scholarly journals Performance of a Native Butterfly and Introduced Moth on Native and Introduced Lineages of Phragmites australis

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1102
Author(s):  
Adam M. Lambert ◽  
Lisa A. Tewksbury ◽  
Richard A. Casagrande
Keyword(s):  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Introduced Plants ◽  
Zizania Aquatica

This study examined the performance of Poanes viator (Edwards) (Hesperiidae), a native North American skipper, and Rhizedra lutosa (Hübner) (Noctuidae), an introduced moth, reared on native and non-native, invasive lineages of Phragmites australis. Poanes viator is a generalist on monocots and larvae were also fed leaves of Zizania aquatica, a native macrophyte that the skipper commonly uses as a host plant. Larval survival and duration, pupal weight, and pupation time were compared for P. viator feeding on leaf tissue and R. lutosa feeding on rhizomes of either native or introduced plants. We also tested an artificial diet supplemented with P. australis rhizome powder as a potential food for rearing other stalk and rhizome boring Lepidoptera. In experiments using excised plant tissues, some individuals of both species fed and developed to the pupal stage on native and introduced plants, but overall, larval survival rates were low. Plant species/haplotype identity did not cause strong differences in larval survival for either species. However, P. viator larvae only pupated when feeding on native plants (Zizania aquatica and native P. australis haplotypes), whereas R. lutosa successfully pupated on both native and introduced P. australis. Although larval survival was low, 100% of P. viator and 95% of R. lutosa that reached the pupal stage emerged as adults. Rhizedra lutosa larvae fed an artificial diet supplemented with P. australis rhizome powder had significantly greater survival and pupal weights, and shorter pupation times than larvae fed rhizomes only. Several specialist Lepidopteran species are being considered for approval as biological control agents for the non-native P. australis haplotype, and the convenience and increased larval performance make this artificial diet a good alternative for rearing organisms.

scholarly journals Dieta para Larvas de Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya putoria e Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Cristina Pedroso Ferraz ◽  
Daniel Daltro Bosisio ◽  
Valéria Magalhães Aguiar-Coelho
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Chrysomya Megacephala ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
2Nd Generation ◽  
Cochliomyia Macellaria ◽  
Dog Food

Avaliou-se o desenvolvimento pós-embrionário de três espécies de califorídeos em ração pastosa para cães, que possui maior facilidade de armazenamento, menor custo e maior validade que a dieta natural (carne). As etapas experimentais ocorreram em diferentes condições de temperatura (T) e umidade relativa (UR): Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (3ª geração), em câmara climatizada (T: 30ºC, UR: 60± 10%, 14 horas fotofase); Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius) (2ª geração), em condições ambientais (T: 22,3 - 24,0ºC, UR: 60 - 90%), e Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann) (1ª geração) em condições ambientais (T: 21,5 - 25,0ºC, UR: 60 - 90%). Utilizou-se carne bovina como controle. Foram realizadas quatro repetições/tratamento, com 40 neolarvas/120 gramas de dieta/repetição. A duração dos estágios de C. megacephala e a taxa de sobrevivência (> 85%) foram similares às obtidas no controle. Na dieta artificial, a duração dos estágios de larva e de neolarvas a adultos de C. macellaria apresentou-se significativamente maior na dieta artificial, porém não significativa para o pupal, exibindo pupas menores e reduzida taxa de sobrevivência dos adultos. Em C. putoria, a duração dos estágios não diferiu significativamente, as pupas foram significativamente menores na dieta artificial, e as taxas de sobrevivência dos estágios foram similares entre as dietas. Essa dieta mostrou-se eficiente na criação de C. megacephala e C. putoria. Diet for Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya putoria and Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae Abstract. An evaluation was made of the post-embryonic development of three species of calliphorids in pasty dog food, which has a larger facility of storage, less cost and greater validity that nature diet (meat). The experimental phases took place in different conditions of temperature (T) and humidity (RH): Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (3rd generation) in a climatized chamber (T: 30oC, RH: 60± 10%, 14 hours photophase), Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius) (2nd generation) in environmental conditions (T: 22.3 - 24.0ºC, RH: 60 - 90%), and Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann) (1st generation) in environmental conditions (T: 21.5 - 25.0 ºC, RH: 60 - 90%). Meat was used as the control. Each treatment was repeated four times, with 40 neolarvae/120 grams of diet/repetition. The duration of the C. megacephala stages and the survival rate (>85%) were similar to those obtained with the control. In the artificial diet, the duration of the stages of larvae and of neolarvae to adult C. macellaria were significantly larger, but were not significant for the pupal stage, which showed smaller pupae and lower survival rates. The duration of the stages in C. putoria did not differ significantly, and the pupae were significantly smaller in the artificial diet, while the survival rates of the development stages were similar in the two diets. The artificial diet proved efficient for breeding C. megacephala and C. putoria.  

scholarly journals Arsenic accumulation, biotransformation and localisation in bertha armyworm moths

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruwandi Andrahennadi ◽  
Ingrid J. Pickering
Keyword(s):  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Arsenic Species ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Chemical Form ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Stage Duration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bertha Armyworm

Environmental context. Insects play an important role in the impact of environmental pollutants such as arsenic. They may accumulate arsenic to high levels, potentially modifying its chemical form, which affects the insects’ toxicity to predators such as fish and birds. Here we use synchrotron X-ray techniques to determine the distribution and chemical form of arsenic in larva, pupa and adult of the bertha armyworm moth. Abstract. Insects are important in bioaccumulation and dispersal of environmental contaminants such as arsenic, and biotransformation of arsenic to various chemical forms directly impacts its toxicity to insects and to their predators. In a model study, the toxic effects and biotransformation of arsenic were examined in larvae, pupae and adults of bertha armyworm moth (Mamestra configurata Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). A synthetic diet containing 100 μM arsenate caused reduced larval survival and increased pupal stage duration but no effect on pupal weight or larval stage duration. Synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) showed that larvae biotransformed dietary arsenate to yield predominantly trivalent arsenic coordinated with three aliphatic sulfurs, modelled as AsIII-tris-glutathione. Similar species were found in pupae and adults. XAS imaging with micro X-ray fluorescence imaging revealed highly localised arsenic species, and zinc and copper within the gut. The implication of these arsenic species in the diets of predators is discussed.

scholarly journals Desenvolvimento de Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider, 1851) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) alimentada com dieta artificial na fase larval

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. ec02027
Author(s):  
Hermann Moller ◽  
Érica A. Taguti ◽  
Luis C. S. Amorim ◽  
Matheus M. D. Pinto ◽  
Sergio A. De Bortoli
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Nutritional Supplement ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Natural Diet ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
The Cost

Abstract. Mass production of lacewings is still a bottleneck for applied biological control and for biofactories producing natural enemies, due to the difficulties of large-scale production and the cost of the undertaking and the production of their alternative prey. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the viability of an alternative artificial diet to rearing of Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider, 1851) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Three treatments were analyzed for this purpose, consisting of: 1) natural diet - eggs of Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton, 1866) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), 2) artificial diet honey + beer yeast (1:1) and 3) natural diet (1) + artificial diet (2), and were offered to the larval stage of the predator. The biological parameters of C. cincta evaluated where: duration of larval, pupal and adult phases; pupal weight; pupal viability; sex ratio; pre-oviposition and oviposition periods and number of eggs per female. Were obtained adults only in the treatments 1 and 3 and, in the treatment 2 no insect reached the pupal stage. The results obtained demonstrated that the artificial diet, when offered in isolation, causes significant differences in the duration of the larval period, especially in the 3rd instar, and in the weight of the pupae, with the other similar parameters in the treatments, but can serve as a nutritional supplement.

scholarly journals The effect of C6- to CIO- fatty acids on larval growth and survival of the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
A. G. Manoukas
Keyword(s):  
Larval Growth ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Bactrocera Oleae ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Olive Fruit Fly ◽  
Larval Weight ◽  
Olive Fruit ◽  
Egg Hatchability

The effects of caproic (C6), amino caproic (C6), caprylic (C8) and cupric (CIO) acid on larval performance of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae) were investigated. The acids were added to an artificial larval diet at four different concentration levels, during the mixing of its ingredients. Eggs obtained from a colony of olive fruit flies were placed on these diets and on the control. caproic acid depressed significantly egg hatchability, larval survival and larval weight at the dietary level of 0.05 and 0.1 %. In addition, it did not permit eggs to hatch at the level of 0.2%. On the contrary, aminocaproic acid did not depress any of the parameters recorded up to the level of 0.2%. The levels of 0.4 to 1.6% depressed larval survival larval growth and pupal weight and the level of 3.2% did not permit larvae to survive. caprylic acid depressed significantly hatchability, larval survival and number of pupae/g diet at the level of 0.0125% and gave no pupae at the level of 0.1%. Finally cupric acid depressed egg hatchability, larval survival and larval weight from the level of 0.05% and gave no pupae at the level of 0.2%, Adult emergence was not affected by any of the acids tested.

DEVELOPMENT OF HELIOTHIS ZEA (BODDIE) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON CAROLINA GERANIUM AND ARTIFICIAL DIET AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES1

1989 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 588-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Roach ◽  
W. M. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Heliothis Zea ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Wild Host ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

The cotton bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), was reared in environmental chambers on artificial diet and a wild host plant, Carolina geranium, Geranium carolinianum, L. at temperatures from 15.5 to 35°C. All above-ground plant parts were used by the larvae, and fruiting structures were not necessary for development to the pupal stage. Bollworms developed on plant bouquets at a rate very similar to that achieved on artificial diet but pupal weight, percent pupation, and percent adult emergence were lower in pupae produced on plant bouquets. Developmental rate parameters estimated for the combined data closely resemble previously published reports in the literature.

An Improved Artificial Diet for Rearing Propylea japonica (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Larvae

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-387
Author(s):  
Jin Liu ◽  
Xiao-Peng Zhang ◽  
Dong-Chao Li ◽  
Peng Chen ◽  
Bao-Jie Chi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Range Analysis ◽  
Optimal Diet ◽  
Mythimna Separata ◽  
Adult Weight ◽  
Development Duration

Abstract Propylea japonica (Thunberg) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an important natural enemy of insect pests of agricultural importance. An artificial diet is needed when insects upon which the predators feed are in limited supply. Larval mortality, duration of larval development, duration of the pupal stage, and adult weight were compared for various concentrations of nine ingredients of an artificial diet in an L9(3)4 multi-index orthogonal array design. A range analysis (“R” method) coupled with an integrated balance method determined that the theoretically optimal diet for P. japonica larvae was 6 g ground powder of Mythimna separata (Walker), 2 g yeast extract, 1 g sucrose, 0.08 g olive oil, and 29.42 g basic diet. After further testing, we found that this diet yielded a higher larval survival rate, longer larval period, longer pupal period, greater adult weight, and higher eclosion rate of P. japonica compared with the eight artificial diets tested.

Host Preference and Survival of the Dark-Headed Rice Stem Borer Chilotraea polychrysa(Meyr.) in Malaya

1968 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. T. Kok
Keyword(s):  
Host Preference ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Rice Stem Borer ◽  
Ovipositional Preference ◽  
Marked Preference

SummaryThe polyphagous nature of the dark-headed rice stem borer, Chilotraea polychrysa (Meyr.), may contribute greatly to its ability to survive periods of food shortage when rice plants are scarce. Investigations on the preference and survival of C. polychrysa on seven selected hosts belonging to the Gramineae revealed that it oviposited on all the hosts tested, but showed a marked preference for its normal host, rice (Oryza sativa). Survival rates on rice and the alternate hosts did not differ significantly. The percentage of larvae surviving to the adult stage was generally low because of the high rate of mortality from larval to pupal stage, irrespective of host species. In rice, there was distinct ovipositional preference for plants at the maximum vegetative stage rather than for younger plants. The larval survival rate increased with the age of the host from 35 to 65 days, but dropped sharply when infestation occurred on plants 80 days old, by which time the inflorescence is beginning to emerge.

scholarly journals Does Larval Rearing Diet Lead to Premating Isolation in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)?

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Xue-Yuan Di ◽  
Bin Yan ◽  
Cheng-Xu Wu ◽  
Xiao-Fei Yu ◽  
Jian-Feng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Intrinsic Rate Of Increase ◽  
Larval Rearing ◽  
Population Parameters ◽  
Premating Isolation ◽  
Behavioral Isolation ◽  
Rate Of Increase

Host plant preference during the larval stage may help shape not only phenotypic plasticity but also behavioral isolation. We assessed the effects of diet on population parameters and mate choice in Spodoptera litura. We raised larvae fed on tobacco, Chinese cabbage, or an artificial diet, and we observed the shortest developmental time and highest fecundity in individuals fed the artificial diet. However, survival rates were higher for larvae on either of the natural diets. Population parameters including intrinsic rate of increase and finite rate of increase were significantly higher with the artificial diet, but this diet led to a lower mean generation time. Copulation duration, copulation time, and number of eggs reared significantly differed between diets. In terms of mate choice, females on the artificial diet rarely mated with males fed on a natural host. Our results support the hypothesis that different diets may promote behavioral isolation, affecting mating outcomes. Thus, findings for populations fed an artificial diet may not reflect findings for populations in the field.

scholarly journals A New Look at Cultivar Preference in Hoplocampa testudinea (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) on Apple in the Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia, Canada

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 769
Author(s):  
Suzanne Blatt ◽  
Kim Hiltz
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Differential Survival ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Annapolis Valley ◽  
Hoplocampa Testudinea

(1) Background: The European apple sawfly, Hoplocampa testudinea Klug (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), can be an economically important pest in eastern Canada and shows preference for apple cultivars in Nova Scotia, Canada. We hypothesized that this preference could be due to oviposition by female H. testudinea (preference-performance hypothesis) during the bloom period or differential larval survival during development due to fruitlet physicochemical properties. (2) Methods: Fifteen commercial and experimental apple (Malusdomestica Borkh.; Rosaceae) cultivars located at the Kentville Research and Development Centre (Kentville, Nova Scotia) were chosen and examined for H. testudinea oviposition, larval performance during fruitlet development, fruitlet physicochemical properties and damage assessment at harvest from 2016–2019, inclusive. (3) Results: H. testudinea showed significant cultivar preference during oviposition, during development and at harvest, but the ranking of these cultivars was not the same throughout the season. Total impact by H. testudinea was consistent for most cultivars over multiple years of the study. (4) Conclusion: Correlation of oviposition with damage provided weak evidence for the preference-performance hypothesis. We propose that this relationship is weak due to differential survival of larvae during development.

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