scholarly journals Evasion of the Host Immune Response by Betaherpesviruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7503
Author(s):  
Daniel Sausen ◽  
Kirstin Reed ◽  
Maimoona Bhutta ◽  
Elisa Gallo ◽  
Ronen Borenstein
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Human Immune Response ◽  
Human Immune

The human immune system boasts a diverse array of strategies for recognizing and eradicating invading pathogens. Human betaherpesviruses, a highly prevalent subfamily of viruses, include human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpesvirus (HHV) 6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7. These viruses have evolved numerous mechanisms for evading the host response. In this review, we will highlight the complex interplay between betaherpesviruses and the human immune response, focusing on protein function. We will explore methods by which the immune system first responds to betaherpesvirus infection as well as mechanisms by which viruses subvert normal cellular functions to evade the immune system and facilitate viral latency, persistence, and reactivation. Lastly, we will briefly discuss recent advances in vaccine technology targeting betaherpesviruses. This review aims to further elucidate the dynamic interactions between betaherpesviruses and the human immune system.

Creative Ideas for Biology Podcasts: The Immune System as an Example

2011 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet De Souza-Hart
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
Digital Audio ◽  
Lord Of The Rings ◽  
Course Material ◽  
Human Immune Response ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Audio Files ◽  
The Many

Podcasts (digital audio files) can be utilized creatively to supplement classroom learning. They can be both easily created by instructors and conveniently accessed by students. Students are very receptive to the use of this type of technology as a way to reinforce conceptual understanding of course material. An activity combining a podcast with an active-learning worksheet references the literary classic "The Lord of the Rings" as an analogy to help students understand the many proteins, cells, and processes involved in the human immune response. This activity has helped a significant number of students improve their understanding of this subject.

scholarly journals On the Coupling of Two Models of the Human Immune Response to an Antigen

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bárbara de M. Quintela ◽  
Rodrigo Weber dos Santos ◽  
Marcelo Lobosco
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Differential Equations ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Systemic Response ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Human Immune Response ◽  
Human Immune

The development of mathematical models of the immune response allows a better understanding of the multifaceted mechanisms of the defense system. The main purpose of this work is to present a scheme for coupling distinct models of different scales and aspects of the immune system. As an example, we propose a new model where the local tissue inflammation processes are simulated with partial differential equations (PDEs) whereas a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) is used as a model for the systemic response. The simulation of distinct scenarios allows the analysis of the dynamics of various immune cells in the presence of an antigen. Preliminary results of this approach with a sensitivity analysis of the coupled model are shown but further validation is still required.

scholarly journals Mecanismos de la respuesta inmune adaptativa: respuesta específica y de protección a largo plazo

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 25-43
Author(s):  
William de Jesús Ríos-Ríos ◽  
Jair Aguilar-Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganism ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Specific Immunity ◽  
Human Immune

The human immune system has evolvedtoachieveahighlyefficient, specialized and specific immunity against particular molecular structures of each pathogenic microorganism and to develop mechanisms allowing to respond more quickly and efficiently to subsequent encounters with the same invading agent: the adaptive immune response. This paper describes the connection between the innate and adaptive immune response, as well as the cellular and humoral mechanisms of control and long-term protection of the adaptive immune response.

scholarly journals COVID-19: human immune response and the influence of food ingredients and active compounds

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Raphael Ayivi ◽  
Salam Ibrahim ◽  
Heather Colleran ◽  
Roberta Silva ◽  
Leonard Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Influence Of Food ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
The Impact

The human immune system is the first line of defense in the prevention of viruses and diseases, and several immune response mechanisms are engaged at the onset of a pathogenic attack. In this review, we elucidate the human immune system as a critical element in protecting humans from COVID-19 by describing the immune process, explaining how the immune system functions, and highlighting the immune system’s global importance in fighting infections. Potential challenges that limit the  proper functioning of the immune system are also discussed. In addition, we address the impact of nutrition on boosting the body’s defenses against COVID-19. For example, some foods and active compounds from food ingredients have been suggested as a way to strengthen the immune system. Physical exercise has also been encouraged as an important way to support the immune response to viral infections. The aim of this review is thus to outline holistic self-defense immunity mechanisms that can help to reduce the risk of viral infections in humans. This review could therefore be used as a comprehensive resource for educating consumers and the general public about measures that can enhance the body’s immune support system as we continue to fight COVID-19 and its variants.Keywords: Immunity, Covid-19 COVID-19, Nutrition, Bioactive compounds, Food Ingredients

scholarly journals A comprehensive logic-based model of the human immune system to study the dynamics responses to mono- and coinfections

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhanwar Lal Puniya ◽  
Robert Moore ◽  
Akram Mohammed ◽  
Rada Amin ◽  
Alyssa La Fleur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Human Immune

AbstractThe human immune system, which protects against pathogens and diseases, is a complex network of cells and molecules. The effects of complex dynamical interactions of pathogens and immune cells on the immune response can be studied using computational models. However, a model of the entire immune system is still lacking. Here, we developed a comprehensive computational model that integrates innate and adaptive immune cells, cytokines, immunoglobulins, and nine common pathogens from different classes of virus, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. This model was used to investigate the dynamics of the immune system under two scenarios: (1) single infection with pathogens, and (2) various medically relevant pathogen coinfections. In coinfections, we found that the order of infecting pathogens has a significant impact on the dynamics of cytokines and immunoglobulins. Thus, our model provides a tool to simulate immune responses under different dosage of pathogens and their combinations, which can be further extended and used as a tool for drug discovery and immunotherapy. Furthermore, the model provides a comprehensive and simulatable blueprint of the human immune system as a result of the synthesis of the vast knowledge about the network-like interactions of various components of the system.

scholarly journals Computational Modeling of Microabscess Formation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Bittencourt Pigozzo ◽  
Gilson Costa Macedo ◽  
Rodrigo Weber dos Santos ◽  
Marcelo Lobosco
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Human Immune

Bacterial infections can be of two types: acute or chronic. The chronic bacterial infections are characterized by being a large bacterial infection and/or an infection where the bacteria grows rapidly. In these cases, the immune response is not capable of completely eliminating the infection which may lead to the formation of a pattern known as microabscess (or abscess). The microabscess is characterized by an area comprising fluids, bacteria, immune cells (mainly neutrophils), and many types of dead cells. This distinct pattern of formation can only be numerically reproduced and studied by models that capture the spatiotemporal dynamics of the human immune system (HIS). In this context, our work aims to develop and implement an initial computational model to study the process of microabscess formation during a bacterial infection.

scholarly journals Immune System and Kidney Transplantation

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (208) ◽  
pp. 482-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Badri Man Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Kidney Transplantation ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immunosuppressive Agents ◽  
Graft Loss ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
And Function ◽  
Transplanted Organs

The immune system recognises a transplanted kidney as foreign body and mounts immune response through cellular and humoral mechanisms leading to acute or chronic rejection, which ultimately results in graft loss. Over the last five decades, there have been significant advances in the understanding of the immune responses to transplanted organs in both experimental and clinical transplant settings. Modulation of the immune response by using immunosuppressive agents has led to successful outcomes after kidney transplantation. The paper provides an overview of the general organisation and function of human immune system, immune response to kidney transplantation, and the current practice of immunosuppressive therapy in kidney transplantation in the United Kingdom.

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