scholarly journals Perceptions and Misperceptions of Smartphone Use: Applying the Social Norms Approach

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
John McAlaney ◽  
Mohamed Basel Almourad ◽  
Georgina Powell ◽  
Raian Ali
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Digital Devices ◽  
The Social ◽  
Smartphone Use ◽  
Digital Addiction ◽  
Peer Use ◽  
Established Technique

The social norms approach is an established technique to bring about behaviour change through challenging misperceptions of peer behaviour. This approach is limited by a reliance on self-report and a lack of interactivity with the target population. At the same time, excessive use of digital devices, known as digital addiction, has been recognized as an emergent issue. There is potential to apply the social norms approach to digital addiction and, in doing so, address some of the limitations of the social norms field. In this study, we trialled a social norms intervention with a sample of smartphone users (n = 94) recruited from the users of a commercial app designed to empower individuals to reduce their device usage. Our results indicate that most of the sample overestimated peer use of smartphone apps, demonstrating the existence of misperceptions relating to smartphone use. Such misperceptions are the basis for the social norms approach. We also document the discrepancy between self-report and smartphone usage data as recorded through data collected directly from the device. The potential for the application of the social norms approach and directions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Using photovoice to understand the context of cervical cancer screening for underserved communities in rural India

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 50-58
Author(s):  
Prajakta Adsul ◽  
Shivamma Nayaka ◽  
Rashmi Pramathesh ◽  
Savitha Gowda ◽  
Poornima Jaykrishna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Underserved Communities ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
The Social

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer diagnosed among women in India and current estimates indicate low screening rates. To implement successful population-based screening programs, there is an urgent need to explore the social and cultural beliefs among women residing in underserved communities. An innovative, community-based participatory approach called photovoice was used with 14 women aged between 30–51 years, residing in rural and tribal villages around Mysore, Karnataka, India. Each participant was trained in photovoice techniques, provided with a digital camera, and asked to photo document their everyday realities that could influence their intentions to undergo cervical cancer screening. Over 6 months, participants took a total of 136 photos and participated in 42 individual interviews and two group discussions. These data helped identify specific beliefs prevalent in the target population and were organized according to the Integrated Behavior Model. Some women reported a lack of perceived susceptibility to cervical cancer whereas others mentioned the fatal nature of cancer as a disease and believed that no screening exam could prevent death if they were destined to get cancer. Husbands, mothers-in-law, and their peers in the community had an important influence on the social identity of women and influenced their intentions to participate in the screening exams. Seeking healthcare was associated with an economic burden, not only in terms of out-of-pocket expenses for healthcare services but also in missing daily labor wages or taking unpaid leave from work to seek healthcare when they were asymptomatic. Several action steps were proposed including: identifying community liaisons or champions, repeated community activities to raise awareness of cervical cancer, and educating men and other family members about women’s health issues. Study findings can conceptually help design and develop educational efforts for mobilizing women to undergo screening and inform future research to help understand disparities.

Collective Guilt and Attitudes Toward Recycling: Data From a North Queensland Sample

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela M. Pensini ◽  
Nerina J. Caltabiano
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Collective Guilt ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Overwhelming Evidence ◽  
Relevant Domain

There is overwhelming evidence that environmental concerns currently facing the modern world are, at least partly, due to the unsustainable use of resources in developed countries. In this study, feelings of collective guilt in members of a developed nation, Australia, were investigated as a factor motivating individuals to recycle. Eighty-five participants from North Queensland (24 male, 61 female; aged 17 to 64, M = 24.16, SD = 8.42) completed self-report measures of collective guilt, social desirability, social norms, attitudes toward recycling and percentage of household rubbish recycled. As predicted, those accepting more collective guilt for the actions of their ingroup reported more favourable attitudes toward recycling. However, collective guilt failed to predict actual recycling behaviour. The same was found for social norms in that they predicted attitudes to recycling, but not the amount of rubbish recycled. Attitudes toward recycling were the only successful predictor of the amount of rubbish recycled. This study has demonstrated the role of the emotion of collective guilt and social norms in one environmentally relevant domain. Avenues for future research regarding the implications of collective guilt on ecological behaviour have been discussed.

Skin Cancer Prevention for Children: A Critical Review

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Buller ◽  
Ron Borland
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Sun Protection ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Skin Cancer Prevention ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sun Safety ◽  
Innovative Strategies ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Positive Correlations

Increasing sun protection for children may reduce their risk for skin cancer, so many health authorities recommend comprehensive sun safety for children. Sun protection of children in North America and Europe is generally lower than desired and lower than in Australia. This article provides a critical reviewof evaluations on the effects of 24 sun protection programs for children under age 14. Programs are classified based on the target population, setting, and features. Most programs improved sun safety knowledge, but changes in sun protection attitude and behaviors were smaller. Multiunit presentations were more effective than short-duration presentations. Peer education was effective but needs further evaluation. Some programs for parents have been shown to increase sun protection for children. Strategies to improve sun safety policies need further study. A few community-wide programs have effectively improved sun protection. Future research should address innovative strategies and issues of design and measurement. There is no gold standard for measuring sun protection behavior, but self-report, prospective diaries, and observational techniques show small positive correlations.

scholarly journals Effects of Performance Goals and Social Norms on Academic Dishonesty in a Test

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Daumiller ◽  
Stefan Janke
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Academic Dishonesty ◽  
Achievement Goals ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Performance Goals ◽  
First Year ◽  
Manipulation Check ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Cheating Behavior ◽  
The Social

BackgroundPrevious research has shown that achievement goals affect the frequency of academic dishonesty. However, mixed findings suggest that especially the effect of performance goals might depend on contextual factors. AimsWe wanted to investigate whether crucial aspects of the achievement situation influence the magnitude of the effect of performance goals (here: focused on appearance) on dishonesty. Specifically, we propose that social norms regarding the acceptance of dishonesty moderate the positive effect of performance goals on academic dishonesty. SampleWe sampled 105 German university students. They were in their first year at university and on average 20.6 (SD = 3.6) years old (72.4% female).MethodWe conducted a 2 (induced appearance goals versus no goal induction) x 2 (cheating confederate versus no observable cheating behavior by this person) experiment. A manipulation check confirmed that the manipulation of appearance goals was successful. Cheating behavior was observed by a confederate student and subsequently classified by two raters. Additionally, participants’ dishonesty in self-presentation questions was measured using deviations from baseline measures.Results The induction of appearance goals only led to increased cheating when the social norm suggested that cheating behavior was an acceptable way to increase performance (i.e., cheating confederate condition). For deceiving, we found a positive main effect of appearance goals and a negative interaction effect.ConclusionsTaken together, our results highlight that the mixed findings on the effect of performance goals on academic dishonesty might be due to uninvestigated moderators such as social norms. Future research should build on these findings to identify additional moderators.

Playing by the Rules? An Investigation of the Relationship Between Social Norms and Adolescents’ Hate Speech Perpetration in Schools

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110560
Author(s):  
Sebastian Wachs ◽  
Alexander Wettstein ◽  
Ludwig Bilz ◽  
Norman Krause ◽  
Cindy Ballaschk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Social Cognitive Theory ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
The Social

Hate speech is often discussed and investigated as an online phenomenon, while hate speech among adolescents in the real world (e.g., in schools) has rarely been researched. Consequently, not much is known about potential interpersonal correlates and theoretical frameworks that might help us better understand why adolescents engage in hate speech in offline environments. To add to the literature, this study investigates hate speech perpetration among young people by utilizing the Social Cognitive Theory; more specifically, the association between witnessing and perpetrating hate speech in schools, and whether this relation is weakened or strengthened by anti-hate speech injunctive norms and deviant peer pressure. The sample consists of 1719 young people (45.1% boys, 53.6% girls, 1.3% gender diverse) between 11 and 18 years old ( Mage = 13.96; SD = .98) from 22 schools in Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were administered to measure hate speech involvement and adolescents’ perception of social norms (i.e., anti-hate speech injunctive norms and deviant peer pressure). Multilevel regression analyses revealed that witnessing and perpetrating hate speech were positively associated. Moreover, injunctive anti-hate speech norms were negatively related and deviant peer pressure positively related to hate speech perpetration. Finally, increasing levels of injunctive anti-hate speech norms weakened the relation between witnessing and perpetrating hate speech, whereas higher levels of deviant peer pressure strengthened this association. The findings demonstrate that the Social Cognitive Theory is a useful framework for understanding hate speech perpetration in schools. The results also highlight the importance of taking into account social norms and interpersonal relationships (e.g., within the class) when designing anti-hate speech prevention programs and not focusing solely on intrapersonal factors.

Cognitive strategies in coping with expedition stress

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fraser N. Watts ◽  
Shernaaz M. Webster ◽  
Colin J. Morley ◽  
John Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Social Stress ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Stress And Coping ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Coping With Stress ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Coping

Expeditions provide a valuable opportunity for studying processes of coping with a stressful situation. An expedition to India organized by the British Schools Exploring Society has already been reported as being accompanied by positive changes on self‐report personality scales. This paper is concerned with detailed cognitive coping measures completed throughout the 6 weeks of the expedition. It needs to be noted that the results relate to young adults and to those who provided detailed coping information; the generalizability of the result is a matter for future research. The expedition presented a mixture of physical and social stresses. Men enjoyed the physical experience more than women, but women enjoyed the social experience more than men. There was generally greater reliance on personal resources than on social support in coping with stress. This was particularly true for men in coping with physical stress and women in coping with social stress. In general, the physical stresses had been better anticipated than the social ones. Positive reformulations were much more widely used as coping strategies than avoidance/resignation strategies, especially so for physical stresses. However, use of avoidance/resignation strategies was the better predictor of outcome, with those who used them being least likely to show positive personality change as a result of the expedition. The results are related to current research on stress and coping.

Standing out from the crowd: niche product choice as a form of conspicuous consumption

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (9/10) ◽  
pp. 1805-1827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Schaefers
Keyword(s):  
Conspicuous Consumption ◽  
Opinion Leaders ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Product Choice ◽  
Niche Markets ◽  
Mass Market ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Social

Purpose – This paper aims to define the niche market concept and to investigate the extent to which purchasing niche products represents a form of conspicuous consumption. Consumers increasingly seek products that differ from the mainstream, and companies regard niche markets as a promising opportunity beyond saturated mass markets. Design/methodology/approach – Based on survey data that combines self-report scales and actual purchase decisions, the effects of different dimensions of conspicuous consumption on niche product choice are investigated using binary logistic regression. Findings – Choosing niche products over mass market products is mainly influenced by differentiation tendencies. Moreover, consumers use niche products to strengthen their role as opinion leaders. Choice of mass market products, on the other hand, is influenced by assimilation tendencies. In contrast to common assumptions, status-seeking consumers are more likely to choose a mass market alternative over niche products. Research limitations/implications – Based on the conceptualization of niche markets, this study reveals that niche products are a means for consumers to distinguish themselves. Limitations include the focus on a single product domain and country. Future research should replicate the study for other types of niche products and in other cultural settings. Practical implications – Niche firms should explicitly consider the social effects of conspicuous consumption as a key driver of demand. Specifically, the unique nature of a niche product should be highlighted and recognizable to increase the acceptance among potential customers. Moreover, instead of focussing the status of niche products, marketing activities should address opinion leaders’ desire to maintain their standing among the social group by providing in-depth information and enhanced customer experience. Originality/value – This paper addresses the call for a conceptual definition of niche markets. Moreover, while previous work focussed on the company perspective, this study allows for an improved understanding of consumer behaviour with regard to niche markets.

scholarly journals Smartphone Use and Professional Communication Among Medical Residents in Primary Care

PRiMER ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle L. Terry ◽  
Christopher P. Terry
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Medical Residents ◽  
Future Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Smartphone Use ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
Primary Care Practices

Introduction: The rapid integration and evolution of technology has impacted remote data access, dissemination of medical information, and use of applications (apps) for patient care and treatment. The aims of this study were to (1) describe patterns of smartphone use by residents in a rural clinical setting (both clinical and communicative patterns), (2) examine residents’ perceptions of benefits of smartphone use, and (3) determine whether there is an association between smartphone use and organizational attributes. Methods: Self-report surveys were administered to family medicine and internal medicine residents (N=39). Results: Descriptive analyses indicated that primary care residents used their pagers more often for communication, but also believed smartphones were more efficient, and increased accessibility and timeliness of attending physicians. Additional analyses suggested that smartphone use was not associated with chaos, and was negatively correlated with history of culture change within the organization. Conclusion: Overall, use of smartphones among medical residents is relatively common, and residents believe there are numerous benefits of use. Future research might consider causal reasons why there is reduced communication among primary care practices with a history of change.

scholarly journals Exploring Mistakes and Failures in Social Marketing: The Inside Story

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-31
Author(s):  
Julie Cook ◽  
Jennifer Lynes ◽  
Sarah Fries
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Social Marketing ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Strategy Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Program Outcomes ◽  
Marketing Program ◽  
External Influences ◽  
The Social

Background: Social marketing successes are relatively well-documented, but mistakes and failures in the field are not. When mistakes and failures are reported, they are usually on an ad hoc basis, as opposed to a systematic gathering of evidence. This paper is the second half of a two-part research study that aims to understand the perceptions of social marketing professionals with regard to mistakes and failures in the field. Focus: This article is related to research and evaluation of the social marketing field. Research Question: What are the perceptions of the social marketing community regarding mistakes and failures in the field? Importance to the field: A greater understanding of mistakes and failures in the social marketing field will assist practitioners to assess their own shortcomings, address causes of mistakes and failures, and improve program outcomes. Method: This research is qualitative and exploratory, with a constructivist, grounded theory methodology. Surveys were completed by 100 social marketing community members. Survey data was analyzed and coded using SPSS software and Microsoft Excel. Results: According to the analyzed survey data, the social marketing community believes that inadequate research, poor strategy development, and mismanagement of stakeholders are the most common mistakes made by social marketers. Further, weak evaluation and monitoring is considered to be the “least well-managed” program element. Poor strategy development, external influences, and poorly designed program and behavioral objectives are considered to be the primary reasons for social marketing program failure. Recommendations for research or practice: Future research may explore the extent to which external influences lead to social marketing program success or failure, particularly in comparison to mistakes made by social marketers. Additionally, practitioners should be aware of and develop strategies to mitigate common mistakes and failures in order to improve program outcomes. Limitations: The 100 social marketing professionals who responded to the survey are not representative of the global social marketing community. Further, responses were based on self-report rather than direct observation, which may make them more susceptible to bias.

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