scholarly journals Cyclanilide Induces Lateral Bud Outgrowth by Modulating Cytokinin Biosynthesis and Signalling Pathways in Apple Identified via Transcriptome Analysis

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 581
Author(s):  
Juanjuan Ma ◽  
Lingling Xie ◽  
Qian Zhao ◽  
Yiting Sun ◽  
Dong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Zeatin Riboside ◽  
Response Regulators ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Cytokinin Biosynthesis ◽  
Exogenous Application ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Metabolism Gene

Cyclanilide (CYC), a plant growth regulator, is a potent shoot branching agent in apple. However, its mechanism remains unclear. The current study revealed that CYC treatment resulted in massive reprogramming of the axillary bud transcriptome, implicating several hormones in the response. We observed a marked increase (approximately 2-fold) in the level of zeatin riboside and a significant decrease (approximately 2-fold) in the level of abscisic acid (ABA). Zeatin metabolism gene cytokinin (CTK) oxidase 1 (CKX 1) was down-regulated at 168 h after CYC treatment compared with the control. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis of differentially expressed genes demonstrated the turquoise module clusters exhibited the highest positive correlation with zeatin riboside (r = 0.92) and the highest negative correlation with ABA (r = −0.8). A total of 37 genes were significantly enriched in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway in the turquoise module. Among them, the expressions of CTK receptor genes WOODEN LEG and the CTK type-A response regulators genes ARR3 and ARR9 were up-regulated. ABA signal response genes protein phosphatase 2C genes ABI2 and ABI5 were down-regulated in lateral buds after CYC treatment at 168 h. In addition, exogenous application of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA, a synthetic type of CTK) and CYC enhanced the inducing effect of CYC, whereas exogenous application of lovastatin (a synthetic type of inhibitor of CTK biosynthesis) or ABA and CYC weakened the promoting effect of CYC. These results collectively revealed that the stimulation of bud growth by CYC might involve CTK biosynthesis and signalling, including genes CKX1 and ARR3/9, which provided a direction for further study of the branching promoting mechanism of CYC.

Lateral bud growth on excised stem segments: effect of the stem

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol A. Peterson ◽  
R. A. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Apical Part ◽  
Endogenous Auxin ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Cotyledonary Nodes ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Stem Segments

Lateral buds at the cotyledonary nodes of soybean plants grown under the conditions used in this study usually remain inhibited. These buds grow when the apical part of the plant is removed. They will grow, but less strongly, when the roots as well as the apex of the plant are removed and the basal end of the cut stem is placed in a mineral salt solution. Bud growth is further diminished by decreasing the length of stem left attached to the bud. The cotyledon is essential for bud growth on plant segments maintained in nutrient solution, but it can be replaced by a 1% sucrose solution during the early days of bud growth. Buds which are completely detached from the stem and placed in 1% sucrose do not elongate, but a small number of cell divisions are detectable, indicating that the early events of the release from inhibition have occurred. Buds elongate when they are apically or centrally located on stem segments. Increasing the length of the attached stem segments increases the growth of the buds. Additions of the cytokinin benzyladenine to plants causes a dramatic increase in bud growth when buds are attached to stem segments but does not stimulate growth of buds without stem segments. It is concluded that benzyladenine alone will not substitute for a factor(s) present in the stem which is necessary for bud growth. Increasing stem lengths above buds located at the basal ends of segments inhibits bud growth. It is suggested that this may be due to an accumulation of endogenous auxin at the site of the buds.

scholarly journals Apical Dominance in Apple (Malus domestica Borkh): The Possible Role of Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA)

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (6) ◽  
pp. 1215-1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiow Y. Wang ◽  
Miklos Faust ◽  
Michael J. Line
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Proton Density ◽  
Membrane Lipid Composition ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
Bud Growth

The effect of IAA on apical dominance in apple buds was examined in relation to changes in proton density (free water) and membrane lipid composition in lateral buds. Decapitation induced budbreak and enhanced lateral bud growth. IAA replaced apical control of lateral buds and maintained paradormancy. Maximal inhibition was obtained when IAA was applied immediately after the apical bud was removed; delaying application reduced the effect of IAA. An increase in proton density in lateral buds was observed 2 days after decapitation, whereas the change in membrane lipid composition occurred 4 days later. Removing the terminal bud increased membrane galacto- and phospholipids and the ratio of unsaturated to corresponding saturated fatty acids. Decapitation also decreased the ratio of free sterols to phospholipids in lateral buds. Applying thidiazuron to lateral buds of decapitated shoots enhanced these effects, whereas applying IAA to the terminal end of decapitated shoots inhibited the increase of proton density and prevented changes in membrane lipid composition in lateral buds. These results suggest that change in water movement alters membrane lipid composition and then induces lateral bud growth. IAA, presumably produced by the terminal bud, restricts the movement of water to lateral buds and inhibits their growth in apple.

Banana plant growth. 1. Gross morphology

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (55) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Turner
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Banana Plant ◽  
Root Numbers ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
Phases Of Development ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Sigmoid Growth Curve

Bananas plants (CV. Williams) at Alstonville, New South Wales, were sampled every two weeks from planting in November 1967 until early post emergence of the fruit in Map 1969. Records were kept of sucker, root, and inflorescence growth. On morphological grounds, the life of one apex was divided into five stages. The end points of these stages were : corm formation, commencement of lateral bud growth, floral initiation, bunch emergence, and harvest. Lateral buds, or suckers, commenced to grow after twelve foliate leaves were produced. Lateral bud development on the parent decreased as it commenced on the ratoon 1 crop. A total of 25 lateral buds showed some swelling but only 13 grew above ground level. All but one of these were removed when the plants were desuckered. After 19 months of growth, half of the live roots arose from gouged sucker remains. No decrease in root numbers was observed on the parent after bunch emergence. The first desuckering, nine months after planting, reduced the total number of roots on the plant by about 50 per cent. The young fruit underwent a sigmoid growth curve during the pre-emergence and early post-emergence phases of development. The most rapid growth of the fruit in terms of fresh weight increase occurred during the five to six weeks before emergence of the bunch.

Penicillin inhibition of release of lateral buds of gram (Cicer arietinum) seedlings from apical dominance

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2391-2393
Author(s):  
Monidipa Sen ◽  
Subires Bhattacharya ◽  
S. Mukherji
Keyword(s):  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Maleic Hydrazide ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Auxin Action ◽  
Cicer Arietinum L ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
Bud Growth

The effect of penicillin on apical dominance was investigated in gram (Cicer arietinum L.) seedlings. Application of penicillin to the decapitated stump was found to reestablish apical dominance in preventing the growth of lateral buds. Penicillin was seen to mimic auxin action in this system. Penicillin inhibition of lateral bud growth was relieved by the simultaneous application of antiauxins like 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid and maleic hydrazide. An increase in auxin-synthesizing capacity of the treated tissue has been suggested as the possible mode of action of penicillin in the regulation of lateral bud growth.

scholarly journals Expression Analysis of DgD14, DgBRC1 and DgLsL in the Process of Chrysanthemum Lateral Bud Formation

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1221
Author(s):  
Cheng Luo ◽  
Xin-Jie Wang ◽  
Ai-Ning Ran ◽  
Jing-Jing Song ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
Regulation Mechanisms ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Single Flower ◽  
Bud Removal

The growth of lateral bud can greatly affect the development of apical bud and reduce the quality of single-flower cut chrysanthemum. However, the wide use of artificial bud removal in production leads to the increase on production cost. Therefore, it is important to study the lateral bud development mechanism in chrysanthemum for plant type regulation and genetic improvement. Auxin (IAA), cytokinins (CKs) and strigolactones (SLs) have direct or indirect effects on the formation of lateral buds. D14, BRC1 and LsL are key factors regulating the signal pathways of hormones, but their regulation mechanisms on the development of lateral buds in chrysanthemum are still unclear. In this study, single-flower cut chrysanthemum ‘Jinba’ and spray cut chrysanthemum ‘Fenyan’ were used as experimental materials. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to observe the effects of apical bud removal and exogenous hormones on the growth of lateral buds and the expression levels of DgD14, DgBRC1 and DgLsL, so as to clarify the expression characteristics of three genes in the process of lateral bud formation. The results showed that GA was effective in promoting the growth of lateral buds, whereas IAA and ABA had little effects on lateral bud growth or even inhibited. Removing apical dominance can significantly affect the expression levels of three genes, which regulated the formation and elongation of lateral buds. Additionally, the three genes showed different responses to different hormone treatments. DgD14 had a significant response to GA, but a gentle response to ABA. The expression levels of DgBRC1 varied in different trends, and it responded to IAA in a more dramatic way. The levels of DgLsL reached the peaks quickly before decreased in most experimental groups, and its response to GA was extraordinary severe.

scholarly journals Low Doses of Methylmercury Induce the Proliferation of Thyroid Cells In Vitro Through Modulation of ERK Pathway

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Maggisano ◽  
Stefania Bulotta ◽  
Marilena Celano ◽  
Jessica Maiuolo ◽  
Saverio Massimo Lepore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Immunoblot Analysis ◽  
Thyroid Cell ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Thyroid Cells ◽  
M Phase ◽  
High Concentrations

Exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors has been associated with an increased frequency of thyroid pathology. In this study, we evaluated the effects of various concentrations of methylmercury (MeHg) on immortalized, non-tumorigenic thyroid cells (Nthy-ori-3-1). Exposure to MeHg at 2.5 and 5 µM for 24 h caused a reduction in cell viability with a decrease of the cell population in sub-G0 phase, as detected by MTT and flow cytometry. Conversely, MeHg at the lower concentration of 0.1 µM increased the cell viability with a rise of G2/M phase. An immunoblot analysis showed higher expression levels of phospho-ERK and not of phospho-Akt. Further enhancement of the cell growth rate was observed after a prolonged exposure of the cells up to 18 days to MeHg 0.1 µM. The present findings demonstrate the toxicity of high concentrations of MeHg on thyroid cells, while showing that treatment with lower doses of Hg, as may occur after prolonged exposure to this environmental contaminant, exerts a promoting effect on thyroid cell proliferation, by acting on the ERK-mediated pro-oncogenic signal transduction pathway.

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