scholarly journals Acute and Chronic Pain from Facial Skin and Oral Mucosa: Unique Neurobiology and Challenging Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5810
Author(s):  
Man-Kyo Chung ◽  
Sheng Wang ◽  
Se-Lim Oh ◽  
Yu Shin Kim
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential Channels ◽  
Intractable Pain ◽  
Facial Skin ◽  
Trigeminal Neuropathy

The oral cavity is a portal into the digestive system, which exhibits unique sensory properties. Like facial skin, the oral mucosa needs to be exquisitely sensitive and selective, in order to detect harmful toxins versus edible food. Chemosensation and somatosensation by multiple receptors, including transient receptor potential channels, are well-developed to meet these needs. In contrast to facial skin, however, the oral mucosa rarely exhibits itch responses. Like the gut, the oral cavity performs mechanical and chemical digestion. Therefore, the oral mucosa needs to be insensitive, to some degree, in order to endure noxious irritation. Persistent pain from the oral mucosa is often due to ulcers, involving both tissue injury and infection. Trigeminal nerve injury and trigeminal neuralgia produce intractable pain in the orofacial skin and the oral mucosa, through mechanisms distinct from those seen in the spinal area, which is particularly difficult to predict or treat. The diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic chronic pain, such as atypical odontalgia (idiopathic painful trigeminal neuropathy or post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathy) and burning mouth syndrome, remain especially challenging. The central integration of gustatory inputs might modulate chronic oral and facial pain. A lack of pain in chronic inflammation inside the oral cavity, such as chronic periodontitis, involves the specialized functioning of oral bacteria. A more detailed understanding of the unique neurobiology of pain from the orofacial skin and the oral mucosa should help us develop novel methods for better treating persistent orofacial pain.

scholarly journals Electroacupuncture Regulates Pain Transition Through Inhibiting PKCε and TRPV1 Expression in Dorsal Root Ganglion

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junfan Fang ◽  
Sisi Wang ◽  
Jie Zhou ◽  
Xiaomei Shao ◽  
Haiju Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglion ◽  
Acute Pain ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid

Many cases of acute pain can be resolved with few side effects. However, some cases of acute pain may persist beyond the time required for tissue injury recovery and transit to chronic pain, which is hard to treat. The mechanisms underlying pain transition are not entirely understood, and treatment strategies are lacking. In this study, the hyperalgesic priming model was established on rats to study pain transition by injection of carrageenan (Car) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The expression levels of protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in the L4–L6 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were investigated. Electroacupuncture (EA) is a form of acupuncture in which a small electric current is passed between a pair of acupuncture needles. EA was administrated, and its effect on hyperalgesia and PKCε and TRPV1 expression was investigated. The PKCε–TRPV1 signaling pathway in DRG was implicated in the pain transition. EA increased the pain threshold of model animals and regulated the high expression of PKCε and TRPV1. Moreover, EA also regulated hyperalgesia and high TRPV1 expression induced by selective PKCε activation. We also found that EA partly increased chronic pain threshold, even though it was only administered between the Car and PGE2 injections. These findings suggested that EA could prevent the transition from acute to chronic pain by inhibiting the PKCε and TRPV1 expression in the peripheral nervous system.

Transient receptor potential channels in the context of nociception and pain – recent insights into TRPM3 properties and function

2019 ◽  
Vol 400 (7) ◽  
pp. 917-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Behrendt
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential Channels ◽  
Mechanical Pressure ◽  
Noxious Heat ◽  
Potential Channels ◽  
Transient Receptor ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
And Function

Abstract Potential harmful stimuli like heat, mechanical pressure or chemicals are detected by specialized cutaneous nerve fiber endings of nociceptor neurons in a process called nociception. Acute stimulation results in immediate protective reflexes and pain sensation as a normal, physiological behavior. However, ongoing (chronic) pain is a severe pathophysiological condition with diverse pathogeneses that is clinically challenging because of limited therapeutic options. Therefore, an urgent need exists for new potent and specific analgesics without afflicting adverse effects. Recently, TRPM3, a member of the superfamily of transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, has been shown to be expressed in nociceptors and to be involved in the detection of noxious heat (acute pain) as well as inflammatory hyperalgesia (acute and chronic pain). Current results in TRPM3 research indicate that this ion channel might not only be part of yet unraveled mechanisms underlying chronic pain but also has the potential to become a clinically relevant pharmacological target of future analgesic strategies. The aim of this review is to summarize and present the basic features of TRPM3 proteins and channels, to highlight recent findings and developments and to provide an outlook on emerging directions of TRPM3 research in the field of chronic pain.

scholarly journals Transient Receptor Potential Channels and Botulinum Neurotoxins in Chronic Pain

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Jin Go ◽  
Jeongkyu Ji ◽  
Yong Ho Kim ◽  
Temugin Berta ◽  
Chul-Kyu Park
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Trp Channels ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential Channels ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Botulinum Neurotoxins ◽  
Potential Channels ◽  
Transient Receptor ◽  
And Function

Pain afflicts more than 1.5 billion people worldwide, with hundreds of millions suffering from unrelieved chronic pain. Despite widespread recognition of the importance of developing better interventions for the relief of chronic pain, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this condition. However, transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels in nociceptors have been shown to be essential players in the generation and progression of pain and have attracted the attention of several pharmaceutical companies as therapeutic targets. Unfortunately, TRP channel inhibitors have failed in clinical trials, at least in part due to their thermoregulatory function. Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have emerged as novel and safe pain therapeutics because of their regulation of exocytosis and pro-nociceptive neurotransmitters. However, it is becoming evident that BoNTs also regulate the expression and function of TRP channels, which may explain their analgesic effects. Here, we summarize the roles of TRP channels in pain, with a particular focus on TRPV1 and TRPA1, their regulation by BoNTs, and briefly discuss the use of BoNTs for the treatment of chronic pain.

scholarly journals Emerging Roles for Ion Channels in Ovarian Cancer: Pathomechanisms and Pharmacological Treatment

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 668
Author(s):  
Concetta Altamura ◽  
Maria Raffaella Greco ◽  
Maria Rosaria Carratù ◽  
Rosa Angela Cardone ◽  
Jean-François Desaphy
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Ion Channels ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Gynecologic Cancer ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential Channels ◽  
Platinum Resistance

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the deadliest gynecologic cancer, due to late diagnosis, development of platinum resistance, and inadequate alternative therapy. It has been demonstrated that membrane ion channels play important roles in cancer processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, motility, and invasion. Here, we review the contribution of ion channels in the development and progression of OC, evaluating their potential in clinical management. Increased expression of voltage-gated and epithelial sodium channels has been detected in OC cells and tissues and shown to be involved in cancer proliferation and invasion. Potassium and calcium channels have been found to play a critical role in the control of cell cycle and in the resistance to apoptosis, promoting tumor growth and recurrence. Overexpression of chloride and transient receptor potential channels was found both in vitro and in vivo, supporting their contribution to OC. Furthermore, ion channels have been shown to influence the sensitivity of OC cells to neoplastic drugs, suggesting a critical role in chemotherapy resistance. The study of ion channels expression and function in OC can improve our understanding of pathophysiology and pave the way for identifying ion channels as potential targets for tumor diagnosis and treatment.

scholarly journals Intractable Itch in Atopic Dermatitis: Causes and Treatments

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Yoshie Umehara ◽  
Chanisa Kiatsurayanon ◽  
Juan Valentin Trujillo-Paez ◽  
Panjit Chieosilapatham ◽  
Ge Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential Channels ◽  
Protease Activated Receptors ◽  
H1 Antihistamines ◽  
Potential Channels

Itch or pruritus is the hallmark of atopic dermatitis and is defined as an unpleasant sensation that evokes the desire to scratch. It is also believed that itch is a signal of danger from various environmental factors or physiological abnormalities. Because histamine is a well-known substance inducing itch, H1-antihistamines are the most frequently used drugs to treat pruritus. However, H1-antihistamines are not fully effective against intractable itch in patients with atopic dermatitis. Given that intractable itch is a clinical problem that markedly decreases quality of life, its treatment in atopic dermatitis is of high importance. Histamine-independent itch may be elicited by various pruritogens, including proteases, cytokines, neuropeptides, lipids, and opioids, and their cognate receptors, such as protease-activated receptors, cytokine receptors, Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors, opioid receptors, and transient receptor potential channels. In addition, cutaneous hyperinnervation is partly involved in itch sensitization in the periphery. It is believed that dry skin is a key feature of intractable itch in atopic dermatitis. Treatment of the underlying conditions that cause itch is necessary to improve the quality of life of patients with atopic dermatitis. This review describes current insights into the pathophysiology of itch and its treatment in atopic dermatitis.

scholarly journals Cannabis sativa L. as a Natural Drug Meeting the Criteria of a Multitarget Approach to Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 778
Author(s):  
Anna Stasiłowicz ◽  
Anna Tomala ◽  
Irma Podolak ◽  
Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
Keyword(s):  
Pharmacological Activity ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential Channels ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor

Cannabis sativa L. turned out to be a valuable source of chemical compounds of various structures, showing pharmacological activity. The most important groups of compounds include phytocannabinoids and terpenes. The pharmacological activity of Cannabis (in epilepsy, sclerosis multiplex (SM), vomiting and nausea, pain, appetite loss, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), Parkinson’s disease, Tourette’s syndrome, schizophrenia, glaucoma, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)), which has been proven so far, results from the affinity of these compounds predominantly for the receptors of the endocannabinoid system (the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), type two (CB2), and the G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55)) but, also, for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), glycine receptors, serotonin receptors (5-HT), transient receptor potential channels (TRP), and GPR, opioid receptors. The synergism of action of phytochemicals present in Cannabis sp. raw material is also expressed in their increased bioavailability and penetration through the blood–brain barrier. This review provides an overview of phytochemistry and pharmacology of compounds present in Cannabis extracts in the context of the current knowledge about their synergistic actions and the implications of clinical use in the treatment of selected diseases.

Facial skin blood flow responses to irritant stimuli in the oral cavity

2013 ◽  
Vol 174 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideaki Kashima ◽  
Naoyuki Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Skin Blood Flow ◽  
Facial Skin

scholarly journals Effects of Ginger and its Pungent Constituents on Transient Receptor Potential Channels

2017 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 250a
Author(s):  
Young-Soo Kim ◽  
Chan Sik Hong ◽  
Sang Weon Lee ◽  
Joo Hyun Nam ◽  
Byung Joo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential Channels ◽  
Potential Channels ◽  
Transient Receptor
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