Comparative Effects of Particle Sizes of Cobalt Nanoparticles to Nine Biological Activities

The differences in the toxicity of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co-NPs) of two different sizes were evaluated in the contexts of the activities of bacterial bioluminescence, xyl-lux gene, enzyme function and biosynthesis of β-galactosidase, bacterial gene mutation, algal growth, and plant seed germination and root/shoot growth. Each size of Co-NP exhibited a different level of toxicity (sensitivity) in each biological activity. No revertant mutagenic ratio (greater than 2.0) of Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 was observed under the test conditions in the case of gene-mutation experiments. Overall, the inhibitory effects on all five bacterial bioassays were greater than those on algal growth, seed germination, and root growth. However, in all cases, the small Co-NPs showed statistically greater (total average about two times) toxicity than the large Co-NPs, except in shoot growth, which showed no observable inhibition. These findings demonstrate that particle size may be an important physical factor determining the fate of Co-NPs in the environment. Moreover, combinations of results based on various biological activities and physicochemical properties, rather than only a single activity and property, would better facilitate accurate assessment of NPs’ toxicity in ecosystems.

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Evaluation of the Effects of Particle Sizes of Silver Nanoparticles on Various Biological Systems

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21228465 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (22) ◽

pp. 8465

Author(s):

In Chul Kong ◽

Kyung-Seok Ko ◽

Dong-Chan Koh

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Seed Germination ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Algal Growth ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Biosynthetic Activity ◽

Bacterial Bioluminescence ◽

Activity Of Enzymes ◽

Biological Methods

Seven biological methods were adopted (three bacterial activities of bioluminescence, enzyme, enzyme biosynthetic, algal growth, seed germination, and root and shoot growth) to compare the toxic effects of two different sizes of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). AgNPs showed a different sensitivity in each bioassay. Overall, the order of inhibitory effects was roughly observed as follows; bacterial bioluminescence activity ≈ root growth > biosynthetic activity of enzymes ≈ algal growth > seed germination ≈ enzymatic activity > shoot growth. For all bacterial activities (bioluminescence, enzyme, and enzyme biosynthesis), the small AgNPs showed statistically significantly higher toxicity than the large ones (p < 0.0036), while no significant differences were observed among other biological activities. The overall effects on the biological activities (except shoot growth) of the small AgNPs were shown to have about 4.3 times lower EC50 (high toxicity) value than the large AgNPs. These results also indicated that the bacterial bioluminescence activity appeared to be an appropriate method among the tested ones in terms of both sensitivity and the discernment of particle sizes of AgNPs.

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ZnO Nanoparticles: Effect of Size on Bacterial Bioluminescence, Seed Germination, Algal Growth, and Gene Mutation

Environmental Engineering Science ◽

10.1089/ees.2017.0206 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 231-239 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

In Chul Kong ◽

Ramesh Raliya ◽

Kyung-Seok Ko ◽

Pratim Biswas

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Gene Mutation ◽

Zno Nanoparticles ◽

Algal Growth ◽

Bacterial Bioluminescence

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Joint effects of heavy metal binary mixtures on seed germination, root and shoot growth, bacterial bioluminescence, and gene mutation

Journal of Environmental Sciences ◽

10.1016/s1001-0742(12)60174-0 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 889-894 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

In Chul Kong

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Seed Germination ◽

Gene Mutation ◽

Binary Mixtures ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Joint Effects ◽

Bacterial Bioluminescence ◽

Root And Shoot Growth

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Effects of properties of metal-contaminated soils on bacterial bioluminescence activity, seed germination, and root and shoot growth

SpringerPlus ◽

10.1186/s40064-016-1774-8 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Il-Mo Kang ◽

In Chul Kong

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Contaminated Soils ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Bacterial Bioluminescence ◽

Root And Shoot Growth

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PRE and POST Herbicidal Activity of Monoterpenes against Barnyard Grass (Echinochloa crus-galli)

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-15-00045.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

pp. 191-200 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Neama A. A. Gouda ◽

Mona M. G. Saad ◽

Samir A. M. Abdelgaleil

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Seed Germination ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Herbicidal Activity ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Total Phenolic Compounds ◽

Chlorophyll Contents

Monoterpenes, the major constituents of essential oils, are known for their diverse biological activities. This study was conducted to assess the herbicidal effect of six monoterpenes viz. (R)-carvone, 1,8-cineole, cuminaldehyde, (S)-fenchone, geraniol, (S)-limonene, and (R)-linalool on barnyardgrass under laboratory and glasshouse conditions with a view to explore the possibility of their utilization for future weed management. The effect of monoterpenes on chlorophyll contents and total phenolic compounds was also evaluated. The inhibitory effects of monoterpenes on seed germination and seedling growth were tested at concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mM. The results showed that geraniol and (R)-carvone caused greatest reduction of seed germination with complete inhibition at the concentrations > 2 mM. Similarly, these two compounds were the most potent inhibiters for root and shoot growth. In general, monoterpenes were less effective against seed germination than seedling growth. Furthermore, the inhibition of root growth by all compounds was greater than that of shoot growth. In foliar application treatments under glasshouse conditions, the monoterpenes reduced the fresh and dry weights, and shoot length of two-leaf stage barnyardgrass at concentrations of 1 and 2%. In addition, the tested monoterpenes caused phytotoxicity symptoms, mainly chlorosis and necrosis, followed by weed death. Complete weed control was observed in the treatments with 1 and 2% of geraniol, and 2% of cuminaldehyde. Further, a reduction of chlorophyll contents and total phenolic compounds of barnyardgrass leaves was noticed, indicating that the monoterpenes cause adverse effect on photosynthesis and weed metabolism. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the monoterpenes, particularly geraniol, (R)-carvone, and cuminaldehyde, can be used as potential natural herbicides.

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Does N deposition mitigate the adverse impacts of drought stress on plant seed germination and seedling growth?

Acta Oecologica ◽

10.1016/j.actao.2020.103650 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 109 ◽

pp. 103650

Author(s):

Shu Wang ◽

Mei Wei ◽

Bingde Wu ◽

Huiyuan Cheng ◽

Kun Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Seed Germination ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

N Deposition ◽

Plant Seed ◽

Adverse Impacts

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Allelopathic Interactions of Parthenium hysterophorous with Kidney Bean, Phaseolus vulgaris

Asian Journal of Biology ◽

10.9734/ajob/2020/v10i330108 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 25-33

Author(s):

H. M. Tsingalia ◽

J. M. Auma

Keyword(s):

Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽

Seed Germination ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Combined Treatment ◽

Kidney Bean ◽

Root Extract ◽

Indigenous Species ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Leaf Extracts

Allelopathy, an important mechanism in invasive species stems from the lack of coevolved tolerance of indigenous species to novel chemicals released by the invader species. These chemicals are key to successful invasive of species of natural plant communities and ecosystems. This study analyzed the allelopathic effects of the invasive plant, Parthenium hysterophorous on the growth of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). One hundred and fifty viable kidney bean seeds were washed in distilled water, and transferred in triplicates to pots with wet sterile sand. Ten grams of freshly collected Parthenium leaves and roots were weighed, grounded separately using a mortar and a pestle, mixed with 100 ml of distilled water in a beaker and left for 24 hours in a dark at a room temperature (250C). The aqueous extract filtrates were used in experimental treatments. While untreated (control) seeds germinated on day 4 seeds treated with leaf extract germinated on day 14 and day 9 for the root extract. Leaf extract inhibited germination and sprouting of new leaves more effectively than root extract. Leaves in control seeds appeared on day 1 after germination. In treated seeds, leaves appeared on the 4th day then stagnated until day 15 when more leaves sprouted. Root extract significantly depressed seed germination. The number of new leaves increased significantly in control seedlings compared to the treated ones. Combined root and leaf extracts highly significantly inhibited of seed germination and the number of new leaves. Additionally, combined treatment with root and leaf extracts significantly inhibited shoot growth, and the increase in leaf length and width. A comparison of the effectiveness of the root and leaf extracts showed that leaf extract was more effective in inhibiting shoot growth and leaf width than the root extract.

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Chemical Compositions, Phytotoxicity, and Biological Activities of Acorus Calamus Essential Oils from Nepal

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1300800839 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 1934578X1300800 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Prabodh Satyal ◽

Prajwal Paudel ◽

Ambika Poudel ◽

Noura S. Dosoky ◽

Debra M. Moriarity ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Aspergillus Niger ◽

Seed Germination ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Brine Shrimp ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Acorus Calamus ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Seedling Growth Inhibition ◽

Mcf 7

Four essential oils from the leaf (P23) and rhizomes (P19, P22, P24) of Acorus calamus L., collected from various parts of Nepal, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. From a total of 61 peaks, 57 compounds were identified among the four essential oils accounting for 94.3%, 96.2%, 97.6%, and 94.1% of the oils, respectively. All of the essential oils were dominated by ( Z)-asarone (78.1%–86.9%). The essential oils also contained ( E)-asarone (1.9%–9.9%) and small amounts of γ-asarone (2.0–2.3%), ( Z)-methyl isoeugenol (1.5–2.0%), and linalool (0.2–4.3%). Allelopathic testing of the rhizome oil showed inhibition of seed germination of Lactuca sativa and Lolium perenne with IC50 values of 450 and 737 μg/mL, respectively. The rhizome essential oil demonstrated stronger seedling growth inhibition of L. perenne than of L. sativa, however. The rhizome oil also showed notable brine shrimp lethality ( LC50 = 9.48 μg/mL), cytotoxic activity (92.2% kill on MCF-7 cells at 100 μg/mL), and antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger (MIC = 19.5 μg/mL).

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Germination Ecology of Milkweedvine (Morrenia odorata)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500059981 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 32 (6) ◽

pp. 781-785 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Megh Singh ◽

Nagi Reddy Achhireddy

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Osmotic Stress ◽

Root Growth ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Germination Percentage ◽

Planting Depth ◽

Germination Ecology ◽

Optimum Ph

The germination of milkweedvine (Morrenia odorataLindl. ♯3MONOD) seed at 20 or 25 C was unaffected by a 12-h photoperiod. The 12-h photoperiod, however, decreased germination by 50% at 15 C. No germination occurred at 35 C regardless of photoperiod. By alternating 35 C for 12 h with 20 C for 12 h, the germination percentage was 57%. Seedling growth was maximum at alternating temperatures of 30/20 C. Optimum pH for germination and seedling growth was 7 and germination did not occur at pH levels below 6. Seed germination declined steadily at osmotic stress below −0.12 MPa; no germination occurred at −0.5 MPa. Seedling growth was not influenced by osmotic stress down to −0.18 MPa. Germination percentages of seeds kept under aerated water and nonaerated water were similar, but the seedling growth was greater in aerated water. Seedling emergence was maximum from depths of 0.5 to 2.5 cm, but no seedling emerged from 0 or 10 cm. Planting depth was negatively correlated (r = −0.7) with shoot growth but positively correlated (r = +0.98) to root growth.

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