scholarly journals Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for Small-Scale Farms in Developed Economies: Challenges and Opportunities

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa R. Grasswitz
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Small Farm ◽  
Farm Sector ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Usa

Small-scale farms are an important component of agricultural production even in developed economies, and have an acknowledged role in providing other biological and societal benefits, including the conservation of agricultural biodiversity and enhancement of local food security. Despite this, the small-farm sector is currently underserved in relation to the development and implementation of scale-appropriate Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices that could help increase such benefits. This review details some of the characteristics of the small farm sectors in developed economies (with an emphasis on the USA and Europe), and identifies some of the characteristics of small farms and their operators that may favor the implementation of IPM. Some of the challenges and opportunities associated with increasing the uptake of IPM in the small-farm sector are discussed. For example, while some IPM tactics are equally applicable to virtually any scale of production, there are others that may be easier (or more cost-effective) to implement on a smaller scale. Conversely, there are approaches that have not been widely applied in small-scale production, but which nevertheless have potential for use in this sector. Examples of such tactics are discussed. Knowledge gaps and opportunities for increasing IPM outreach to small-scale producers are also identified.

Sister Robots - food and medicine carriers

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-202
Author(s):  
Bikash Gurung ◽  
Anil Singh ◽  
Pankaj Japrel ◽  
Rishan Joshi ◽  
Prithvi Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mass Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Collaborative Partnerships ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Isolation Room

Sister Robots - ‘Food and Medicine Carrier Robot’ are manually controlled robots which can be used in Corona Testing Hospital where health representatives or medical professionals need to carry food and medicine from the kitchen of the hospital to the patient isolation room. Robotics Association of Nepal [RAN] along with Team Robonauts, Team Kantibir and Team Oztec have developed the different versions of Sister Robots. The first version of the Robot - Sister V.1 is now working at the provincial hospital of Province no. 3, Hetauda Hospital. The Robot was built in support of Nepal Engineers’ Association [NEA] and handed over to Honorable Chief Minister, Province No.3 Dormani Poudel. Sister V.1 can help frontline health professionals communicate with COVID-19 suspected/infected patients in the isolation room, deliver essential foods and medicines as well. Sister V.1 took 20 days for its completion. The development team further developed second version of Sister Robot [Sister V.2]. First piece of Sister V.2 has been completed and 5 more are on the verge of development. Armed Police Force [APF] Hospital has made a trial of Sister V.2. Sister V.2 has been upgraded with a double 12V 8000MAH battery system for higher power performance, dual FPV camera system for Top 90 degree rotation back view and Front 180 degree bottom view. Food and Medicine can be easily delivered and COVID-19 can sanitize their hands with automatic sanitizer as well. Phase 1 product development has been completed and Phase 2 small scale production is currently running. The phases are defined based on the upgrade of the Robots as the team believes in iteration of the robot and customization as well. Mass scale production of Sister Robots on phase 3 Version 3 [Sister V.3] will consist of different lines of Robots with different specifications. More cost effective technologies will be introduced and automation will be a priority of Robot development. Research Center for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST) and Sagarmatha Engineering College collaborated with RAN for 6 more robots to develop financially. Phase 3 focuses in bringing Sister V.3 at each and every hospital in Nepal through collaborative partnerships and safety campaigns.

Development of Three-Axis Mini Milling Machine for Small Scale Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 761 ◽  
pp. 273-276
Author(s):  
Abu Bakar Mohd Hadzley ◽  
Muhammad Hafiz Samsudin ◽  
Mohd Najib Zamri ◽  
Raja Izamshah Raja Abdullah ◽  
Mohd Shahir Kasim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ball Screw ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Work Piece ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Milling Machine ◽  
Cnc Milling ◽  
High Cutting Speed ◽  
Machining Test

This paper presents the processes to develop a cost-effective small scale 3-axis CNC milling machine. The designed machine tool consisted of stepper motors, bearing, linear guide, ball screw mounting systems, inverter and electronic controller, in which all of these are assembled together in a form of 3-axis operating system. The machine has a built up with the size of 1000 mm (length) × 1000 mm (width) × 650 mm (long) accompanied with a worktable with a dimension of 300 mm (length) × 300 mm (width) × 20 mm (long), and 24,000 rpm maximum spindle speed. To control the movement of the machine, open source software was utilized with the aid of G-Codes to assign the movement of the CNC axes. From the machining test, the machine was found to be capable to machine a metal work piece with high cutting speed and reasonable accuracy. The machine developed in this study offers efficiency and flexibility in the manufacturing production which enables to reduce capital cost due to the small-scale facility.

scholarly journals Direct cryopreservation of poultry/avian embryonic reproductive cells: A low-tech, cost-effective and efficient method for safeguarding genetic diversity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuanjun Hu ◽  
Lorna Taylor ◽  
Adrian Sherman ◽  
Christian Keambou Tiambo ◽  
Steven J Kemp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Climate Resilience

Chickens are an important resource for smallholder farmers who raise locally adapted, genetically distinct breeds for eggs and meat. The development of efficient reproductive technologies to conserve and regenerate chicken breeds safeguards existing biodiversity and secures poultry genetic resources for climate resilience, biosecurity, and future food production. The majority of the over 1600 breeds of chicken are raised in low and lower to middle income countries (LMICs) under resource limited, small scale production systems, which necessitates a low tech, cost effective means of conserving diversity is needed. Here, we validate a simple biobanking technique using cryopreserved embryonic chicken gonads. The gonads are quickly isolated, visually sexed, pooled by sex, and cryopreserved. Subsequently, the stored material is thawed and dissociated before injection into sterile host chicken embryos. By using pooled GFP and RFP-labelled donor gonadal cells and Sire Dam Surrogate (SDS) mating, we demonstrate that chicks deriving entirely from male and female donor germ cells are hatched. This technology will enable ongoing efforts to conserve chicken genetic diversity for both commercial and small holder farmers, and to preserve existing genetic resources at poultry research facilities.

scholarly journals Bridging the Information Gap with Cost-Effective Dissemination Strategies: The Case of Integrated Pest Management in Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah M. Harris ◽  
George W. Norton ◽  
A.N.M. Rezaul Karim ◽  
Jeffrey Alwang ◽  
Daniel B. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
Farmer Field Schools ◽  
Transfer Programs ◽  
Effective Dissemination

Cost-effective extension strategies are needed to promote widespread adoption of agricultural technologies in developing countries. Integrated pest management (IPM) practices, for example, can offer economic, health, and environmental benefits but remain largely underused. This study evaluates the current IPM dissemination program implemented by the Bangladesh Department of Agricultural Extension and uses a linear programming model to examine alternative strategies to improve IPM adoption. Results suggest that technology transfer programs may increase their impact by reallocating funding from intensive but costly interpersonal communication methods (i.e., farmer field schools) to less intensive methods (i.e., mass media and field days) that reach broader audiences.

scholarly journals The first century of Phalaris aquatica L. cultivation and genetic improvement: a review

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Oram ◽  
V. Ferreira ◽  
R. A. Culvenor ◽  
A. A. Hopkins ◽  
A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Seed Retention ◽  
The Usa

2006 marked the centenary of the commercial propagation of phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) as a cultivated pasture plant, firstly in Australia, and soon after in New Zealand, South Africa, and North and South America. Small-scale evaluation of cv. Australian began in the Toowoomba Botanic Gardens, Queensland, in 1884. The first recorded large-scale production of seed was at the Glen Innes Research Farm of the NSW Department of Agriculture in February 1906. By 1908–15, several graziers in Australia and New Zealand sold seed widely within Australia, New Zealand, USA, Argentina, and South Africa. Factors affecting the utilisation of the original cultivar in Australia over the first half-century are reviewed. Thereafter, the need to extend the area of perennial pastures into regions unsuitable for cv. Australian led CSIRO and the US Department of Agriculture to collect germplasm widely in the Mediterranean region. Selection between and within Moroccan populations produced cvv. Sirocco and El Golea in Australia, and cv. Perla koleagrass in the USA. In Argentina, selection within cv. Australian produced the very successful, seed-retaining cv. Pergamino El Gaucho INTA, which was re-selected in Australia to produce cv. Seedmaster. The discovery of a single seed-retaining plant within a certified line of cv. Australian gave cv. Uneta, which had excellent seed retention because the rachillae of most seeds remained intact at maturity. In Australia, selection in populations derived from crosses between cv. Australian and Mediterranean ecotypes gave a succession of winter-active cultivars: Sirosa, Sirolan, Holdfast, Landmaster, Atlas PG, Advanced AT, and Holdfast GT. The latter 5 have Uneta-type seed retention, reduced tryptamine and tyramine alkaloids, and adaptation to different soil and climatic niches. Populations for the hotter, drier inland slopes of NSW are being field-tested. Also, a promising but unstable semi-dwarf line has been found: dwarfism appears to be caused by a transposable element. Breeding and selection programs in Argentina, several states of the USA, New Zealand, Israel, Tunisia, and Greece also produced cultivars with specific adaptations. Active breeding programs are continuing at Ardmore, OK, USA, and Pergamino, Argentina. A major remaining obstacle to the further improvement and utilisation of phalaris is the unknown chemical nature of the toxin(s) causing ‘sudden death’, which temporarily interfere with nitrogen metabolism in the brains of herbivores, especially ruminants.

Challenges and opportunities for integrated pest management in Europe: A telling example of minor uses

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Ram Lamichhane ◽  
Wilma Arendse ◽  
Silke Dachbrodt-Saaydeh ◽  
Per Kudsk ◽  
Johan C. Roman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document