scholarly journals Oviposition-Induced Volatiles Affect Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of Egg Parasitoids

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 437
Author(s):  
Panagiotis G Milonas ◽  
Eirini Anastasaki ◽  
Georgios Partsinevelos
Keyword(s):  
Host Location ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Egg Parasitoids ◽  
Headspace Volatiles ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Induced Volatiles ◽  
Quantitative Changes

In response to an attack by herbivores, plants emit a variety of compounds that may act as semiochemicals. Oviposition-induced volatiles (OIPVs) have been shown to mediate interactions between plants and natural enemies. Here, we investigated the role of OIPVs by Tuta absoluta towards two egg parasitoids, Trichogramma cordubense and T. achaeae. We collected headspace volatiles from tomato plants at 24, 48, and 72 h after oviposition by T. absoluta females and tested the antennographic response of Trichogramma parasitoids to them by means of gas chromatography- electro-antennographical detection (GC-EAD). The response of the parasitoids was also tested in behavioral experiments using a Y-tube olfactometer. Oviposition by T. absoluta females induced qualitative and quantitative changes in the volatiles emitted by tomato plants. Antennae of Trichogramma parasitoids responded to several of the induced volatiles in GC-EAD. T. cordubense females were attracted to tomato plants with T. absoluta eggs 24 h after oviposition. The elucidation of the behavior of egg parasitoids towards OIPVs enhances the development of sustainable management strategies either by selecting species that exploit OIPVs or by manipulating their foraging behavior by utilizing specific OIPVs that are used by parasitoids as a host location.

scholarly journals Adaptive Changes in the Psyche of Homo sapiens during the Period of the Singularity (Part 2)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-72
Author(s):  
Alexander Kruglov ◽  
Andrey Kruglov
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Mental Activity ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
The Status ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
External Forces

Creativity, the integrative function of the psyche of Homo sapiens (HS), which arose about 50,000 years ago, allowed HS to project the image of the goal (IG), transformed into a “symbol,” into the external environment. The projection constructs of the psyche have become autonomous fragments of the environment in the HS perception, not being its derivatives. Objective reality, perceived by HS, has acquired non-inherent properties: a mental product of the psyche that integrates the virtual and real components of the environment. In other words, the role of HS has evolved over the last 10,000 years, since the beginning of the agrarian revolution: from (1) a dependent subject controlled by external forces in an animated world to (2) “the crown of God's creation” in “theism” and, (3) to the status "Higher power" during the period, in which "God is Dead." Initially, HS exists in an incompletely real environment, with an increasing component of virtuality. With symbolic virtual content, HS supplemented or duplicated the entire surrounding world, creating a two-component habitat (virtual and real). The emergence and development of conceptual thinking (ConceptT) led to a partial "devirtualization" of the environment, the removal of restrictions on scientific knowledge, the rapid growth of technology and social dynamics. The result of technological development was, in the recent past, a temporary resolution of the primary frustration: the establishment of the current equilibrium in the relationships with the regulatory "dissociated symbol"—the virtual "information universe” (IU). The IU, defining as the interference of "media" with the "information body" of the Internet, we consider as a unified information space, integrated with reality and in total constituting the HS habitat. Clip thinking (ClipT), qualitatively different from ConceptT, is a new operating system of the psyche, a moderator of adaptation to a new, virtualized environment. A technological derivative of mental activity HS—the IU—without the participation of conscious forms of mental activity, transforms the algorithms of thinking, i.e. formats the psyche as a whole with adaptation to qualitative and quantitative changes in the virtual component of the environment, and to the perspectives on the development of technologies during the singularity.

scholarly journals Effect of retinal ablation on the expression of calbindin D28k and GABA in the chick optic tectum

10.4081/848 ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 365 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Díaz de Barboza ◽  
C Beltramino ◽  
L Britto ◽  
J De Olmos ◽  
S De Olmos
Keyword(s):  
Optic Tectum ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Inhibitory Circuitry ◽  
Silver Deposits ◽  
Calbindin D28k ◽  
Quantitative Changes

The effect of retinal ablation on qualitative and quantitative changes of calbindin D28k and GABA expression in the contralateral optic tectum was studied in young chicks. Fifteen days old chicks had unilateral retinal ablation and after 7 or 15 days, calbindin expression was analyzed by Western blot and immunocytochemistry. Neuronal degeneration was followed by the amino-cupric silver technique. After 15 days, retinal lesions produced a significant decrease in calbindin immunostaining in the neuropil of layers 5-6 and in the somata of neurons from the layers 8 and 10 of the contralateral tectum, being this effect less marked at 7 days post-lesion. Double staining revealed that 50-60% of cells in the layers 8 and 10 were calbindin and GABA positive, 30- 45% were only calbindin positive and 5-10% were only GABAergic neurons. Retinal ablation also produced a decrease in the GABA expression at either 7 or 15 days after surgery. At 7 days, dense silver staining was observed in the layers 5-6 from the optic tectum contralateral to the retinal ablation, which mainly represented neuropil that would come from processes of retinal ganglion cells. Tectal neuronal bodies were not stained with silver, although some neurons were surrounded by coarse granular silver deposits. In conclusion, most of calbindin molecules are present in neurons of the tectal GABAergic inhibitory circuitry, whose functioning apparently depends on the integrity of the visual input. A possible role of calbindin in the control of intracellular Ca2+ in neurons of this circuit when the visual transmission arrives to the optic tectum remains to be studied.

Palladium nanoparticle effects on endocrine reproductive system of female rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 1069-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Leso ◽  
L Fontana ◽  
A Marinaccio ◽  
K Leopold ◽  
C Fanali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Quantitative Changes

The widespread industrial application of nanomaterials (NMs) has dramatically increased the likelihood of environmental and occupational exposure of humans to such xenobiotics. This issue, together with the increasing public health interest in understanding the effects of chemicals on endocrine system, encouraged to investigate the disruptive potential of NMs on the endocrine function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of palladium nanoparticles (Pd-NPs) on the female reproductive system of Wistar rats, intravenously exposed to different doses (0.12, 1.2, and 12 µg/kg), through the assessment of possible quantitative changes in the serum concentrations of several sex hormones. Our results demonstrated that the highest exposure doses significantly reduced the estradiol and testosterone concentrations, while increased the luteinizing hormone levels in treated animals compared to controls. Such alterations are indicative for an abnormal reproductive axis function. However, further investigations are needed to clarify the role of the different NP physicochemical properties in determining such effects, and possible underlining molecular mechanisms, as well as their relevance for the development of diseases in the female reproductive system. Overall, this may be helpful to define accurate risk assessment and management strategies to protect the health of the general and occupational populations exposed to Pd-NPs.

scholarly journals Hormonally mediated reprogramming of muscles and motoneurones during the larval-pupal transformation of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

1986 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Weeks ◽  
J. W. Truman
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Hormone ◽  
Manduca Sexta ◽  
Tobacco Hornworm ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Pulse Exposure ◽  
Quantitative Changes

The larval-pupal transformation of Manduca sexta results from an exposure to ecdysteroids in the absence of juvenile hormone (the commitment pulse), followed by a larger exposure to ecdysteroids (the prepupal peak) with a reappearance of juvenile hormone (JH). The prepupal ecdysteroid peak triggers the degeneration of abdominal muscles, and the dendritic regression and death of identified motoneurones. The present experiments examined the role of the commitment pulse in the larval-pupal reprogramming of these cells. The commitment pulse did not overtly affect the muscles and motoneurones, but it switched their hormonal responsiveness; before the commitment pulse, exposure to ecdysteroids in the presence of JH had no effect on the larval cells, whereas after the commitment pulse the same treatment caused regression and death. Thus, JH lost its ability to prevent pupal development. Furthermore, treatment with ecdysteroids in the absence of JH before the commitment pulse promoted pupal development much less effectively than did the same treatment given after the commitment pulse, indicating that the commitment pulse facilitates the subsequent responsiveness to ecdysteroids. Thus, the commitment pulse covertly causes both qualitative and quantitative changes in the hormonal sensitivity of the larval muscles and motoneurones.

scholarly journals The Role of Comparative Pedagogy in Evaluating Education Systems of Different Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Michał Hnatiuk
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Education Systems ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Educational Situation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Parts

Abstract The article presents the definition of comparative pedagogy according to comparisons from different parts of the world. The subject of the pedagogical sub-disciplinary study, which in its own particular way relates to the research method, has been presented. The obtained results provide the basis for the argument that the scope of comparative pedagogy is quite extensive. In addition, over the years, it has widened considerably. The vocational comparative pedagogy has been added to the traditional direction of comparative pedagogy. Its indispensable function has been the analysis of the economic processes in close connection with the problems of preparation and improvement of the qualifications of personnel. Therefore, comparative pedagogy does not currently have a theory of one kind that definitively determines its subject matter. The author points out that not only the didactic system itself, but also the various conditions that support or inhibit educational activity, are important for comparability. This article also describes the objectives of comparative pedagogy. It has been found that the cognitive goal is to explore the knowledge of education systems and to compare the qualitative and quantitative changes in these systems. The practical aim is to borrow and introduce theoretical and/or practical solutions into the didactic system. On the other hand, the educational goal is to determine and improve the actual educational situation. Based on the collected materials, it has been concluded that both the objectives and the subject matter of comparative pedagogy research are very broad and often go beyond the area of the pedagogical sub-discipline.

Expression of laminin and beta-1 integrin in embryonic, neonatal, and adult rat heart

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 182-183
Author(s):  
R.L. Price ◽  
T.K. Borg ◽  
L. Terracio ◽  
M. Nakagawa
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Cytoplasmic Face ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components ◽  
Basement Membrane Component ◽  
Beta 1 Integrin ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Cytoskeletal Elements ◽  
External Face

Little is known about the temporal expression of extracellular matrix components (ECM) and its receptors during development of the heart. Recent reports have shown that ECM components undergo both qualitative and quantitative changes during development, and it is believed that ECM components are important in the regulation of cell migration and cell:cell and cell:ECM recognition and adhesion.Integrins are transmembrane glycoproteins which bind several ECM components on their external face and cytoskeletal elements on the cytoplasmic face. Laminin is a basement membrane component which has been recognized as an important site for cell adhesion. Both the integrins and laminin are expressed early in development and continue to be expressed in the adult heart. With their documented roles in cell recognition, and cell:cell and cell:ECM migration and adhesion these proteins appear to be important components in development of the heart, and their temporal expression may play a pivotal role in morphogenesis and myofibrillogenesis of the heart.

Functional MR Imaging of the Motor Cortex in Active and Passive Movement: Qualitative and Quantitative Changes

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 425
Author(s):  
Ki Bong Yu ◽  
Myung Kwan Lim ◽  
Hyung Jin Kim ◽  
Jun Soo Byun ◽  
Young Kook Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Passive Movement ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Functional Mr Imaging ◽  
Quantitative Changes

Moderating Role of Learning Strategies Between Meta-Cognitive Awareness and Study Habits Among University Students

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (Spring 2019) ◽  
pp. 215-231
Author(s):  
Mussarat J. Khan ◽  
Seemab Rasheed
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Resource Management ◽  
University Students ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Study Habits ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Cognitive Awareness

The purpose of present study is to examine the role of learning strategies as moderator between meta-cognitive awareness and study habits among university students. Sample comprises of 200 students (100 male students and 100 female students) of various universities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi with age ranging from 18-25 years. In order to assess study variables questionnaires were used included Meta-Cognitive Awareness Inventory (Schraw & Dennison, 1994) measuring two-components of meta-cognition that are knowledge and regulation of cognition. Study habits demonstrated by the students were measured by the Study Habits Inventory (Wrenn, 1941). Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Pintrich, Smith, Garcia, & McKeachie, 1991) which includes motivation and learning strategies scales. In the present study, only the learning strategies section was utilized, which measures the cognitive strategies and resource management strategies. Results revealed positive correlation between research instruments and are also having good reliability. Regression analysis reflected that meta-cognitive awareness predicts study habits among university students. Regression analysis also suggested that learning strategies including resource management strategies and cognitive strategies significantly moderates the relationship between meta-cognitive awareness and study habits. It is also explored gender differences on learning strategies, meta-cognitive awareness and study habits. Future implications of the study were also discussed.

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