation function and cellular processes in rubber latex metabolism. Protein–protein interaction analysis revealed that these DAPs are mainly centered on acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGS) in the mevalonate pathway for natural rubber biosynthesis. In our glycoproteomics, three protein isoforms of HMGS2 were identified from rubber latex, and only one HMGS2 isoform was sharply increased in rubber latex by ethylene treatment for five days. Furthermore, the HbHMGS2 gene was over-expressed in a model rubber-producing grass Taraxacum Kok-saghyz and rubber content in the roots of transgenic rubber grass was significantly increased over that in the wild type plant, indicating HMGS2 is the key component for natural rubber production.

Molecular Mechanisms of Natural Rubber Biosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 821-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Yamashita ◽  
Seiji Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Lipid Monolayer ◽  
Rubber Biosynthesis ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Natural Rubber Biosynthesis ◽  
Natural Hydrocarbon

Natural rubber (NR), principally comprising cis-1,4-polyisoprene, is an industrially important natural hydrocarbon polymer because of its unique physical properties, which render it suitable for manufacturing items such as tires. Presently, industrial NR production depends solely on latex obtained from the Pará rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis. In latex, NR is enclosed in rubber particles, which are specialized organelles comprising a hydrophobic NR core surrounded by a lipid monolayer and membrane-bound proteins. The similarity of the basic carbon skeleton structure between NR and dolichols and polyprenols, which are found in most organisms, suggests that the NR biosynthetic pathway is related to the polyisoprenoid biosynthetic pathway and that rubber transferase, which is the key enzyme in NR biosynthesis, belongs to the cis-prenyltransferase family. Here, we review recent progress in the elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying NR biosynthesis through the identification of the enzymes that are responsible for the formation of the NR backbone structure.

NATURAL RUBBER BIOSYNTHESIS: STILL A MYSTERY

2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judit E. Puskas ◽  
Carin A. Helfer
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Rubber Biosynthesis ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Living Carbocationic Polymerization ◽  
Heat Dispersion ◽  
Mechanism And Kinetics ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Natural Rubber Biosynthesis ◽  
Kinetics Of

ABSTRACT Currently, Hevea brasiliensis (the Brazilian rubber tree) is the only commercially available source of natural rubber (NR) for use in many products, which vary from tires to medical products such as adhesive bandages. H. brasiliensis NR is used in these products because after vulcanization, superior properties, which include elasticity, abrasion resistance, and efficient heat dispersion, result. Issues, such as increasing demand and risk of a single source, make a synthetic (manmade) NR an attractive option. However, after years of research efforts, the exact structure of high-molecular-weight NR is still unproven, and a synthetic NR with similar properties to H. brasiliensis NR still has not been developed. To create a replacement synthetic rubber for H. brasiliensis NR, we believe an understanding of NR biosynthesis is necessary. We present a view of NR biosynthesis from a polymer chemistry viewpoint that is based on insight into the mechanism and kinetics of living carbocationic polymerization.

Characterization of Lidocaine Transdermal Patches from Natural Rubber Latex

2013 ◽  
Vol 747 ◽  
pp. 103-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prapaporn Boonme ◽  
Hasleena Boontawee ◽  
Wirach Taweepreda ◽  
Wiwat Pichayakorn
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Rubber Latex ◽  
Transdermal Patches ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Main Component

The mucous liquid of Hevea brasiliensis or Para rubber tree, called natural rubber latex (NRL), composes of cis-1,4-polyisoprene which can form a patch under suitable formulation. In this study, blank and 5% lidocaine-loaded NRL patches were formulated and then characterized for physicochemical properties as well as evaluated in vitro drug release and stability. The patches were observed for their appearances. Surface morphology of the patches was investigated using a SEM. XRD was employed to study the crystallinity of the drug, the patch, and the drug-loaded patch. The extractions of lidocaine-loaded patches were analyzed for drug contents by HPLC. In vitro drug release study was performed using modified Franz diffusion cells. The patches at initial preparation and after kept at 4, 25, and 45 °C for 3 months were investigated for the stability determination. The results suggested that NRL could be used as a main component in pharmaceutical transdermal patches with acceptable physicochemical properties. Lidocaine-loaded NRL patches provided desirable drug release but high storage temperatures could age the patches resulting in darken color and lower release amount.

scholarly journals Preparation of composites from natural rubber and oil palm empty fruit bunch cellulose: Effect of cellulose morphology on properties

BioResources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 3168-3181 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Antonio Fiorote ◽  
Alair Pereira Freire ◽  
Dasciana de Sousa Rodrigues ◽  
Maria Alice Martins ◽  
Larissa Andreani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Rubber Latex ◽  
Nanostructured Particles ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Cellulose Composites

Rubber tree and oil palm are industrial crops cultivated in the same climate and environment. These plants are used to prepare nanocomposites of natural rubber and cellulose from empty fruit bunches, an abundant residue in the palm oil industry. For this study, the cellulose particles were extracted from the bunches and subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis or microfibrillation to produce nanostructured particles. The nanoparticles were blended with natural rubber latex in an aqueous medium, and the mixture was dried. The properties of the nanocomposites were compared to those of pure natural rubber and unprocessed cellulose composites. The mechanical properties of the natural rubber can be modified by the cellulose content and morphology. As a consequence, it is possible to modulate the material properties by changing only the filler morphology. The use of microfibrillated cellulose had stronger reinforcement effects. The thermal properties of natural rubber were not affected by the addition of cellulose.

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