scholarly journals Development of Monitoring and Mating Disruption Against the Chilean Leafroller Proeulia auraria (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Orchards

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 625
Author(s):  
M. Fernanda Flores ◽  
Jan Bergmann ◽  
Carolina Ballesteros ◽  
Diego Arraztio ◽  
Tomislav Curkovic
Keyword(s):  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
South American ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Application Technology ◽  
Synthetic Pheromone ◽  
Rubber Septa ◽  
Organic Orchards

The leafroller Proeulia auraria (Clarke) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a native, polyphagous, and growing pest of several fruit crops in Chile; it also has quarantine importance to several markets, thus tools for management are needed. Using synthetic pheromone compounds, we conducted field trials to optimize the blend for monitoring, and to determine the activity period of rubber septa aged under field conditions. We concluded that septa loaded with 200 μg of E11-14:OAc + 60 μg E11-14:OH allowed for efficient trap captures for up to 10 weeks. Using this blend, we studied the phenology of adult males in vineyards, apple, and blueberry orchards, identifying two long flight cycles per season, lasting from September to May and suggesting 2–3 generations during the season. No or low adult activity was observed during January and between late May and late August. Furthermore, mating disruption (MD) field trials showed that application of 250 pheromone point sources using the dispenser wax matrix SPLAT (Specialized Pheromone and Lure Application Technology, 10.5% pheromone) with a total of 78 g/ha of the blend described above resulted in trap shutdown immediately after application, and mating disruption >99% in all orchards for at least 5 months. We concluded that MD is feasible for P. auraria, needing now the development of a commercial product and the strategy (and protocols) necessary to control this pest in conventional and organic orchards in Chile. As far as we know, this is the first report on MD development against a South American tortricid pest.

EFFECTS OF PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF SYNTHETIC PHEROMONE ON MATING DISRUPTION OF SPRUCE BUDWORM MOTHS IN A WIND TUNNEL

1996 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Sensory Fatigue ◽  
Synthetic Pheromone ◽  
Free Air ◽  
Rubber Septa ◽  
Atmospheric Concentrations

AbstractMale spruce budworm moths were kept in a wind tunnel for 4 days and assayed each day to determine their ability to locate calling females that were surrounded by rubber septa loaded with synthetic pheromone, a 95:5 blend of E:Z-11-tetradecenal. As the concentration of synthetic pheromone increased, the numbers of males successfully locating females decreased, the latency of response increased, and the speed of flight decreased. At release rates from the septa close to those of a calling female, 6–60 ng/h per septum, most disrupted males flew to a septum instead of the females. At the highest release rate tested, 600 ng/h, many males were inactive or flew to the sides of the tunnel, which indicates sensory fatigue. This effect was more pronounced among males that were continuously exposed to the synthetic pheromone for the 4 days than among males kept in pheromone-free air between assays. About a quarter of the males died or became unable to fly after the 4 days, but there was no change in the proportions of the different responses of males, or in their response times, with increasing age, nor was there evidence that males were conditioned by their experience on previous days. The results led to the conclusion that time-averaged atmospheric concentrations of the synthetic pheromone as high as 20 ng/m3 are necessary to achieve effective disruption of the orientation of male spruce budworm moths to calling female moths.

scholarly journals Sex-Pheromone-Mediated Mating Disruption Technology for the Oriental Fruit Moth,Grapholita molesta(Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Overview and Prospects

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei N. Kong ◽  
J. Li ◽  
Ren J. Fan ◽  
Sheng C. Li ◽  
Rui Y. Ma
Keyword(s):  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Oriental Fruit Moth ◽  
Grapholita Molesta ◽  
Mate Finding ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Synthetic Pheromone ◽  
Normal Orientation ◽  
Competitive Attraction ◽  
New Formulation

A great deal of progress has been made over the last three decades in research on pheromone-mediated mating disruption technology for the oriental fruit moth,Grapholita molesta(Busck). Pheromones can interrupt normal orientation, and the most likely mechanism of pheromone disruption, competitive-attraction (false-plume following), invokes competition between point sources of pheromone formulation and females for males. This technology, performed by broadcasting pheromones into orchards to disrupt mate finding, has been successfully implemented in oriental fruit moth control. Reservoir-style dispensers made of polyethylene tubes, which release pheromone throughout the full growing season, are the current industry standard. Although reasonably effective, they require labor-intensive hand application. Recently, a new formulation, paraffin wax, which maximizes competition between point sources of synthetic pheromone and feral females for males, was shown to have high disruption performance. As this formulation is highly effective, inexpensive, and easy to produce, further study and development are advisable. Increased understanding of the principles of mating disruption will aid in the design of more effective dispensers. Continued research is needed to meet grower concerns with regard to risk, efficacy, and cost and to identify other semiochemicals that can be applied to this delivery system. Greater knowledge of the integration of different biological control methods is therefore essential.

Multivariate analysis of geographic variation in Darevskia clarkorum (Darevsky & Vedmederja, 1977), correlation with geographic and climatic parameters, and true status of Darevskia dryada (Darevsky & Tuniyev, 1997)

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4990 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
OSCAR ARRIBAS ◽  
KAMİL CANDAN ◽  
YUSUF KUMLUTA ◽  
ÇETİN ILGAZ
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Climatic Parameters ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Valid Taxon ◽  
Larger Sample

All the Turkish populations studied, both those previously assigned to D. dryada (Subaşı and Yoldere villages, near Hopa) and those attributed to D. clarkorum (the largest sample studied so far, 177 specimens in total), are indistinguishable from each other and therefore must all be ascribed to the natural variability of a monotypic D. clarkorum. The Georgian specimens from the Type Locality of D. dryada (Charnaly river gorge, Chevachauri district) are clearly different, so that taxon cannot be considered a simple synonym for D. clarkorum, but as a valid taxon, although its proper status (more probably as a subspecies of D. clarkorum), is yet to be clarified. It is a highly threatened population, so studies should be done in vivo or with as low intrusiveness as possible.                 Darevskia dryada is clearly larger (SVL) than any D. clarkorum studied, with strongly longer heads and pilei in adult males (and hence more teeth in dentary bone), and higher dorsalia counts. There also seem to be (but need to be studied in a larger sample) more longitudinal rows of temporal scales between tympanic and parietal plates, a tendency to have more supralabial scales; comparatively smaller values for longitudinal rows of scales on the ventral surface of the thigh between the femoral pores and the outer row of enlarged scales, and higher collaria, and circumanalia scales. Other differences in femoralia and gularia are also reflected in Darevsky & Tuniyev’s (1997) tables and should also be investigated with more Georgian specimens.                 Two supposed discriminant characters, the frontonasal index and the presence of developed masseteric, are not valid. The frontonasal index does not discriminate both taxa; D dryada specimens fall inside the variation of D. clarkorum for this character. Also the presence of a developed masseteric plate is supposed to be rare if at all in D. clarkorum but always present in D. dryada; however, it appears in nearly 75% of D. clarkorum studied and in all D. dyada, so is also no longer valid for taxa discrimination.                 Although very similar, D. clarkorum and D. dryada are morphologically different, and genetic studies (as the unpublished results mentioned by Fu, 1999) do not make the provenance of the specimens clear, and hence the correct identification of the supposed specimens of D. dryada used.                 There are no geographical clines in D. clarkorum. However, as stated by Schmidtler et al. (2002), there is an inverse relationship between altitude and dorsalia values in D. clarkorum. Both the general differentiation between populations and the scalation (dorsalia) appear statistically correlated with the altitude and also with latitude (being both factors not strictly the same). The correlation seems to be stronger with morphology in general (multiple scalation characters and head biometry) than only with dorsalia. In the case of the general differentiation among samples, it is also significantly correlated with temperatures during the activity period (April-September) and with precipitation during incubation (July-August). As these climatic parameters of temperature and precipitation are not directly correlated with the dorsalia variation, the relation with altitude (and perhaps latitude) must be linked to some other climatic parameter not studied here, perhaps solar radiation or evapotranspiration.  

scholarly journals Part 2: Odor-Cued Grab Sampling of Transient Environmental Odor Events; Mapping the 'Rolling Unmasking Effect' of Downwind Odor Dispersion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Wright ◽  
Jacek Koziel ◽  
David Parker ◽  
Anna Iwasinska
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Receptor Site ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Grab Sampling ◽  
Transient Event ◽  
Animal Feeding Operation ◽  
Straight Line

Downwind odor characteristics can be very different depending upon the size of the upwind point-source, interim topography, and wind conditions. At one extreme, the downwind odor plume from a relatively large, confined animal feeding operation (CAFO), located on a flat open plain and under stable, near-straight-line wind conditions can be rather broad, sustained and predictable relative to a fixed receptor site downwind. In contrast, the plume from a small point-source (e.g., a roof vent stack) located on irregular topography and under rapidly shifting wind conditions can be intermittent and fleeting. These transient odor events can be surprisingly intense and offensive, in spite of their fleeting occurrence and perception. This work reports on efforts to optimize an environmental odor sampling strategy, which is optimized for the challenges of (1) sampling of such transient odor 'spikes' and (2) the prioritization of odors/odorants from multiple, closely co-located point-sources, under such transient event conditions. Protocol refinement has emerged by way of 2 environmental odor assessment projects which have been undertaken on behalf of the Missouri Department of Natural Resources. The challenge of transient odor events has been mitigated utilizing rapid, odor cued whole-air grab capture sampling into metalized-FEP gas sampling bags, followed by immediate adsorption transfer onto SPME fibers or sorbent tubes for stabilization during the shipment and storage interval between collection and final analysis. Initial results demonstrated approximately 11 fold increases in target odorant yields for 900 mL sorbent tube transfers from 2-3 second 'burst' odor event bag-captures, as compared to equivalent direct collections at the same downwind receptor location but during perceived (stable) odor 'lull' periods. Results-to-date targeting refinement and field trials of this integrated environmental odor assessment strategy are presented. Preliminary application targeting general odor sampling and point-source differentiation utilizing tracer gases is also presented.

Body mass changes in male Daubenton's bats Myotis daubentonii (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) during the seasonal activity period

Mammalia ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge A. Encarnação ◽  
Markus Dietz ◽  
Uwe Kierdorf ◽  
Volkmar Wolters
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Body Mass Changes ◽  
Myotis Daubentonii ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Juvenile Males ◽  
Wallis Anova

Body mass changes of adult and juvenile male Daubenton’s bats were studied in a summer habitat in Hesse (Germany) in the years 1998-2001. Animals from the resident population were regularly captured along the flight path from April to October, and body mass was determined using a digital balance. Body mass of adult individuals differed significantly among fortnightly periods (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA by ranks: H = 141.75, p < 0.001). Body mass increased significantly from the second half of April (median: 7.0 g) to the first half of May (median: 7.8 g). Between the second half of May and the first half of August, median body mass fluctuated between 7.8 g and 8.3 g. From the second half of July (median: 7.9 g) to the second half of August (median: 8.4 g), and the second half of September (median: 9.3 g) body mass again significantly increased. The highest median body mass (9.6 g) was recorded in the second half of October. Median body mass of juvenile males ranged between 6.5 g in the first half of July and 8.5 g in the second half of October. Differences in body mass over the studied period were significant (H = 21.70, p < 0.01). During the months July, August, and September, body mass of adult males was significantly higher than that of juveniles, whereas in October the difference was no longer of statistical significance. It is suggested that the decrease in body mass observed in some adult males in September was related to their reproductive activity.

scholarly journals DDRT-PCR approaches applied for preeminent results in the isolation of DETs from fish brain tissues

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 224-228
Author(s):  
FA. Alves-Costa ◽  
AP. Wasko
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
South American ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Commercial Species ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Males And Females

Differential Display (DD) is a technique widely used in studies of differential expression. Most of these analyses, especially those involving fish species, are restricted to species from North America and Europe or to commercial species, as salmonids. Studies related to South American fish species are underexplored. Thus, the present work aimed to describe DD technique modifications in order to improve outcomes related to the isolation of DETs (Differentially Expressed Transcripts), using Leporinus macrocephalus, a large commercially exploited South American species, as a fish design. Different DDRT-PCR approaches were applied to brain samples and the products of the reactions were analyzed on 6% polyacrylamide gels stained with 0.17% Silver Nitrate (AgNO3). The use of PCR reactions under high stringency conditions and longer oligonucleotides based on VNTR (Variable Number of Tandem Repeats) core sequences led to better results when compared to low stringency PCR conditions and the use of decamer oligonucleotides. The improved approach led to the isolation of differentially expressed transcripts on adult males and females of L. macrocephalus. This study indicates that some modifications on the DDRT-PCR method can ensure isolation of DETs from different fish tissues and the development of robust data related to this approach.

Mating-Disruption Trials for Control of Mediterranean Flour Moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in Traditional Flour Mills

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. TREMATERRA ◽  
G. SPINA
Keyword(s):  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Control Point ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Ephestia Kuehniella ◽  
Population Fluctuations ◽  
Critical Control Point ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Mediterranean Flour Moth

In the present work, 3 years of field trials (from 2007 to 2009) were carried out to evaluate use of the pheromone (9Z,12E)-tetradecadienyl acetate (TDA) for mating disruption (MD) of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller. Dispensers containing the pheromone TDA were placed in two traditional flour mills. Pheromone-baited funnel traps were used to monitor the population fluctuations of E. kuehniella males throughout the entire experimental period; female oviposition was assessed by placement of petri cups containing wheat germ–semolina flour bait. According to our results, the use of MD dispensers does not interfere completely with the reproduction of E. kuehniella. However, looking at the overall data, there was a significant reduction in both adults and larvae in treated mills after the MD application. According to hazard analysis and critical control point procedures, treatment should be accompanied by general cleaning of the facilities, including corners and inside machinery, where insects can hide and reproduce. In integrated pest management programs, the use of mating disruption can lead to a drastic reduction in the need for chemical treatments, with improvement in food quality.

Ecological observations on the gecko

1988 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-413
Author(s):  
George R. Zug ◽  
Joseph C. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Head Width ◽  
Reproductive Pattern ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Central Nepal ◽  
Population Turnover ◽  
Annual Population ◽  
Chitwan National Park ◽  
Sexually Mature

AbstractHemidactylus brookii was the most common gecko in the Terai of central Nepal, occurring both in the forest and on buildings. In the Royal Chitwan National Park, samples of adult males (46.4 ± 0.04 mm SVL) were not significantly different from adult females (45.3 + 0.04 mm SVL) in body size and head measurements, except head width (males 9.1 ± 0.2 mm, females 8.7 ± 0.1 mm). All measures of head size were significantly different between sexes when the effect of body size was removed. Males were sexually mature at 42 mm SVL and females at 43 mm SVL. The reproductive pattern of both species is vernal; activities are concentrated in spring (premonsoon). Growth averaged 0.8 mm/month between premonsoon and postmonsoon sampling periods. Adult survivorship was estimated at 14.3% for this six month period. Population size was estimated at 105 lizards on six small buildings in a < 1 ha area. Peak activity period was 1900-2300 h. Hemidactylus brookii in Nepal appears to possess life history characteristics associated with annual population turnover.

scholarly journals Studierea influenţei componenţilor minori asupra eficienţei feromonilor sexuali ai viermelui mărului

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Sleahtici ◽  
◽  
Natalia Raileanu ◽  
Vasilisa Odobescu ◽  
Svetlana Jalba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixture ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Pheromone Traps ◽  
Minor Components ◽  
Rubber Septa ◽  
Number Of Males

In this paper is reported the evaluation of biological efficacy of two minor components that was added to the basic sex pheromone component Cydia pomonella L., E8, E10-C12-OH. The use of minor component- C.M.-1 of increasing concentrations in binary mixture compositions with the basic sex phe-romone component of codling moth on pheromone-impregnated rubber septa in delta pheromone traps has shown an increased effectiveness by 56-62% in field trials on apple orchard. At the same time, the number of males caught in delta pheromone traps where were used minor component - C.M.-2 in binary mixture compositions increased by 29-35%. Auxiliary research is still needed.

scholarly journals Multiple Mating in the Citrophilous Mealybug Pseudococcus calceolariae: Implications for Mating Disruption

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Ricciardi ◽  
Andrea Lucchi ◽  
Giovanni Benelli ◽  
David Maxwell Suckling
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Flight Tunnel ◽  
Mate Location ◽  
Planococcus Citri ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
Pseudococcus Calceolariae ◽  
Rubber Septa ◽  
Extended Duration

The citrophilous mealybug Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell) (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae) is a primary pest of various crops, including grapevines. The use of insecticides against this species is difficult in most cases because its life cycle includes an extended duration of eggs, juveniles, and adults under the bark and on the roots. Pheromone-based control strategies can present new eco-friendly opportunities to manage this species, as in the case of Planococcus ficus (Signoret) and Planococcus citri (Risso). With this aim it is critical to understand behavioral aspects that may influence pheromone-based control strategies. Herein, the capability of males to fertilize multiple females was investigated, trying to understand whether this behavior could negatively impact the efficacy of mass trapping, mating disruption, or the lure and kill technique. Results showed that a P. calceolariae male can successfully mate and fertilize up to 13 females. The copulation time in subsequent mating events and the time between copulations did not change over time but the number of matings per day significantly decreased. In a further experiment, we investigated the mate location strategy of P. calceolariae males, testing the attractiveness of different loadings of sex pheromone on males in a flight tunnel. Males constantly exposed to 16 rubber septa loaded with the sex pheromone showed a significant decrease in female detection at 1 and 30 μg loadings (0.18 and 0.74 visits per female for each visit per septum, respectively), whereas in the control about 9.2-fold more of the released males successfully detected the female in the center of the array of 16 septa without pheromone. Male location of females in the control (45%) was significantly higher than in the arrays with surrounding pheromone (5% and 20% at 1 and 30 μg loadings, respectively). Mating only occurred in the control arrays (45%). This study represents a useful first step to developing pheromone-based strategies for the control of citrophilous mealybugs.

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