scholarly journals How Cabbage Aphids Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) Make a Choice to Feed on Brassica napus Cultivars

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong-Ping Hao ◽  
Hai-Xia Zhan ◽  
Yu-Long Wang ◽  
Shu-Min Hou
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
Phloem Feeding ◽  
Associated Variables ◽  
Cabbage Aphids

Plant resistance to aphids might be present in different plant tissues, such as the epidermis, mesophyll and phloem, but not all of them play a key role in determining the feeding preference of aphids. In this study, electrically recorded feeding behaviors of cabbage aphids were combined with choice tests and microscopic observations to understand the feeding preference of cabbage aphids on oilseed rape cultivars. The choice tests showed that more cabbage aphids survived on ‘Qianyou18’, and less on ‘Zhongshuang11’, compared with the other cultivars. The results of the choice tests were paradoxical with the results analyzed from the general and mesophyll-associated variables. The thick upper epidermis with bushy long trichomes on the leaves of ‘Zhongshuang11’ delayed the first probe of the cabbage aphids. The duration of phloem-feeding was similar among the four cultivars although there were differences in the hindrance of the mesophyll. However, salivation was increased when the aphids fed on ‘Zhongshuang11’, further indicating that the leaf’s physical properties could be important for aphid feeding preference on the four cultivars.

Feeding preferences, growth, and development of Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Brassicaceae

2001 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ulmer ◽  
C. Gillott ◽  
M. Erlandson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Leaf Disc ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mamestra Configurata ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Growth Increase ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Choice Feeding

AbstractThe growth (increase in body mass) and development (progression to specific instar) of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker, were examined using up to 14 plant lines from five species of brassicaceous plants. Varietal and breeding lines of Brassica napus L., B. juncea L., B. rapa L., B. carinata L., and Sinapis alba L. were selected on the basis of differing seed and foliar glucosinolate levels. No-choice feeding experiments were conducted with larvae isolated on leaf discs, individual leaves, or entire plants of each line. The no-choice tests showed that M. configurata weight gain and development varied significantly among host plants tested. Two B. juncea lines (AC Vulcan and H-Allyl) and the S. alba lines (AC Pennant and L-GS) were the poorest hosts in terms of larval weight gain, and the two B. juncea lines also significantly slowed development relative to the other lines tested. Mamestra configurata feeding preference, which was examined using a series of paired leaf disc choice tests, was also significantly different among the lines examined. Two B. juncea lines (AC Vulcan and H-Allyl) were significantly less preferred than all the other lines examined. The data extends previous work indicating that specific foliar glucosinolates, such as sinigrin, which is predominant in B. juncea, and sinalbin, which is abundant in S. alba, may provide brassicaceous crops with some protection from M. configurata. Thus, it may be possible to use foliar glucosinolate levels as predictors of M. configurata feeding damage in the development of breeding lines for the genus Brassica.

scholarly journals Nicotinamide Inhibits Aphid Fecundity and Impacts Survival

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sampurna Sattar ◽  
Mario T. Martinez ◽  
Andres F. Ruiz ◽  
Wendy Hanna-Rose ◽  
Gary A. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Green Peach Aphid ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Trpv Channels ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Phloem Feeding

AbstractNicotinamide (NAM) alters behavior in C. elegans and Drosophila, serving as an agonist of TRPV channels affecting sensory neurons and mimicking the mode of action of insecticides used to control phloem-feeding insects. The impact of NAM on green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) behaviors was assessed in artificial diet assays and foliar applications to Arabidopsis plants. Aphids feeding on artificial diets supplemented with NAM impaired stylet movement causing feeding interruptions and ultimately starvation and death. Aphid feeding behaviors were negatively impacted on NAM sprayed plants at concentrations as low as 2.5 mM leading to increased mortality. In choice assays with NAM sprayed leaves aphids showed clear preference for untreated control leaves. NAM is an intermediate in the NAD salvage pathway that should accumulate in nicotinamidase (nic) mutants. LC-MS analysis showed NAM accumulates 60-fold in nic-1-1 Arabidopsis mutants as compared with Col-0. Aphid reproductive potential was significantly decreased on nic-1-1 mutant plants, resulting in a smaller colony size and arrested population development. The results support the hypothesis that dietary NAM causes behavioral changes in aphids, including altered feeding, reduced reproduction, and increased mortality. NAM is thought to bind to TRPV channels causing overstimulation of sensory neurons in the aphid feeding apparatus.

Capture of conspecific planktonic larvae by the suspension-feeding gastropod Crepipatella peruviana: association between adult and larval size

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G A Rivera-Figueroa ◽  
J A Büchner-Miranda ◽  
L P Salas-Yanquin ◽  
J A Montory ◽  
V M Cubillos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Suspension Feeding ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Suspension Feeders ◽  
Planktonic Larvae

ABSTRACT Free-living, planktonic larvae can be vulnerable to capture and ingestion by adult suspension-feeders. This is particularly the case for larvae that settle gregariously in benthic environments where suspension-feeders occur at high densities. Larvae of gregarious suspension-feeding species are at particularly high risk, as adults of their own species often serve as cues for metamorphosis. We conducted laboratory experiments to assess the extent to which adults of the suspension-feeding caenogastropod Crepipatella peruviana would capture and ingest their own larvae. Experiments were conducted with adults of different sizes, with larvae of different ages and sizes, and in the presence or absence of phytoplankton. Adults captured larvae in all experiments. The presence of microalgae in the water did not influence the extent of larval capture. On average, 39% of larvae were captured during the 3-h feeding periods, regardless of adult size. However, up to 34% of the larvae that were captured on the gill were later discarded as pseudofaeces; the other 64% were ingested. The extent of capture by adults was not related to adult size, or to larval size and, thus, to larval age. Our results suggest that the filtration of congeneric larvae by adult C. peruviana is a result of accidental capture rather than a deliberate feeding preference. Such ingestion could, however, still be an important source of larval mortality, especially when the advanced larvae of this species are searching for a suitable substrate for metamorphosis.

scholarly journals Feeding preference of the sugar beet webworm (Spoladea recurvalis F.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) for Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Aizoaceae) and other putative hosts in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 89 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 211-219
Author(s):  
Lorimar Figueroa ◽  
Ángel L. González-Rodríguez ◽  
Nelson Semidey ◽  
Lizzette González
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Leaf Discs ◽  
Trianthema Portulacastrum ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Alternate Food ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae

The feeding preferences of the herbivore Spoladea recurvalis Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was determined through choice and no-choice tests in the laboratory with 12.7-mm leaf discs of the following weeds and crops: horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum L), common pigweed (Amaranthus dubius Mart.), botoncillo (Borreria ocymoides [Burm. F] DC), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), sweet cherry pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Spoladea recurvalis preferred horse purslane as its primary food host plant. The pyralid larva also fed on leaf discs of common pigweed and sugar beet, the only vegetable crop serving as an alternate food plant. Larvae did not feed on the other plants studied (sweet cherry pepper, tomato, cucumber, eggplant and botoncillo), some of which were previously reported as alternate food host plants for the herbivore. This manuscript discusses the application of these findings for the biological control of horse purslane and the foraging behavior of S. recurvalis.

Rats' Preference for the More Effortful of Two Responses as a Function of Prior Experience

1976 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 931-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Kleinman ◽  
Robert J. Mc Laughlin ◽  
Ivan C. Gerard ◽  
Deborah A. Bosza ◽  
Robert C. Clipper
Keyword(s):  
Lever Press ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Prior Training ◽  
Choice Tests

Three groups of rats were each given 14 days of lever-press training under different conditions. One group was allowed to press only on a FR3 schedule, a second only on a CRF schedule, and a third received alternate-day training on CRF and FR3 schedules. Following training, 4 days of choice tests were given during which animals were allowed to choose between the two schedules of responding. Rats trained on the FR3 schedule both preferred to respond and obtained more rewards on that schedule, while rats in the other 2 groups preferred the CRF schedules. Results indicated that the degree of rats' preference for effortful responding is a function of the conditions of prior training.

scholarly journals Influence of Oilseed Rape Seed Treatment with Imidacloprid on Survival, Feeding Behavior, and Detoxifying Enzymes of Mustard Aphid, Lipaphis erysimi

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Fang Huang ◽  
Zhongping Hao ◽  
Fengming Yan
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Lipaphis Erysimi ◽  
Seed Coating ◽  
Detoxifying Enzymes ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
Mustard Aphid ◽  
Coating Agent ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
Rape Seedlings

Imidacloprid application, as a seed coating agent on oilseed rape, is recommended to control mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In this study, responses of L. erysimi were investigated, including survival, feeding behavior, and detoxifying enzymes, on the oilseed rape seedlings grown from seeds coated with imidacloprid at rates of 6, 12, or 18 g active ingredient (a.i.)/kg seed. The results showed that the aphids’ survival rate, together with that of the progeny of the survivors, on the seed-treated seedlings significantly decreased. This indicates that the aphid population in fields can be suppressed effectively. The electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique was used to record aphid feeding behaviors on two-, four-, and six-leaf stages of oilseed rape seedlings that had been seed-coated with imidacloprid, and individual responses were revealed during the aphid feeding behavior. On the plants at the two-leaf stage, aphid feeding behaviors were influenced, showing decreased frequency of stylet penetration into the leaf (probe) or into the mesophyll cells (potential drops, pds for short), and shortened duration of stylet event in the leaf (probe) or in the phloem. On the plants at the four- and six-leaf stages, these impacts of imidacloprid were weakened; however, the saliva secretion duration in phloem was shortened to less than 5 min in all imidacloprid treatments. The activity of mixed-function oxidase in aphids maintained on the treated seedlings with imidacloprid was elevated. In conclusion, imidacloprid could be used as a seed coating agent for aphid control, but chemical resistance in aphids should not be ignored.

Variation in the responses of rapeseed (Brassica napus and B. campestris) cultivars to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) infection

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (86) ◽  
pp. 445 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Thurling ◽  
LA Venn
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Leptosphaeria Maculans ◽  
The Other ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Fungal Populations ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Blackleg Fungus

The responses of 53 cultivars of the rapeseed species Brassica napus and Brassica campestris to infection by three different populations of the blackleg fungus, Leptosphaeria maculans, were examined in a controlled environment. Significant variation in disease development was observed between cultivars as well as between fungal populations which had been derived from diseased stubble collected at widely separated sites in Western Australia. A large proportion of the cultivars tested were either susceptible or only slightly resistant to infection by each of the three fungal populations whereas only one cultivar, Zollerngold, was highly resistant to all fungal populations. Several other cultivars, however, were resistant to one population and susceptible or slightly resistant to the other two. In these cases, marked interactions between host and parasite were evident, some cultivars being substantially more resistant than others to infection by spores from a particular population.

A rapid immunoprecipitation assay for neomycin phosphotransferase II expression in transformed bacteria and plant tissues

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 983-987
Author(s):  
Chris L. Baszczynski
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Kanamycin Resistance ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Nptii Gene ◽  
Neomycin Phosphotransferase ◽  
Kanamycin Resistance Gene ◽  
Dot Blot ◽  
Immunoprecipitation Assay ◽  
Neomycin Phosphotransferase Ii

Anti-kanamycin antibodies produced in rabbits, following coupling of the antibiotic to bovine serum albumin, were used to immunoprecipitate radioactively labelled phosphorylated kanamycin from transformed bacterial or plant extracts in a novel assay system, for the detection of neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) activity. Radioactive counts in the immunoprecipitated pellet give a semiquantitative measure of the kanamycin phosphorylation and hence the amount of NPTII activity. This assay is sensitive, uses very small amounts of radioactivity, and is very rapid, allowing many samples to be processed within a few hours. Immunoprecipitated counts from reactions with bacteria carrying a kanamycin resistance gene or from tobacco and Brassica napus plants transformed with NPTII gene-containing vectors were consistently higher than counts from nontransformed controls. Results obtained with this assay correlate well with those from the previously described gel overlay and dot-blot assays, but can be obtained in an appreciably shorter time frame.Key words: anti-kanamycin antibodies, immunoprecipitation, neomycin phosphotransferase II assay, transformation.

Laboratory Studies on the Feeding Preference and Feeding Behaviour in Lygaeus equestris (L.) (Het. Lygaeidae)1

1974 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otto Kugelberg
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Feeding Choice ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Lygaeus Equestris

AbstractThe seed-feeding bug Lygaeus equestris changes and extends its food plant spectrum during its life-cycle. Whether this is the result of only the natural succession of the food plants, or also includes a change in the insect's food preference during its life, was the primary question of the present paper. Feeding-choice tests using ripe seeds from important food plants in the laboratory showed that Cynanchum vincetoxicum seeds were preferred during all stages of life. Among the lesser preferred seeds tested, a shift in preference occurred during the bug's development. It seems probable that this shift may be due as much to the physical as to the chemical properties of the seeds. It is suggested that most of the other plant species exploited for feeding by L. equestris probably serve mainly as substitute food when suitable developmental stages of C. vincetoxicum are absent or in short supply. Furthermore the paper gives some notes on duration of feeding upon seeds and effects of seed coat at initiation of feeding on Cynanchum and Helianthus seeds. During the third larval instar, the preference switches from the endosperm to the seed coat for initiation of feeding on Cynanchum seeds, and so it remains during the following stages. On Helianthus seeds, only adult L. equestris feed as willingly through the coat as directly from the endosperm.

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